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Imidacloprid Bal Arılarında Kış Kayıplarına Neden Olur Mu?

Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 54 - 60, 31.12.2018

Abstract

Son
yıllarda arı ölümleri oldukça popüler bir çalışma konusu olmasına rağmen, arı
kayıplarının nedenleri somut bir şekilde açıklanamamaktadır. Yapılan
çalışmalarda, bu ölümlerin birçok sebebinin olduğu belirtilse de ölümlerin
gerçekleşmesindeki en büyük payın tarımsal mücadele amaçlı olarak kullanılan
pestisitlerin olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.



Arı kayıpları en fazla kış bitiminde ve erken
ilkbaharda görülmektedir. Bu çalışma ile neonicotinoid grubundan imidacloprid
etken maddeli tarımsal savaş ilacının Anadolu bal arısı (Apis mellifera
anatoliaca) üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, 5 ml /100 L su ve bu
dozun %50 seyreltilmiş 6 farklı dozu (2,5 ml /100 L su, 1,25 ml /100 L su,
0,625 ml /100 L su, 0,312 ml /100 L su, 0,156 ml /100 L su) kullanılmıştır. Çalışma
sonunda, imidaclopridin farklı dozları uygulanan arıların % 75.66’sı ölürken,
kontrol grubu arıların %49’u ölmüştür. Bu çalışma ile imidacloprid uygulanan
arıların kontrol grubu arılarına göre daha fazla kış kaybına uğradığı
görülmüştür. Kontrol grubunda yaşanan ölümler; kış kaybının yaşanmasında
pestisitlerin yanı sıra daha farklı etmenlerin de olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

References

  • Abbo, P. M., Kawasaki, J. K., Hamilton, M., Cook, S. C., DeGrandi‐Hoffman, G., Li, W. F., Chen, Y. P. 2017. Effects of Imidacloprid and Varroa destructor on survival and health of European honey bees, Apis mellifera. Insect science, 24(3), 467-477. Ahmad, S., Aziz, M. A., Ahmad, M., & Bodlah, I. 2017. AJAB. Asian J Agri & Biol, 5(3), 140-150. Bonmatin, J. M., Moineau, I., Charvet, R., Fleche, C., Colin, M. E., & Bengsch, E. R. 2003. A LC/APCI-MS/MS method for analysis of imidacloprid in soils, in plants, and in pollens. Analytical Chemistry, 75(9), 2027-2033. Brandt, A, Gorenflo A, Siede R, Meixner M, Büchler R. 2016. The neonicotinoids thiacloprid, imidacloprid, and clothianidin affect the immunocompetence of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Insect Physiology.Volume 86, March 2016, Pages 40–47 Catae, A. F., Roat, T. C., Pratavieira, M., da Silva Menegasso, A. R., Palma, M. S., & Malaspina, O. 2017. Exposure to a sublethal concentration of imidacloprid and the side effects on target and nontarget organs of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Ecotoxicology, 1-13. Chaimanee, V., Evans, J. D., Chen, Y., Jackson, C., Pettis, J. S. 2016. Sperm viability and gene expression in honey bee queens (Apis mellifera) following exposure to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid and the organophosphate acaricide coumaphos. Journal of insect physiology, 89, 1-8. Christen, V., Fent, K. 2017. Exposure of honey bees (Apis mellifera) to different classes of insecticides exhibit distinct molecular effect patterns at concentrations that mimic environmental contamination. Environmental Pollution, 226, 48-59. Daisley, B. A., Trinder, M., McDowell, T. W., Welle, H., Dube, J. S., Ali, S. N., Reid, G. 2017. Neonicotinoid-induced pathogen susceptibility is mitigated by Lactobacillus plantarum immune stimulation in a Drosophila melanogaster model. Scientific Reports, 7. de Souza, E. P., Degrande, P. E., Azambuja, R., dos Santos, R. O., Junior, V. V. A., da Silva, R. A., Leal, M. F. 2017. Pollen Toxicity from Seed-Treated Cotton on Bees and Pollen Collection Capacity. Journal of Agricultural Science, 9(11), 154. Muz Dilek,., & Muz, M. N. 2017. Tekirdağ’da “Koloni Kaybı Sendromu” Benzeri Kayıp Görülen Arılıklarda Bazı Patojenlerinin Araştırılması. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 10(1), 21-28. Dively, G. P., Embrey, M. S., Kamel, A., Hawthorne, D. J., Pettis, J. S. 2015. Assessment of chronic sublethal effects of imidacloprid on honey bee colony health. PLoS One, 10(3), e0118748 Di Prisco, G., Cavaliere, V., Annoscia, D., Varricchio, P., Caprio, E., Nazzi, F., Pennacchio, F. 2013. Neonicotinoid clothianidin adversely affects insect immunity and promotes replication of a viral pathogen in honey bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(46), 18466-18471. Douglas, M. R., Tooker, J. F.2015. Large-scale deployment of seed treatments has driven rapid increase in use of neonicotinoid insecticides and preemptive pest management in U.S. field crops. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 5088–5097. Gong, Y., Diao, Q. 2017. Current knowledge of detoxification mechanisms of xenobiotic in honey bees. Ecotoxicology, 1-12. Goulson, D. 2013. "Neonicotinoids and bees: What's all the buzz?." Significance10.3 : 6-11 Henry, M., Cerrutti, N., Aupinel, P., Decourtye, A., Gayrard, M., Odoux, J. F., Bretagnolle, V. 2015. (November). Reconciling laboratory and field assessments of neonicotinoid toxicity to honeybees. In Proc. R. Soc. B (Vol. 282, No. 1819, p. 20152110). The Royal Society Hou, C. S., Gao, J., Dai, P. L., Luo, Q. H., Wang, Q., Diao, Q. Y.,Liu, Y. J. 2017. Sublethal effects of imidacloprid on targeting muscle and ribosomal protein related genes in the honey bee Apis mellifera L. Scientific Reports, 7, 1. Hu, Y.-T., Wu, T.-C., Yang, E.-C., Wu, P.-C., Lin, P.-T., Wu, Y.-L. 2017. Regulation of genes related to immune signaling and detoxification in Apis mellifera by an inhibitor of histone deacetylation. Scientific Reports, 7, 41255. http://doi.org/10.1038/srep41255 Iwasa, T., Motoyama, N., Ambrose, J. T., Roe, R. M. 2004. Mechanism for the differential toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Crop Protection, 23(5), 371-378. Kulhanek, K., Steinhauer, N., Rennich, K., Caron, D. M., Sagili, R. R., Pettis, J. S., Rose, R. 2017. A national survey of managed honey bee 2015–2016 annual colony losses in the USA. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56(4), 328-340. Mitchell, E. A. D., Mulhauser, B., Mulot, M., Mutabazi, A., Glauser, G., Aebi, A. 2017. A worldwide survey of neonicotinoids in honey. Science, 358(6359), 109-111. Morrissey C A, Mineau P, Devries J H, Sánchez-Bayo F, M Liess, M C Cavallaro, K Liber. 2015. Neonicotinoid contamination of global surface waters and associated risk to aquatic invertebrates: A review Environment International 74: 291–303. Mullin, C. A. et al. 2010. High levels of miticides and agrochemicals in North American apiaries: implications for honey bee health. PLoS ONE 5, e9754 10.1371/journal. pone.0009754. Pashte, V. V., Patil, C. S. 2017. Toxicity and Poisoning Symptoms of selected Insecticides to Honey Bees (Apis mellifera mellifera L.). Archives of Biological Sciences Pettis, J. S., Lichtenberg, E. M., Andree, M., Stitzinger, J., Rose, R. 2013. Crop pollination exposes honey bees to pesticides which alters their susceptibility to the gut pathogen Nosema ceranae. PloS one, 8(7), e70182. Peng, Y.C., Yang E.C. 2016. Sublethal Dosage of Imidacloprid Reduces the Microglomerular Density of Honey Bee Mushroom Bodies. Scientific Reports 6, Article number: 19298. doi:10.1038/srep19298 .Nature. Raimets, R., Karise, R., Mänd, M., Kaart, T., Ponting, S., Song, J., Cresswell, J. E. Synergistic interactions between a variety of insecticides and an ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicide in dietary exposures of bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.). Pest Management Science. DOI: 10.1002/ps.4756 Rondeau G, Sánchez-Bayo F, Tennekes HA, Decourtye A, Ramírez-Romero R, Desneux N. 2014. Delayed and time-cumulative toxicity of imidacloprid in bees, ants and termites. Scientific Reports. 2014;4 (article no: 5566). Sandrock C, Tanadini M, Tanadini LG, Fauser-Misslin A, Potts SG, Neumann P, et al. 2014a. Impact of chronic neonicotinoid exposure on honeybee colony performance and queen supersedure. PLOS ONE. 2014;9: e103592. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103592. pmid:25084279 Sandrock, C., Tanadini, L. G., Pettis, J. S., Biesmeijer, J. C., Potts, S. G., Neumann, P. 2014b. Sublethal neonicotinoid insecticide exposure reduces solitary bee reproductive success. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 16(2), 119-128. Sánchez-Bayo F. 2014. The trouble with neonicotinoids. Science. 346: 806–807. doi: 10.1126/science.1259159. pmid:25395518 Sanchez-Bayo, F., Goka, K. 2016a. Impacts of pesticides on honey bees. In Beekeeping and Bee Conservation-Advances in Research. InTech.Sánchez-Bayo, F., Goulson, D., Pennacchio, F., Nazzi, F., Goka, K., & Desneux, N. 2016b. Are bee diseases linked to pesticides?—A brief review. Environment international, 89, 7-11. Schmuck, R., Schöning, R., Stork, A. Schramel, O. 2001. Risk posed to honeybees (Apis mellifera L, Hymenoptera) by an imidacloprid seed dressing of sunflowers. Pest Manage. Sci. 57, 225–238. Seeley T.D. 1995. The wisdom of the hive: the social physiology of honey bee colonies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, London, England Seitz, N., Traynor, K. S., Steinhauer, N., Rennich, K., Wilson, M. E., Ellis, J. D., Delaplane, K. S. 2015. A national survey of managed honey bee 2014–2015 annual colony losses in the USA. Journal of Apicultural Research, 54(4), 292-304. Shi, T. F., Wang, Y. F., Liu, F., Qi, L., Yu, L. S. 2017. Sublethal Effects of the Neonicotinoid Insecticide Thiamethoxam on the Transcriptome of the Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of economic entomology, 110(6), 2283-2289. Simon-Delso, N., Amaral-Rogers, V., Belzunces, L. P., Bonmatin, J. M., Chagnon, M., Downs, C., Goulson, D. 2015. Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(1), 5-34. Topal, A., Alak, G., Ozkaraca, M., Yeltekin, A. C., Comaklı, S., Acıl, G., Atamanalp, M. 2017. Neurotoxic responses in brain tissues of rainbow trout exposed to imidacloprid pesticide: Assessment of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine activity, oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity. Chemosphere, 175, 186-191. Tüzün, A., Bilgili, G. 2013. Tarımsal Ekosistemde Arıların Önemi Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 6 (2): 91-95, 2013 ISSN: 1308-3961, E-ISSN: 1308-0261 Whitehorn, P. R., O’Connor, S., Wackers, F. L.,Goulson, D. 2012. Neonicotinoid pesticide reduces bumble bee colony growth and queen production. Science 336, 351–352 (2012). Zhang, E., Nieh, J. C. 2015. The neonicotinoid imidacloprid impairs honey bee aversive learning of simulated predation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(20), 3199-3205.

Does Imidacloprid Cause Winter Losses In Honey Bees?

Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 54 - 60, 31.12.2018

Abstract

Although
bee deaths have been a popular topic in recent years, the causes of bee losses
cannot be explained tangibly. Although it is stated that there are many causes
of these deaths, it is estimated that pesticides which are used for
agricultural purposes are the biggest causes of deaths.  Bee losses are seen at the end of winter and
early spring. In this study, it has been investigated that the effect of
imidacloprid active ingredient agricultural war drug from the neonicotinoid
group on Anatolian honey bee (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) In the study, 5 ml /
100 L water and 6 different doses of this dose are diluted 50% (2.5 ml / 100 L
water, 1,25 ml / 100 L water, 0,625 ml / 100 L water, 0,312 ml / 100 L water,
0.115 ml / 100 L water). At the end of the study, 75.66 % of the honey bees
applied at different doses of imidaxloprid died, while 49 % of the control bees
died. In this study, it was observed that the bees that imidacloprid is applied
has incured more winter losses than the control group bees. Deaths in the
control group; in addition to pesticides in the winter loss, there are also
different factors.

References

  • Abbo, P. M., Kawasaki, J. K., Hamilton, M., Cook, S. C., DeGrandi‐Hoffman, G., Li, W. F., Chen, Y. P. 2017. Effects of Imidacloprid and Varroa destructor on survival and health of European honey bees, Apis mellifera. Insect science, 24(3), 467-477. Ahmad, S., Aziz, M. A., Ahmad, M., & Bodlah, I. 2017. AJAB. Asian J Agri & Biol, 5(3), 140-150. Bonmatin, J. M., Moineau, I., Charvet, R., Fleche, C., Colin, M. E., & Bengsch, E. R. 2003. A LC/APCI-MS/MS method for analysis of imidacloprid in soils, in plants, and in pollens. Analytical Chemistry, 75(9), 2027-2033. Brandt, A, Gorenflo A, Siede R, Meixner M, Büchler R. 2016. The neonicotinoids thiacloprid, imidacloprid, and clothianidin affect the immunocompetence of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Insect Physiology.Volume 86, March 2016, Pages 40–47 Catae, A. F., Roat, T. C., Pratavieira, M., da Silva Menegasso, A. R., Palma, M. S., & Malaspina, O. 2017. Exposure to a sublethal concentration of imidacloprid and the side effects on target and nontarget organs of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Ecotoxicology, 1-13. Chaimanee, V., Evans, J. D., Chen, Y., Jackson, C., Pettis, J. S. 2016. Sperm viability and gene expression in honey bee queens (Apis mellifera) following exposure to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid and the organophosphate acaricide coumaphos. Journal of insect physiology, 89, 1-8. Christen, V., Fent, K. 2017. Exposure of honey bees (Apis mellifera) to different classes of insecticides exhibit distinct molecular effect patterns at concentrations that mimic environmental contamination. Environmental Pollution, 226, 48-59. Daisley, B. A., Trinder, M., McDowell, T. W., Welle, H., Dube, J. S., Ali, S. N., Reid, G. 2017. Neonicotinoid-induced pathogen susceptibility is mitigated by Lactobacillus plantarum immune stimulation in a Drosophila melanogaster model. Scientific Reports, 7. de Souza, E. P., Degrande, P. E., Azambuja, R., dos Santos, R. O., Junior, V. V. A., da Silva, R. A., Leal, M. F. 2017. Pollen Toxicity from Seed-Treated Cotton on Bees and Pollen Collection Capacity. Journal of Agricultural Science, 9(11), 154. Muz Dilek,., & Muz, M. N. 2017. Tekirdağ’da “Koloni Kaybı Sendromu” Benzeri Kayıp Görülen Arılıklarda Bazı Patojenlerinin Araştırılması. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 10(1), 21-28. Dively, G. P., Embrey, M. S., Kamel, A., Hawthorne, D. J., Pettis, J. S. 2015. Assessment of chronic sublethal effects of imidacloprid on honey bee colony health. PLoS One, 10(3), e0118748 Di Prisco, G., Cavaliere, V., Annoscia, D., Varricchio, P., Caprio, E., Nazzi, F., Pennacchio, F. 2013. Neonicotinoid clothianidin adversely affects insect immunity and promotes replication of a viral pathogen in honey bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(46), 18466-18471. Douglas, M. R., Tooker, J. F.2015. Large-scale deployment of seed treatments has driven rapid increase in use of neonicotinoid insecticides and preemptive pest management in U.S. field crops. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 5088–5097. Gong, Y., Diao, Q. 2017. Current knowledge of detoxification mechanisms of xenobiotic in honey bees. Ecotoxicology, 1-12. Goulson, D. 2013. "Neonicotinoids and bees: What's all the buzz?." Significance10.3 : 6-11 Henry, M., Cerrutti, N., Aupinel, P., Decourtye, A., Gayrard, M., Odoux, J. F., Bretagnolle, V. 2015. (November). Reconciling laboratory and field assessments of neonicotinoid toxicity to honeybees. In Proc. R. Soc. B (Vol. 282, No. 1819, p. 20152110). The Royal Society Hou, C. S., Gao, J., Dai, P. L., Luo, Q. H., Wang, Q., Diao, Q. Y.,Liu, Y. J. 2017. Sublethal effects of imidacloprid on targeting muscle and ribosomal protein related genes in the honey bee Apis mellifera L. Scientific Reports, 7, 1. Hu, Y.-T., Wu, T.-C., Yang, E.-C., Wu, P.-C., Lin, P.-T., Wu, Y.-L. 2017. Regulation of genes related to immune signaling and detoxification in Apis mellifera by an inhibitor of histone deacetylation. Scientific Reports, 7, 41255. http://doi.org/10.1038/srep41255 Iwasa, T., Motoyama, N., Ambrose, J. T., Roe, R. M. 2004. Mechanism for the differential toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Crop Protection, 23(5), 371-378. Kulhanek, K., Steinhauer, N., Rennich, K., Caron, D. M., Sagili, R. R., Pettis, J. S., Rose, R. 2017. A national survey of managed honey bee 2015–2016 annual colony losses in the USA. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56(4), 328-340. Mitchell, E. A. D., Mulhauser, B., Mulot, M., Mutabazi, A., Glauser, G., Aebi, A. 2017. A worldwide survey of neonicotinoids in honey. Science, 358(6359), 109-111. Morrissey C A, Mineau P, Devries J H, Sánchez-Bayo F, M Liess, M C Cavallaro, K Liber. 2015. Neonicotinoid contamination of global surface waters and associated risk to aquatic invertebrates: A review Environment International 74: 291–303. Mullin, C. A. et al. 2010. High levels of miticides and agrochemicals in North American apiaries: implications for honey bee health. PLoS ONE 5, e9754 10.1371/journal. pone.0009754. Pashte, V. V., Patil, C. S. 2017. Toxicity and Poisoning Symptoms of selected Insecticides to Honey Bees (Apis mellifera mellifera L.). Archives of Biological Sciences Pettis, J. S., Lichtenberg, E. M., Andree, M., Stitzinger, J., Rose, R. 2013. Crop pollination exposes honey bees to pesticides which alters their susceptibility to the gut pathogen Nosema ceranae. PloS one, 8(7), e70182. Peng, Y.C., Yang E.C. 2016. Sublethal Dosage of Imidacloprid Reduces the Microglomerular Density of Honey Bee Mushroom Bodies. Scientific Reports 6, Article number: 19298. doi:10.1038/srep19298 .Nature. Raimets, R., Karise, R., Mänd, M., Kaart, T., Ponting, S., Song, J., Cresswell, J. E. Synergistic interactions between a variety of insecticides and an ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicide in dietary exposures of bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.). Pest Management Science. DOI: 10.1002/ps.4756 Rondeau G, Sánchez-Bayo F, Tennekes HA, Decourtye A, Ramírez-Romero R, Desneux N. 2014. Delayed and time-cumulative toxicity of imidacloprid in bees, ants and termites. Scientific Reports. 2014;4 (article no: 5566). Sandrock C, Tanadini M, Tanadini LG, Fauser-Misslin A, Potts SG, Neumann P, et al. 2014a. Impact of chronic neonicotinoid exposure on honeybee colony performance and queen supersedure. PLOS ONE. 2014;9: e103592. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103592. pmid:25084279 Sandrock, C., Tanadini, L. G., Pettis, J. S., Biesmeijer, J. C., Potts, S. G., Neumann, P. 2014b. Sublethal neonicotinoid insecticide exposure reduces solitary bee reproductive success. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 16(2), 119-128. Sánchez-Bayo F. 2014. The trouble with neonicotinoids. Science. 346: 806–807. doi: 10.1126/science.1259159. pmid:25395518 Sanchez-Bayo, F., Goka, K. 2016a. Impacts of pesticides on honey bees. In Beekeeping and Bee Conservation-Advances in Research. InTech.Sánchez-Bayo, F., Goulson, D., Pennacchio, F., Nazzi, F., Goka, K., & Desneux, N. 2016b. Are bee diseases linked to pesticides?—A brief review. Environment international, 89, 7-11. Schmuck, R., Schöning, R., Stork, A. Schramel, O. 2001. Risk posed to honeybees (Apis mellifera L, Hymenoptera) by an imidacloprid seed dressing of sunflowers. Pest Manage. Sci. 57, 225–238. Seeley T.D. 1995. The wisdom of the hive: the social physiology of honey bee colonies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, London, England Seitz, N., Traynor, K. S., Steinhauer, N., Rennich, K., Wilson, M. E., Ellis, J. D., Delaplane, K. S. 2015. A national survey of managed honey bee 2014–2015 annual colony losses in the USA. Journal of Apicultural Research, 54(4), 292-304. Shi, T. F., Wang, Y. F., Liu, F., Qi, L., Yu, L. S. 2017. Sublethal Effects of the Neonicotinoid Insecticide Thiamethoxam on the Transcriptome of the Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of economic entomology, 110(6), 2283-2289. Simon-Delso, N., Amaral-Rogers, V., Belzunces, L. P., Bonmatin, J. M., Chagnon, M., Downs, C., Goulson, D. 2015. Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(1), 5-34. Topal, A., Alak, G., Ozkaraca, M., Yeltekin, A. C., Comaklı, S., Acıl, G., Atamanalp, M. 2017. Neurotoxic responses in brain tissues of rainbow trout exposed to imidacloprid pesticide: Assessment of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine activity, oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity. Chemosphere, 175, 186-191. Tüzün, A., Bilgili, G. 2013. Tarımsal Ekosistemde Arıların Önemi Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 6 (2): 91-95, 2013 ISSN: 1308-3961, E-ISSN: 1308-0261 Whitehorn, P. R., O’Connor, S., Wackers, F. L.,Goulson, D. 2012. Neonicotinoid pesticide reduces bumble bee colony growth and queen production. Science 336, 351–352 (2012). Zhang, E., Nieh, J. C. 2015. The neonicotinoid imidacloprid impairs honey bee aversive learning of simulated predation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(20), 3199-3205.
There are 1 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ahmet Karahan

Fatih Yıldırım This is me

Merve Karahan This is me

İsmail Karaca

Publication Date December 31, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karahan, A., Yıldırım, F., Karahan, M., Karaca, İ. (2018). Imidacloprid Bal Arılarında Kış Kayıplarına Neden Olur Mu?. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi, 10(2), 54-60.
AMA Karahan A, Yıldırım F, Karahan M, Karaca İ. Imidacloprid Bal Arılarında Kış Kayıplarına Neden Olur Mu?. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi. December 2018;10(2):54-60.
Chicago Karahan, Ahmet, Fatih Yıldırım, Merve Karahan, and İsmail Karaca. “Imidacloprid Bal Arılarında Kış Kayıplarına Neden Olur Mu?”. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi 10, no. 2 (December 2018): 54-60.
EndNote Karahan A, Yıldırım F, Karahan M, Karaca İ (December 1, 2018) Imidacloprid Bal Arılarında Kış Kayıplarına Neden Olur Mu?. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi 10 2 54–60.
IEEE A. Karahan, F. Yıldırım, M. Karahan, and İ. Karaca, “Imidacloprid Bal Arılarında Kış Kayıplarına Neden Olur Mu?”, Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 54–60, 2018.
ISNAD Karahan, Ahmet et al. “Imidacloprid Bal Arılarında Kış Kayıplarına Neden Olur Mu?”. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi 10/2 (December 2018), 54-60.
JAMA Karahan A, Yıldırım F, Karahan M, Karaca İ. Imidacloprid Bal Arılarında Kış Kayıplarına Neden Olur Mu?. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi. 2018;10:54–60.
MLA Karahan, Ahmet et al. “Imidacloprid Bal Arılarında Kış Kayıplarına Neden Olur Mu?”. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 2, 2018, pp. 54-60.
Vancouver Karahan A, Yıldırım F, Karahan M, Karaca İ. Imidacloprid Bal Arılarında Kış Kayıplarına Neden Olur Mu?. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi. 2018;10(2):54-60.