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Ballakayati’nin (Erbil - Kuzey Irak) Yabani Gıda Bitkileri Hakkında Geleneksel Bilgiler

Year 2021, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 520 - 531, 30.06.2021

Awara Mohammed A.m.a. Kawarty Lütfi Behçet Uğur Çakılcıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.890018
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Ballakayati (Kuzey Irak - Erbil) ilçesinde yöre halkı tarafından gıda amaçlı kullanılan yabani bitkileri tespit etmeyi ve bu bitkilerin yerel adlarını ve kullanımlarını belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma 2016-2018 yılları arasında yaklaşık üç yıl boyunca gerçekleştirildi. Bu süre zarfında 62 bitki taksonu örneği toplandı. Bu çalışmada kullanılan bitkilerin literatür incelemesinde 59 taksonunun gıda amaçlı kullanıldığı tespit edilirken, literatür kayıtlarında üç bitkiye rastlanmamıştır. Yerel bitki isimleri, Kuzey Irak'taki yerel lehçelere göre farklılık gösterir. Yerel halk, ilçelerinde yetişen yabani bitkilerden yararlanmaktadır. Bu alanda yöre halkının 23 familyaya ait 62 taksonun gıda amaçlı kullandığı tespit edildi. En önemli gıda bitkileri Juglans regia L., Allium ampeloprasum L., Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb. Ayrıca gıda amaçlı kullanılan bitkiler kurutulup kış aylarında kullanılmak üzere depolanmaktadır. Bu alanda tespit ettiğimiz Carduus pycnocephalus L., Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss., Epilobium hirsutum L. gıda kullanımı ilk kez kayıt altına alındı. Bu çalışmada bu bitkilerin farklı kullanım şekilleri gözlemlenmiştir. Irak'ta etnobotanik çalışmaların sayısı giderek artmaktadır. Ancak, birçok yabani gıda bitkisinin geleneksel kullanımları henüz kaydedilmemiştir. Gıda güvenliği açısından yabani bitki taksonlarının yeterli bilgi olmadan kullanılmasından kaynaklanabilecek olumsuz etkilerin yerel halka bildirilmesi gerekmektedir.

Keywords

Geleneksel kullanım Yabani gıda bitkileri Etnobotanik Kuzey Irak Ballakayati

Supporting Institution

Bingöl Üniversitesi

Project Number

Proje No: 506-236-2015

Thanks

Yazarlar, yüksek lisans tezinden üretilen bu makaleye mali destek sağlayan Bingöl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi (BÜBAP)’ne teşekkür etmektedir

References

  • Akgül, G., Yılmaz, N., Celep, A., Celep, F., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2016. Ethnobotanical purposes of plants sold by herbalists and folk bazaars in the center of Cappadocica (Nevşehir, Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 15, 103-108.
  • Baytop, T., 1999. Türkiye’de Bitkiler ile Tedavi, Geçmişte ve Bugün. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul, 1-480.
  • Boesch, H.H., 1939. El-Iraq. Economic Geography Published Taylor and Francis., 15, 325-361.
  • Bulut, G., Biçer, M., Tuzlacı, E., 2016. The folk medicinal plants of Yüksekova (Hakkari-Turkey). Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul University, 46, 115-124.
  • Bulut, G., Tuzlacı, E., 2013. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Turgutlu Manisa-Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 149, 633-647.
  • Civelek, Ş., Türkoğlu, İ., 2000. Unknown medicinal plants in vicinity of Elazığ. Fırat University Journal of Health Sciences, 14, 379-388.
  • Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2020. An ethnobotanical field study; Traditional foods production and medicinal utilization of Gundelia L. species in Tunceli (Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 19 (4), 714-718.
  • Davis P.H., 1965–1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol 1-9. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburg, UK, 1-724.
  • Davis,, P.H., Mill, R.R., Tan, K., 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol 10. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburg, UK, 1-590.
  • Demirel, S., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2017. Identification of medical plants in Hittite cuneiform scripts. Belleten, 291, 305-328.
  • Erecevit, P., Kırbağ S., 2017. Determination of some biological properties over Kluyveromyces lactis 1 of Rheum ribes L. (Rhubarb) as a traditional medicinal and food plant. International Journal of Nature Life Sciences, 1, 22-31.
  • Erecevit Sönmez, P., Kırbag, S., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2020. Reviewing Phlomis rigida Labill From Turkey as a Antimicrobial Efficacy. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24 (6), 1265-1271.
  • Guest, E., Al-Rawi, A., 1966. Flora of Iraq, Pub. by Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Iraq, Vol 1, Baghdad, 1-216.
  • Güneş, S., Savran, A., Paksoy, M.Y., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2018. Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Karaisalı (Adana-Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 17, 290-298.
  • Harshberger, J.W., 1896. The purposes of ethno-botany. Botanical Gazette, 21, 146-154.
  • Karaköse, M., Akbulut, S., Özkan, Z.C., 2019. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Torul District, Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, 26, 29-37.
  • Kaval, İ., Behçet, L., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2015. Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Geçitli (Hakkari, Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 14, 183-190.
  • Kawarty, A.M.A.M.A., Behçet, L., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2020. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Ballakayati (Erbil, North Iraq). Turkish Journal of Botany, 44, 345-357. doi.org/10.3906/bot-1910-39.
  • Korkmaz, M., Karakuş, S., Selvi, S., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2016. Traditional knowledge on wild plants in Üzümlü (Erzincan-Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 15, 538-545.
  • Mati, E, de Boer, H., 2010. Contemporary knowledge of dye plant species and natural dye use in Kurdish Autonomous Region Iraq. Economic Botany, 64, 137-148.
  • Mati, E., de Boer, H., 2011. Ethnobotany and trade of medicinal plants in the Qaysari Market, Kurdish Autonomous Region, Iraq. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133 (2), 490-510. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.023.
  • Muthu, C., Ayyanar, M., Raja, N., 2006. Ignacimuthu S, Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2, 43. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-2-43.
  • Mükemre, M., Behçet, L., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2015. Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in villages of Çatak (Van-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 166, 361-374.
  • Mükemre, M., Behçet, L., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2016. Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in villages of Çatak (Van-Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 15, 183-191.
  • Nadiroğlu, M., Behçet, L., 2018. Traditional food uses of wild plants among the Karlıova (Bingöl-Turkey). International Journal of Nature Life Sciences, 2, 57-71.
  • Polat, R., Cakilcioglu, U., Satıl, F., 2013. Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Solhan (Bingöl-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 148, 951-963.
  • Polat, R., Cakilcioglu, U., Ulusan, M.D., Paksoy, M.Y., 2015. Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Elazığ (Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 14, 69-75.
  • Polat, R, Güner, B., Yüce-Babacan, E., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2017. Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Bingöl (Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 16, 378-384.
  • Rechinger, K.H., 1965-1977. Flora of Iranica. Graz-Austria: Akademisch Druck u Verlangsanstalt, 1-231.
  • Saman, A.A., Ali, A.A., 2015. Ethnobotany of the Hawraman Region of Kurdistan Iraq. Harvard Papers in Botany, 20, 85-89.
  • Satıl, F., Açar, M., 2020. Ethnobotanical Use of Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) Taxa in Turkey. International Journal of Nature Life Sciences, 4 (2), 66-86.
  • Satıl, F., Selvi, S., 2020. Ethnobotanical features of Ziziphora L. (Lamiaceae) Taxa in Turkey. International Journal of Nature Life Sciences, 4, 56-65.
  • Selvi, S., Polat, R., Yuce-Babacan, E., Rahman, M.O., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2019. Micromorphological and anatomical investigation on six species of Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) from Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, 26, 69-81.
  • Towsend, C.C., Guest, E., 1966-1985. Flora of Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Iraq, Vol 1–4, Baghdad.
  • Trotter, R.T., Logan, M.H., 1986. Informant consensus: a new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants, In: Plants in Indigenous Medicine and Diet, Behavioural Approaches, edited by Etkin, N.L., Redgrave Publishing Company, Bredford Hills, NY, 1-336.
  • Tukan, S.K., Takruri, H.R., Al-Eisavi, D.M., 1998. The use of wild plant edible plants in the Jordanian diet. International Journal of Food Sciences Nutrition, 49, 225-235.
  • Yerebasan, N., Kırçıl, E., Yılmaz, M.S., Çakılcıoğlu, A., Deniz, V., Demirkıran, D., 2020. A review of the traditional plant use culture in Elazığ (Turkey). International Journal of Nature Life Sciences, 5 (1), 1-10.
  • Yüce-Babacan, E, Vitek, E., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2017. Contributions to the Flora of Tunceli (Turkey). International Journal of Nature Life Sciences, 1, 39-66.
  • Zohary, M., 1966-1986. Flora Palaestina. Vol 1–4. Jerusalem Acedemic Press, Israel.

Traditional Knowledge on Wild Food Plants in Ballakayati (Erbil - North Iraq)

Year 2021, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 520 - 531, 30.06.2021

Awara Mohammed A.m.a. Kawarty Lütfi Behçet Uğur Çakılcıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.890018
Cited By: 1

Abstract

This study purposes to identify wild plants used for food purposes by native people of Ballakayati district of (Erbil-North Iraq), and to determine the vernacular names and the uses of those plants. The study was carried out approximately for 3 years between 2016-2018. During this period of time, 62 taxa were collected. In the literature review of the plants used in this study, 59 taxa were found to be used for food purposes while three plants were not found in the literature records. Vernacular names differ due to the local dialects in Iraq. Local peoples benefit from the wild plants growing in their districts. In this area, it was found that locals use 62 plants from 23 families for food purposes. The most considerable food plants were Juglans regia L., Allium ampeloprasum L., Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb. Moreover, plants used for food purposes are dried and stored for using them in winter. The food use of Carduus pycnocephalus L., Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss., Epilobium hirsutum L. that we found in this area were recorded for the first time. Different using forms of those plants were observed in this study. In Iraq, the number of ethnobotanical studies is ever increasing. But traditional uses of many wild food plants have not been recorded yet. In terms of food security, the adverse effects that may arise due to the use of wild plant taxa with-out sufficient knowledge must be reported to the local people.

Keywords

Traditional use Wild food plants Ethnobotany North Iraq Ballakayati

Project Number

Proje No: 506-236-2015

References

  • Akgül, G., Yılmaz, N., Celep, A., Celep, F., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2016. Ethnobotanical purposes of plants sold by herbalists and folk bazaars in the center of Cappadocica (Nevşehir, Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 15, 103-108.
  • Baytop, T., 1999. Türkiye’de Bitkiler ile Tedavi, Geçmişte ve Bugün. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul, 1-480.
  • Boesch, H.H., 1939. El-Iraq. Economic Geography Published Taylor and Francis., 15, 325-361.
  • Bulut, G., Biçer, M., Tuzlacı, E., 2016. The folk medicinal plants of Yüksekova (Hakkari-Turkey). Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul University, 46, 115-124.
  • Bulut, G., Tuzlacı, E., 2013. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Turgutlu Manisa-Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 149, 633-647.
  • Civelek, Ş., Türkoğlu, İ., 2000. Unknown medicinal plants in vicinity of Elazığ. Fırat University Journal of Health Sciences, 14, 379-388.
  • Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2020. An ethnobotanical field study; Traditional foods production and medicinal utilization of Gundelia L. species in Tunceli (Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 19 (4), 714-718.
  • Davis P.H., 1965–1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol 1-9. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburg, UK, 1-724.
  • Davis,, P.H., Mill, R.R., Tan, K., 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol 10. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburg, UK, 1-590.
  • Demirel, S., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2017. Identification of medical plants in Hittite cuneiform scripts. Belleten, 291, 305-328.
  • Erecevit, P., Kırbağ S., 2017. Determination of some biological properties over Kluyveromyces lactis 1 of Rheum ribes L. (Rhubarb) as a traditional medicinal and food plant. International Journal of Nature Life Sciences, 1, 22-31.
  • Erecevit Sönmez, P., Kırbag, S., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2020. Reviewing Phlomis rigida Labill From Turkey as a Antimicrobial Efficacy. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24 (6), 1265-1271.
  • Guest, E., Al-Rawi, A., 1966. Flora of Iraq, Pub. by Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Iraq, Vol 1, Baghdad, 1-216.
  • Güneş, S., Savran, A., Paksoy, M.Y., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2018. Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Karaisalı (Adana-Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 17, 290-298.
  • Harshberger, J.W., 1896. The purposes of ethno-botany. Botanical Gazette, 21, 146-154.
  • Karaköse, M., Akbulut, S., Özkan, Z.C., 2019. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Torul District, Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, 26, 29-37.
  • Kaval, İ., Behçet, L., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2015. Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Geçitli (Hakkari, Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 14, 183-190.
  • Kawarty, A.M.A.M.A., Behçet, L., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2020. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Ballakayati (Erbil, North Iraq). Turkish Journal of Botany, 44, 345-357. doi.org/10.3906/bot-1910-39.
  • Korkmaz, M., Karakuş, S., Selvi, S., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2016. Traditional knowledge on wild plants in Üzümlü (Erzincan-Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 15, 538-545.
  • Mati, E, de Boer, H., 2010. Contemporary knowledge of dye plant species and natural dye use in Kurdish Autonomous Region Iraq. Economic Botany, 64, 137-148.
  • Mati, E., de Boer, H., 2011. Ethnobotany and trade of medicinal plants in the Qaysari Market, Kurdish Autonomous Region, Iraq. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133 (2), 490-510. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.023.
  • Muthu, C., Ayyanar, M., Raja, N., 2006. Ignacimuthu S, Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2, 43. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-2-43.
  • Mükemre, M., Behçet, L., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2015. Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in villages of Çatak (Van-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 166, 361-374.
  • Mükemre, M., Behçet, L., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2016. Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in villages of Çatak (Van-Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 15, 183-191.
  • Nadiroğlu, M., Behçet, L., 2018. Traditional food uses of wild plants among the Karlıova (Bingöl-Turkey). International Journal of Nature Life Sciences, 2, 57-71.
  • Polat, R., Cakilcioglu, U., Satıl, F., 2013. Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Solhan (Bingöl-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 148, 951-963.
  • Polat, R., Cakilcioglu, U., Ulusan, M.D., Paksoy, M.Y., 2015. Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Elazığ (Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 14, 69-75.
  • Polat, R, Güner, B., Yüce-Babacan, E., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2017. Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Bingöl (Turkey). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 16, 378-384.
  • Rechinger, K.H., 1965-1977. Flora of Iranica. Graz-Austria: Akademisch Druck u Verlangsanstalt, 1-231.
  • Saman, A.A., Ali, A.A., 2015. Ethnobotany of the Hawraman Region of Kurdistan Iraq. Harvard Papers in Botany, 20, 85-89.
  • Satıl, F., Açar, M., 2020. Ethnobotanical Use of Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) Taxa in Turkey. International Journal of Nature Life Sciences, 4 (2), 66-86.
  • Satıl, F., Selvi, S., 2020. Ethnobotanical features of Ziziphora L. (Lamiaceae) Taxa in Turkey. International Journal of Nature Life Sciences, 4, 56-65.
  • Selvi, S., Polat, R., Yuce-Babacan, E., Rahman, M.O., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2019. Micromorphological and anatomical investigation on six species of Onosma L. (Boraginaceae) from Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, 26, 69-81.
  • Towsend, C.C., Guest, E., 1966-1985. Flora of Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Iraq, Vol 1–4, Baghdad.
  • Trotter, R.T., Logan, M.H., 1986. Informant consensus: a new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants, In: Plants in Indigenous Medicine and Diet, Behavioural Approaches, edited by Etkin, N.L., Redgrave Publishing Company, Bredford Hills, NY, 1-336.
  • Tukan, S.K., Takruri, H.R., Al-Eisavi, D.M., 1998. The use of wild plant edible plants in the Jordanian diet. International Journal of Food Sciences Nutrition, 49, 225-235.
  • Yerebasan, N., Kırçıl, E., Yılmaz, M.S., Çakılcıoğlu, A., Deniz, V., Demirkıran, D., 2020. A review of the traditional plant use culture in Elazığ (Turkey). International Journal of Nature Life Sciences, 5 (1), 1-10.
  • Yüce-Babacan, E, Vitek, E., Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2017. Contributions to the Flora of Tunceli (Turkey). International Journal of Nature Life Sciences, 1, 39-66.
  • Zohary, M., 1966-1986. Flora Palaestina. Vol 1–4. Jerusalem Acedemic Press, Israel.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Awara Mohammed A.m.a. Kawarty 0000-0002-6330-1340

Lütfi Behçet 0000-0001-8334-7816

Uğur Çakılcıoğlu 0000-0002-3627-3604

Project Number Proje No: 506-236-2015
Publication Date June 30, 2021
Submission Date March 3, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 21 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kawarty, A. M. A., Behçet, L., & Çakılcıoğlu, U. (2021). Ballakayati’nin (Erbil - Kuzey Irak) Yabani Gıda Bitkileri Hakkında Geleneksel Bilgiler. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(3), 520-531. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.890018
AMA Kawarty AMA, Behçet L, Çakılcıoğlu U. Ballakayati’nin (Erbil - Kuzey Irak) Yabani Gıda Bitkileri Hakkında Geleneksel Bilgiler. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. June 2021;21(3):520-531. doi:10.35414/akufemubid.890018
Chicago Kawarty, Awara Mohammed A.m.a., Lütfi Behçet, and Uğur Çakılcıoğlu. “Ballakayati’nin (Erbil - Kuzey Irak) Yabani Gıda Bitkileri Hakkında Geleneksel Bilgiler”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 21, no. 3 (June 2021): 520-31. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.890018.
EndNote Kawarty AMA, Behçet L, Çakılcıoğlu U (June 1, 2021) Ballakayati’nin (Erbil - Kuzey Irak) Yabani Gıda Bitkileri Hakkında Geleneksel Bilgiler. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 21 3 520–531.
IEEE A. M. A. Kawarty, L. Behçet, and U. Çakılcıoğlu, “Ballakayati’nin (Erbil - Kuzey Irak) Yabani Gıda Bitkileri Hakkında Geleneksel Bilgiler”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 520–531, 2021, doi: 10.35414/akufemubid.890018.
ISNAD Kawarty, Awara Mohammed A.m.a. et al. “Ballakayati’nin (Erbil - Kuzey Irak) Yabani Gıda Bitkileri Hakkında Geleneksel Bilgiler”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 21/3 (June 2021), 520-531. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.890018.
JAMA Kawarty AMA, Behçet L, Çakılcıoğlu U. Ballakayati’nin (Erbil - Kuzey Irak) Yabani Gıda Bitkileri Hakkında Geleneksel Bilgiler. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;21:520–531.
MLA Kawarty, Awara Mohammed A.m.a. et al. “Ballakayati’nin (Erbil - Kuzey Irak) Yabani Gıda Bitkileri Hakkında Geleneksel Bilgiler”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 3, 2021, pp. 520-31, doi:10.35414/akufemubid.890018.
Vancouver Kawarty AMA, Behçet L, Çakılcıoğlu U. Ballakayati’nin (Erbil - Kuzey Irak) Yabani Gıda Bitkileri Hakkında Geleneksel Bilgiler. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;21(3):520-31.

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