Research Article
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The Performance of Some Walnut (Juglans regia) Cultivars in the Conditions of Bursa, Turkey

Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 589 - 603, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1089365

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate the pomological and phenological traits, as well as yield potential and incidence of external defects of some local (‘Bilecik’, ‘Maraş 12’, ‘Maraş 18’, ‘Şebin’, ‘Şen 1’) and foreign (‘Chandler’, ‘Fernette’, ‘Fernor’, ‘Howard’, ‘Pedro’, ‘Serr’) walnut cultivars grown in Bursa (north-west in Turkey) conditions between 2014 and 2020. The first leafing was observed in Maraş 12, Serr, Şebin, and Maraş 18 cultivars, while Fernette and Fernor were the last leafing cultivars. The female blooming period of the cultivars was recorded to be the longest in Maraş 18 (15 days) and Şebin (16 days) and that was the shortest in Bilecik and Serr (10 days). The male blooming period was recorded as the longest in Chandler, Fernette, Bilecik, and Şebin (16-18 days) and that was the shortest in Maraş 12 and Serr (10 days). The average yield per tree of cultivars ranged between 1.87 kg (Şebin) and 14.21 kg (Pedro). Walnut blight was observed on average in 15.85%, sunburn in 10.21%, codling moth in 5.11%, anthracnose in 3.23%, and bird damage in 2.35% of the fruits. The healthy nut percentage ranged from 40.06% (Şen 1) to 76.50% (Chandler). The nut weight of cultivars was between 9.91 g (Maraş 12) and 16.27 g (Şen 1). Kernel percentage varied from 36.31% (Şen 1) to 53.56% (Maraş 12). The principal component analysis conducted to distinguish the cultivars suggests that the most important factors could be reduced to five components. The results showed that Maraş 12, Chandler, Fernor, and Howard were suitable cultivars for commercial cultivation in Bursa conditions.

Supporting Institution

TAGEM

Project Number

14/A10/P02/01

References

  • Akça Y & Ozongun Ş (2004). Selection of late leafing, late flowering, laterally fruitful walnut (Juglans regia) types in Turkey. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 32: 337-342
  • Akça Y (2005). Walnut Growing. Printed in Ministry of Agriculture. Ankara, Turkey
  • Akça Y (2012). Walnut Growing. 4th Edition, Anıt Matbaa, Ankara,Turkey (in Turkish)
  • Akça Y (2014). 'Şebin' Persian Walnut. In Proceedings of the VIIth International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 1050: 139-142
  • Akça Y, Unal B, Çelik M & Okay Y (2014). Comparison of some promising Turkish and foreign walnut cultivars. Acta Horticulturae 1050(17): 143-150
  • Akça Y, Ozyurt I K & Kaplan E (2018). Comparison of some local and foreign walnut cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University 35(3): 290-296
  • Aleta N, Ninot A, Moragrega C, Llorente I & Montesinos E (2001). Blight sensitivity of Spanish selections of Juglans regia. In Proceedings of the IV International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 544: 353-362
  • Arnaudov V A & Gandev S I (2009). Susceptibility of some walnut cultivars to Gnomonia leptostila (Fr.) Ces. et de Not. In Proceedings of the I Balkan Symposium on Fruit Growing, Acta Horticulturae 825(64): 407- 412
  • Arnaudov V, Gandev S & Dimova M (2014). Susceptibility of Some Walnut Cultivars to Gnomonia leptostyla and Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis in Bulgaria. Agroznanje 15(1): 41-54
  • Bayazit S, Kazan K, Gulbitti S, Cevik V, Ayanoglu H & Ergul A (2007). AFLP analysis of genetic diversity in low chill requiring walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from Hatay, Turkey. Scientia Horticulturae 111(4): 394–398
  • Botu M, Botu I, Achim G & Tudor M (2007). Walnut cultivars in Romanian conditions. Acta Horticulturae 760: 555–561.
  • Botu M, Tudor M & Papachatzis A (2010). Evaluation of some walnut cultivars with different bearing habits in the ecological conditions of Oltenia - Romania. In Proceedings of the VI International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 861: 119-126
  • Bujdoso G, Fodor A & Karacas-Vegh A (2020). BD6 Walnut. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 55(8): 1-2 Catlin P B, Ramos D E, Sibbett G S, Olson W H & Olsson E A (1987). Pistillate flower abscission of the Persian walnut. HortScience 22: 201–205
  • Catlin P B & Olsson E A (1990). Pistillate flower abscission of walnut 'Serr,' 'Sunland,' 'Howard,' and 'Chandler.' HortScience, 25(11): 1391-1392
  • Coates W W (2008). Walnut Varıety Qualıty Evaluatıons In San Benıto County- 2005. Walnut research reports, Retrieved in October 12, 2021, from http://walnutresearch.ucdavis.edu › 2005_45
  • Ercisli S (2004). A short review of the fruit germplasm resources of Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51(4): 419–435
  • Ercisli S, Sayinci B, Kara M, Yildiz C & Ozturk I (2012). Determination of size and shape features of walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars using image processing. Scientia Horticulturae 131: 47–55
  • Ertürk Ü, Mert C, Soylu A, Akça Y & Okay Y (2014). Evaluation of some domestic and foreign walnut cultivars in the conditions of Bursa, Turkey. In Proceedings of the VII International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 1050(14): 123-130
  • Ertürk E, Mert C, Utku Ö & Kaya O (2017). Bursa Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Yerli ve Yabancı Ceviz Çeşitlerinin Meyve Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. III. Ulusal Ceviz Sempozyumu, Bahçe 46(2): 47–52
  • Gandev S (2017). Behaviour of some local and foreign walnut cultivars under the climatic conditions of South Bulgaria. Fruits 72(1): 31-35
  • Germain E, Prunet Y P & Garcin A (1999). Le Noyer. CTIFL, Paris.
  • González R C, Lemus S G & Reginato G (2008). Pıstıllate Flower Abscıssıon Symptoms Of 'Serr' Walnut (Juglans regia L.). Chılean Journal of Agrıcultural Research 68: 183-191
  • Hendricks L C (1997). Cultivar Choices for California Walnut Growers. In Proceedings of the III. International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 442: 265-270
  • Iannamico L, Calvo P & Castro H R (2006). The behavior of ten late sprouting walnut cultivars in the Alto Valle of Rio Negro, Patagonia (Argentina). In Proceedings of the V International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 705: 493–498
  • Jamshidi S & Salahi S (2009). Growth and sporulation of some Gnomonia leptostyla isolates in various culture media. Journal of New Agricultural Science 4(12): 1-10
  • Jelev Z & Marinov M (2016). Reaction of organically grown walnut cultivars to walnut blight and anthracnose. Short contributions. Retrieved on October 12, 2021 from https://www.ecofruit.net/wp content/uploads/2020/04/49_Jelev_188-190.pdf
  • Karadeniz T & Sahinbas T (1996). Catakda yetistirilen cevizlerin (Juglans regia L.) meyve ozellikleri ve umitvar tiplerin secimi. Fındık ve Diger Sert Kabuklu Meyveler Sempozyumu, Samsun, Türkiye, pp. 317–323 (in Turkish with English summary)
  • Khasanov B A, Safarov A A & Boyjigitov F M (2019). Fungal Diseases of Persian Walnut in Uzbekistan and their Control. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 7(5): 327-334
  • Lampinen B, Edstrom J, Ramos D, Metcalf S, Negron C & Cytter S (2006). Comparison of Growth and Productivity of Pruned and Unpruned Young Howard Walnut Trees as Impacted By Crop Load. Walnut Research Report, Retrieved on October 12, 2021, from http://walnutresearch.ucdavis.edu/2010/2010_117.pdf 127-134
  • McGranahan G & Leslie C (1990). Walnuts (Juglans). In: Moore JN, Ballington JR (eds), Genetic resources of temperate fruit and nut crops (2), International Society for Horticultural Science, Wageningen, pp 907 – 95
  • McGranahan G H, Voyiatzis D G, Catlin P B & Polito V S (1994). High Pollen Loads Can Cause Pistillate Flower Abscission in Walnut. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119(3): 505-509
  • Mills N J, Bezemer T M, Julier E & Grant J (2000). Walnut susceptibility to codling moth damage: cultivars and orchards. Retrieved on October 12, 2021, from http://walnutresearch.ucdavis.edu/2000/2000_279.pdf
  • Mitrović M, Miletić R & Rakićević M (2011). Properties of French walnut cultivars grown under environmental conditions of the Čačak region. Contemporary Agriculturae 60: 116–121
  • Moragrega C, Matias J, Aletà N, Montesinos E & Rovira M (2011). Apical necrosis and premature drop of persian (English) walnut fruit caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis. Plant Diseases 95: 1565-1570
  • Ozaktan H, Erdal M, Akköprü A & Bozkurt A (2007). Evaluation of susceptibility of some walnut cultivars to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis by immature nut test. In Proceedings of the Host Resistance and Control Strategies against Bacterial Diseases of Stone Fruits and Nuts, 23 - 25 October, Murcia, Spain
  • Rovira M & Aleta N (1997). Pistillate flower abscission on four walnut cultivars. In Proceedings of the III. International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 442: 231-234
  • Saracoglu M (2015). A Research On Determınatıon Of Walnut Blıght Dısease Caused By Xanthomonas Arboricola Pv. Juglandis In Western Anatolıa And Integrated Management Facılıtıes. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop On Bacterial Diseases Of Stone Fruits And Nuts, 21-24 April, Izmir, Turkey
  • Solar A, Stampar F & Smole J (1997). The degree of heterodichogamy of some walnut cultivars (J. regia) in Slovenia. In Proceedings of the III International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 442: 217-224
  • Sutyemez M (2016). New Walnut Cultivars: Maras 18, Sutyemez 1, and Kaman 1. HortScience 51(10): 1301-1303
  • Sutyemez M, Bükücü Ş B & Özcan A (2019). Maraş 12: A Walnut Cultivar with Cluster-bearing Habit, Hortscience 54(8): 1437–1438
  • Şen S M (1980). Studies on the selection of walnut (Juglans regia L.) in the North Eastern Anatolia and Eastern Black Sea Coasts of Turkey. Master Thesis, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
  • Şen S M (2011). Walnut: Growing, Nutritional Value, Folklore. Fourth Edition, ÜÇM Yayıncılık, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish)
  • Tulecke W & McGranahan G (1994). The Walnut Germplasm Collection of the University of California, Davis. A Description of the Collection and A History of the Breeding Program of Eugene F. Serr and Harold I. Forde. Report No. 13. The University of California Genetic Resources Conservation Program, Davis, CA.
  • UPOV (1999). Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Guidelines for the Conduct of Test for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability. Int. Union Production New Varietes Plants: Geneva, Switzerland
  • Vanhanen L P (2010). Comparison of New Zealand (South Island) and Australian (Tasmanian) walnut cultivars: An organoleptic and biochemical study. Master Thesis, Lincoln University, New Zeland
  • Yarilgac T, Koyuncu F, Koyuncu M A, Kazankaya A & Sen S M (2001). Some promising walnut selections (Juglans regia L.). In Proceedings of the IV International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 544(10): 93–96
Year 2023, Volume: 29 Issue: 2, 589 - 603, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1089365

Abstract

Project Number

14/A10/P02/01

References

  • Akça Y & Ozongun Ş (2004). Selection of late leafing, late flowering, laterally fruitful walnut (Juglans regia) types in Turkey. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 32: 337-342
  • Akça Y (2005). Walnut Growing. Printed in Ministry of Agriculture. Ankara, Turkey
  • Akça Y (2012). Walnut Growing. 4th Edition, Anıt Matbaa, Ankara,Turkey (in Turkish)
  • Akça Y (2014). 'Şebin' Persian Walnut. In Proceedings of the VIIth International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 1050: 139-142
  • Akça Y, Unal B, Çelik M & Okay Y (2014). Comparison of some promising Turkish and foreign walnut cultivars. Acta Horticulturae 1050(17): 143-150
  • Akça Y, Ozyurt I K & Kaplan E (2018). Comparison of some local and foreign walnut cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University 35(3): 290-296
  • Aleta N, Ninot A, Moragrega C, Llorente I & Montesinos E (2001). Blight sensitivity of Spanish selections of Juglans regia. In Proceedings of the IV International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 544: 353-362
  • Arnaudov V A & Gandev S I (2009). Susceptibility of some walnut cultivars to Gnomonia leptostila (Fr.) Ces. et de Not. In Proceedings of the I Balkan Symposium on Fruit Growing, Acta Horticulturae 825(64): 407- 412
  • Arnaudov V, Gandev S & Dimova M (2014). Susceptibility of Some Walnut Cultivars to Gnomonia leptostyla and Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis in Bulgaria. Agroznanje 15(1): 41-54
  • Bayazit S, Kazan K, Gulbitti S, Cevik V, Ayanoglu H & Ergul A (2007). AFLP analysis of genetic diversity in low chill requiring walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from Hatay, Turkey. Scientia Horticulturae 111(4): 394–398
  • Botu M, Botu I, Achim G & Tudor M (2007). Walnut cultivars in Romanian conditions. Acta Horticulturae 760: 555–561.
  • Botu M, Tudor M & Papachatzis A (2010). Evaluation of some walnut cultivars with different bearing habits in the ecological conditions of Oltenia - Romania. In Proceedings of the VI International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 861: 119-126
  • Bujdoso G, Fodor A & Karacas-Vegh A (2020). BD6 Walnut. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 55(8): 1-2 Catlin P B, Ramos D E, Sibbett G S, Olson W H & Olsson E A (1987). Pistillate flower abscission of the Persian walnut. HortScience 22: 201–205
  • Catlin P B & Olsson E A (1990). Pistillate flower abscission of walnut 'Serr,' 'Sunland,' 'Howard,' and 'Chandler.' HortScience, 25(11): 1391-1392
  • Coates W W (2008). Walnut Varıety Qualıty Evaluatıons In San Benıto County- 2005. Walnut research reports, Retrieved in October 12, 2021, from http://walnutresearch.ucdavis.edu › 2005_45
  • Ercisli S (2004). A short review of the fruit germplasm resources of Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51(4): 419–435
  • Ercisli S, Sayinci B, Kara M, Yildiz C & Ozturk I (2012). Determination of size and shape features of walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars using image processing. Scientia Horticulturae 131: 47–55
  • Ertürk Ü, Mert C, Soylu A, Akça Y & Okay Y (2014). Evaluation of some domestic and foreign walnut cultivars in the conditions of Bursa, Turkey. In Proceedings of the VII International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 1050(14): 123-130
  • Ertürk E, Mert C, Utku Ö & Kaya O (2017). Bursa Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Yerli ve Yabancı Ceviz Çeşitlerinin Meyve Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. III. Ulusal Ceviz Sempozyumu, Bahçe 46(2): 47–52
  • Gandev S (2017). Behaviour of some local and foreign walnut cultivars under the climatic conditions of South Bulgaria. Fruits 72(1): 31-35
  • Germain E, Prunet Y P & Garcin A (1999). Le Noyer. CTIFL, Paris.
  • González R C, Lemus S G & Reginato G (2008). Pıstıllate Flower Abscıssıon Symptoms Of 'Serr' Walnut (Juglans regia L.). Chılean Journal of Agrıcultural Research 68: 183-191
  • Hendricks L C (1997). Cultivar Choices for California Walnut Growers. In Proceedings of the III. International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 442: 265-270
  • Iannamico L, Calvo P & Castro H R (2006). The behavior of ten late sprouting walnut cultivars in the Alto Valle of Rio Negro, Patagonia (Argentina). In Proceedings of the V International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 705: 493–498
  • Jamshidi S & Salahi S (2009). Growth and sporulation of some Gnomonia leptostyla isolates in various culture media. Journal of New Agricultural Science 4(12): 1-10
  • Jelev Z & Marinov M (2016). Reaction of organically grown walnut cultivars to walnut blight and anthracnose. Short contributions. Retrieved on October 12, 2021 from https://www.ecofruit.net/wp content/uploads/2020/04/49_Jelev_188-190.pdf
  • Karadeniz T & Sahinbas T (1996). Catakda yetistirilen cevizlerin (Juglans regia L.) meyve ozellikleri ve umitvar tiplerin secimi. Fındık ve Diger Sert Kabuklu Meyveler Sempozyumu, Samsun, Türkiye, pp. 317–323 (in Turkish with English summary)
  • Khasanov B A, Safarov A A & Boyjigitov F M (2019). Fungal Diseases of Persian Walnut in Uzbekistan and their Control. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 7(5): 327-334
  • Lampinen B, Edstrom J, Ramos D, Metcalf S, Negron C & Cytter S (2006). Comparison of Growth and Productivity of Pruned and Unpruned Young Howard Walnut Trees as Impacted By Crop Load. Walnut Research Report, Retrieved on October 12, 2021, from http://walnutresearch.ucdavis.edu/2010/2010_117.pdf 127-134
  • McGranahan G & Leslie C (1990). Walnuts (Juglans). In: Moore JN, Ballington JR (eds), Genetic resources of temperate fruit and nut crops (2), International Society for Horticultural Science, Wageningen, pp 907 – 95
  • McGranahan G H, Voyiatzis D G, Catlin P B & Polito V S (1994). High Pollen Loads Can Cause Pistillate Flower Abscission in Walnut. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119(3): 505-509
  • Mills N J, Bezemer T M, Julier E & Grant J (2000). Walnut susceptibility to codling moth damage: cultivars and orchards. Retrieved on October 12, 2021, from http://walnutresearch.ucdavis.edu/2000/2000_279.pdf
  • Mitrović M, Miletić R & Rakićević M (2011). Properties of French walnut cultivars grown under environmental conditions of the Čačak region. Contemporary Agriculturae 60: 116–121
  • Moragrega C, Matias J, Aletà N, Montesinos E & Rovira M (2011). Apical necrosis and premature drop of persian (English) walnut fruit caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis. Plant Diseases 95: 1565-1570
  • Ozaktan H, Erdal M, Akköprü A & Bozkurt A (2007). Evaluation of susceptibility of some walnut cultivars to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis by immature nut test. In Proceedings of the Host Resistance and Control Strategies against Bacterial Diseases of Stone Fruits and Nuts, 23 - 25 October, Murcia, Spain
  • Rovira M & Aleta N (1997). Pistillate flower abscission on four walnut cultivars. In Proceedings of the III. International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 442: 231-234
  • Saracoglu M (2015). A Research On Determınatıon Of Walnut Blıght Dısease Caused By Xanthomonas Arboricola Pv. Juglandis In Western Anatolıa And Integrated Management Facılıtıes. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop On Bacterial Diseases Of Stone Fruits And Nuts, 21-24 April, Izmir, Turkey
  • Solar A, Stampar F & Smole J (1997). The degree of heterodichogamy of some walnut cultivars (J. regia) in Slovenia. In Proceedings of the III International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 442: 217-224
  • Sutyemez M (2016). New Walnut Cultivars: Maras 18, Sutyemez 1, and Kaman 1. HortScience 51(10): 1301-1303
  • Sutyemez M, Bükücü Ş B & Özcan A (2019). Maraş 12: A Walnut Cultivar with Cluster-bearing Habit, Hortscience 54(8): 1437–1438
  • Şen S M (1980). Studies on the selection of walnut (Juglans regia L.) in the North Eastern Anatolia and Eastern Black Sea Coasts of Turkey. Master Thesis, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
  • Şen S M (2011). Walnut: Growing, Nutritional Value, Folklore. Fourth Edition, ÜÇM Yayıncılık, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish)
  • Tulecke W & McGranahan G (1994). The Walnut Germplasm Collection of the University of California, Davis. A Description of the Collection and A History of the Breeding Program of Eugene F. Serr and Harold I. Forde. Report No. 13. The University of California Genetic Resources Conservation Program, Davis, CA.
  • UPOV (1999). Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Guidelines for the Conduct of Test for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability. Int. Union Production New Varietes Plants: Geneva, Switzerland
  • Vanhanen L P (2010). Comparison of New Zealand (South Island) and Australian (Tasmanian) walnut cultivars: An organoleptic and biochemical study. Master Thesis, Lincoln University, New Zeland
  • Yarilgac T, Koyuncu F, Koyuncu M A, Kazankaya A & Sen S M (2001). Some promising walnut selections (Juglans regia L.). In Proceedings of the IV International Walnut Symposium, Acta Horticulturae 544(10): 93–96
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Dilan Ahı Koşar 0000-0001-8427-5383

Mevlüt Batuhan Koşar 0000-0002-6009-0832

Özlem Utku 0000-0002-3425-7539

Cevriye Mert 0000-0003-3092-5023

Umran Ertürk 0000-0001-5709-2581

Project Number 14/A10/P02/01
Publication Date March 31, 2023
Submission Date March 17, 2022
Acceptance Date November 7, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 29 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ahı Koşar, D., Koşar, M. B., Utku, Ö., Mert, C., et al. (2023). The Performance of Some Walnut (Juglans regia) Cultivars in the Conditions of Bursa, Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(2), 589-603. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1089365

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