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An Analysis of Factors Influencing African Indigenous Vegetable Farmers’ Bargaining Power: A Case Study from Zambia

Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 193 - 204, 09.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1239590

Abstract

Growing African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs) is an innovative way to address poverty and malnutrition problems in Zambia. Farmers’ bargaining power plays an important role in increasing AIV production and farmers’ income. Based on 300 responses from Zambian AIV farmers, we defined AIV farmers’ bargaining power and analyzed its benefits to farmers and the AIV industry. We used the ordered logistic regression model (OLRM) to analyze the influence of several factors that contribute to farmers’ bargaining power, and then used the interpretative structural modeling (ISM) to analyze the relationship and hierarchical structure between the effects. Four key results and innovations arose from the analysis of the data. First, we defined farmers’ bargaining power through their self-reported bargaining power. Second, we found that the respondents’ bargaining power was significantly influenced by seven variables: age, gender, education, main trading partners, awareness of AIV prices, and distance to the market from the farm. Third, the main trading partners and awareness of AIV prices are surface direct factors, gender, education and distance to the market from the farm are middle indirect relationships, and age, belong to any community are deep root factors. Last, farmers’ bargaining power can be improved through education, especially women’s education level, strengthening farmers’ organization construction, altering some of the farmers’ trading methods, and developing infrastructure. Overall, we found that bargaining power has played an important role in obtaining higher prices, getting faster payment, getting more income from AIV sales, and expanding AIV planting areas for farmers.

Thanks

This research was supported by the Horticulture Innovation Lab with funding from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID EPA-A-00-09-00004), as part of the U.S. Government’s global hunger and food security initiative, Feed the Future, for a project titled ‘‘Improving nutrition with African indigenous vegetables’’ in eastern Africa. We also thank the New Jersey Agriculture Experiment Station (HATCH project 12131); Himoonga Moonga, Mebelo Mataa, and John Shindano, University of Zambia; and Kenneth Chali and Lupiya Sakala, AgriSmart, Zambia; John Bowman, USAID- Washington and Beth Mitcham, UC-Davis. This work was also supported by the National Social Science Fund of China(21BJY249), and the MOE Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of China (Project No. 18YJA790100).

References

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  • Arumugam S, Govindasamy R, Simon J E, Van Wyk E & Ozkan B (2022). Market outlet choices for African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs): a socio-economic analysis of farmers in Zambia. Agricultural and Food Economics 10(1): 28
  • Ayua E, Mugalavai V, Simon J, Weller S, Obura P & Nyabinda N (2017). Comparison of a mixed modes solar dryer to a direct mode solar dryer for African indigenous vegetable and chili processing. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 41(6): 7
  • Bauhardt C, Brückner M & Caglar G (2015). Understanding consumer behaviour: the social embeddedness of food practices. Paper presented at the 143rd Joint EAAE/AAEA Seminar, March 25-27, 2015, Naples, Italy Breda T (2015). Firms' rents, workers' bargaining power and the union wage premium. Economic Journal 125(589): 1616-1652
  • Bumbangi N F, Muma J B, Choongo K, Mukanga M, Velu M R, Veldman F, Hatloy A & Mapatano M A (2016). Occurrence and factors associated with aflatoxin contamination of raw peanuts from Lusaka district's markets, Zambia. Food Control 68: 291-296
  • Byrnes D R, Dinssa F F, Weller S C & Simon J E (2017). Elemental micronutrient content and horticultural performance of various vegetable Amaranth genotypes. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural 142(4): 265-271
  • Chepkoech W, Stoeber S, Kurgat B K, Bett H K, Mungai N W & Lotze-Campen H (2023). What drives diversity in climate change adaptation strategies for African indigenous vegetable production in Kenya? Economic Analysis and Policy 77: 716-728
  • Courtois P & Subervie J (2015). Farmer Bargaining Power and Market Information Services. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 97(3): 953-977
  • Cumani M & Rojas O (2016). Characterization of the agricultural drought prone areas on a global scale. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5764e.pdf
  • Dries L, Germenji E, Noev N & Swinnen J F M (2009). Farmers, Vertical Coordination, and the Restructuring of Dairy Supply Chains in Central and Eastern Europe. World Development 37(11): 1742-1758
  • Falkowski J (2012). Dairy supply chain modernisation in Poland: what about those not keeping pace? European Review of Agricultural Economics 39(3): 397-415
  • Falkowski J, Malak-Rawlikowska A & Milczarek-Andrzejewska D (2017). Farmers' self-reported bargaining power and price heterogeneity Evidence from the dairy supply chain. British Food Journal 119(8): 1672-1686
  • Fischer C, Gonzalez M A, Henchion M & Leat P (2007). Trust and economic relationships in selected European agrifood chains. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section C — Food Economics 4(1): 40-48
  • Fullerton, A. S. (2009). A Conceptual Framework for Ordered Logistic Regression Models. Sociological Methods & Research 38(2): 306-347
  • Gebert R (2010). Farmer Bargaining Power in the Lao PDR: Possibilities and Pitfalls. Joint Sub-Working Group on Farmers and Agribusiness & Helvetas
  • Gido E O, Bett H K & Bokelmann W (2016). Importance of African Indigenous Vegetables in Food Systems. African Journal of Horticultural Science 10: 7-7
  • Gogo E, Opiyo A, Ulrichs C & Huyskens-Keil S (2017). Nutritional and economic postharvest loss analysis of African indigenous leafy vegetables along the supply chain in Kenya. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 130: 39-47
  • Handschuch, C. and M. Wollni (2016). Traditional Food Crop Marketing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Gender Matter? Journal of Development Studies 52(3): 343-359
  • Hingley M K (2005). Power imbalanced relationships: cases from UK fresh food supply. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 33(8): 551-569
  • Hoffman D, Merchant E, Byrnes D & Simon J E (2018). Preventing micronutrient deficiencies using African Indigenous vegetables in Kenya and Zambia. Sight and Life 32(2): 177-181
  • Kamga R T, Kouamé C, AtanganaA, Chagomoka T & Ndango R (2013). Nutritional evaluation of five African indigenous vegetables. Journal of Horticultural Research 21(1): 99-106
  • Kansiime M K, Karanja D K, Alokit C & Ochieng J (2018). Derived demand for African indigenous vegetable seed: implications for farmer-seed entrepreneurship development. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21(6): 723-739
  • Krause H, Fasse A & Grote U (2019). Welfare and food security effects of commercializing African indigenous vegetables in Kenya. Cogent Food & Agriculture 5(1)
  • Leat P & Revoredo-Giha C (2008). Building collaborative agri-food supply chains. British Food Journal 110(4-5): 395-411
  • Lenjiso B M, Smits J & Ruben R (2016). Transforming Gender Relations through the Market: Smallholder Milk Market Participation and Women's Intra-household Bargaining Power in Ethiopia. Journal of Development Studies 52(7): 1002-1018
  • Lim S S, Winter-Nelson A & Arends-Kuenning M (2007). Household bargaining power and agricultural supply response: Evidence from Ethiopian coffee growers. World Development 35(7): 1204-1220
  • Momanyi D, Lagat K & Ayuya O I (2015). Determinants of smallholder African indigenous leafy vegetables farmers’ market participation behaviour in Nyamira County, Kenya. J. Econ. Sustain 16: 212-217
  • Muhanji G, Roothaert R L, Webo C & Stanley M (2011). African indigenous vegetable enterprises and market access for small-scale farmers in East Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9(1): 194-202
  • Mwadzingeni L, Afari-Sefa V, Shimelis H, N'Danikou S, Figlan S, Depenbusch L, Derera J (2021). Unpacking the value of traditional African vegetables for food and nutrition security. Food Security 13(5): 1215-1226
  • Mwangi J K & Crewett W (2019). The impact of irrigation on small-scale African indigenous vegetable growers’ market access in peri-urban Kenya. Agricultural Water Management 212: 295-305
  • Ngenoh E, Kurgat B K, Bett H K, Kebede S W & Bokelmann W (2019). Determinants of the competitiveness of smallholder African indigenous vegetable farmers in high-value agro-food chains in Kenya: A multivariate profit regression analysis. Agricultural and Food Economics 7(1): 2
  • Nkobole N, Hussein A & Prinsloo G (2016). Metabolomics profile of wild versus cultivated South African indigenous/traditional African leafy vegetables. South African Journal of Botany 103(339)
  • Roson R & Hubert F (2015). Bargaining Power and Value Sharing in Distribution Networks: A Cooperative Game Theory Approach. Networks & Spatial Economics 15(1): 71-87
  • Shackleton C, Paumgarten F, Mthembu T, Ernst L, Pasquini M & Pichop G (2010). Production of and trade in African indigenous vegetables in the urban and peri-urban areas of Durban, South Africa. Development Southern Africa 27(3): 291-308
  • Sinyangwe D M, Mbewe B & Sijumbila G (2016). Determination of dichlorvos residue levels in vegetables sold in Lusaka, Zambia. The Pan African Medical Journal 23(113)
  • Vandeplas A, Minten B & Swinnen J (2013). Multinationals vs. Cooperatives: The Income and Efficiency Effects of Supply Chain Governance in India. Journal of Agricultural Economics 64(1): 217-244
  • Vivas J, Kim M K, Takagi C & Kirimi L (2022). Adopting African Indigenous Vegetables: A Dynamic Panel Analysis of Smallholders in Kenya. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 48(1)
  • Weller S C, Van Wyk E & Simon J E (2015). Sustainable production for more resilient food production systems: case study of African indigenous vegetables in eastern Africa. Acta Horticulture 1102(1102): 289-298
  • Williams R (2006). Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables. Stata Journal 6(1): 58-82
  • World Bank (2017). The World Bank in Zambia. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/zambia/ overview.
  • Yang R Y, Wu W J & Oluoch M (2009). Are African Indigenous vegetables nutritious? evaluation and comparison of nutritional values among indigenous, adapted, and exotic vegetables in tropical Africa. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 55: 170-171
Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 193 - 204, 09.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1239590

Abstract

References

  • Adebooye O C, Ajayi S A, Baidu-Forson J J & Opabode J T (2005). Seed constraint to cultivation and productivity of African indigenous leafy vegetables. African Journal of Biotechnology 4(13): 1480-1484
  • Arumugam S, Govindasamy R, Simon J E, Van Wyk E & Ozkan B (2022). Market outlet choices for African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs): a socio-economic analysis of farmers in Zambia. Agricultural and Food Economics 10(1): 28
  • Ayua E, Mugalavai V, Simon J, Weller S, Obura P & Nyabinda N (2017). Comparison of a mixed modes solar dryer to a direct mode solar dryer for African indigenous vegetable and chili processing. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 41(6): 7
  • Bauhardt C, Brückner M & Caglar G (2015). Understanding consumer behaviour: the social embeddedness of food practices. Paper presented at the 143rd Joint EAAE/AAEA Seminar, March 25-27, 2015, Naples, Italy Breda T (2015). Firms' rents, workers' bargaining power and the union wage premium. Economic Journal 125(589): 1616-1652
  • Bumbangi N F, Muma J B, Choongo K, Mukanga M, Velu M R, Veldman F, Hatloy A & Mapatano M A (2016). Occurrence and factors associated with aflatoxin contamination of raw peanuts from Lusaka district's markets, Zambia. Food Control 68: 291-296
  • Byrnes D R, Dinssa F F, Weller S C & Simon J E (2017). Elemental micronutrient content and horticultural performance of various vegetable Amaranth genotypes. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural 142(4): 265-271
  • Chepkoech W, Stoeber S, Kurgat B K, Bett H K, Mungai N W & Lotze-Campen H (2023). What drives diversity in climate change adaptation strategies for African indigenous vegetable production in Kenya? Economic Analysis and Policy 77: 716-728
  • Courtois P & Subervie J (2015). Farmer Bargaining Power and Market Information Services. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 97(3): 953-977
  • Cumani M & Rojas O (2016). Characterization of the agricultural drought prone areas on a global scale. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5764e.pdf
  • Dries L, Germenji E, Noev N & Swinnen J F M (2009). Farmers, Vertical Coordination, and the Restructuring of Dairy Supply Chains in Central and Eastern Europe. World Development 37(11): 1742-1758
  • Falkowski J (2012). Dairy supply chain modernisation in Poland: what about those not keeping pace? European Review of Agricultural Economics 39(3): 397-415
  • Falkowski J, Malak-Rawlikowska A & Milczarek-Andrzejewska D (2017). Farmers' self-reported bargaining power and price heterogeneity Evidence from the dairy supply chain. British Food Journal 119(8): 1672-1686
  • Fischer C, Gonzalez M A, Henchion M & Leat P (2007). Trust and economic relationships in selected European agrifood chains. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section C — Food Economics 4(1): 40-48
  • Fullerton, A. S. (2009). A Conceptual Framework for Ordered Logistic Regression Models. Sociological Methods & Research 38(2): 306-347
  • Gebert R (2010). Farmer Bargaining Power in the Lao PDR: Possibilities and Pitfalls. Joint Sub-Working Group on Farmers and Agribusiness & Helvetas
  • Gido E O, Bett H K & Bokelmann W (2016). Importance of African Indigenous Vegetables in Food Systems. African Journal of Horticultural Science 10: 7-7
  • Gogo E, Opiyo A, Ulrichs C & Huyskens-Keil S (2017). Nutritional and economic postharvest loss analysis of African indigenous leafy vegetables along the supply chain in Kenya. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 130: 39-47
  • Handschuch, C. and M. Wollni (2016). Traditional Food Crop Marketing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Gender Matter? Journal of Development Studies 52(3): 343-359
  • Hingley M K (2005). Power imbalanced relationships: cases from UK fresh food supply. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 33(8): 551-569
  • Hoffman D, Merchant E, Byrnes D & Simon J E (2018). Preventing micronutrient deficiencies using African Indigenous vegetables in Kenya and Zambia. Sight and Life 32(2): 177-181
  • Kamga R T, Kouamé C, AtanganaA, Chagomoka T & Ndango R (2013). Nutritional evaluation of five African indigenous vegetables. Journal of Horticultural Research 21(1): 99-106
  • Kansiime M K, Karanja D K, Alokit C & Ochieng J (2018). Derived demand for African indigenous vegetable seed: implications for farmer-seed entrepreneurship development. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21(6): 723-739
  • Krause H, Fasse A & Grote U (2019). Welfare and food security effects of commercializing African indigenous vegetables in Kenya. Cogent Food & Agriculture 5(1)
  • Leat P & Revoredo-Giha C (2008). Building collaborative agri-food supply chains. British Food Journal 110(4-5): 395-411
  • Lenjiso B M, Smits J & Ruben R (2016). Transforming Gender Relations through the Market: Smallholder Milk Market Participation and Women's Intra-household Bargaining Power in Ethiopia. Journal of Development Studies 52(7): 1002-1018
  • Lim S S, Winter-Nelson A & Arends-Kuenning M (2007). Household bargaining power and agricultural supply response: Evidence from Ethiopian coffee growers. World Development 35(7): 1204-1220
  • Momanyi D, Lagat K & Ayuya O I (2015). Determinants of smallholder African indigenous leafy vegetables farmers’ market participation behaviour in Nyamira County, Kenya. J. Econ. Sustain 16: 212-217
  • Muhanji G, Roothaert R L, Webo C & Stanley M (2011). African indigenous vegetable enterprises and market access for small-scale farmers in East Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9(1): 194-202
  • Mwadzingeni L, Afari-Sefa V, Shimelis H, N'Danikou S, Figlan S, Depenbusch L, Derera J (2021). Unpacking the value of traditional African vegetables for food and nutrition security. Food Security 13(5): 1215-1226
  • Mwangi J K & Crewett W (2019). The impact of irrigation on small-scale African indigenous vegetable growers’ market access in peri-urban Kenya. Agricultural Water Management 212: 295-305
  • Ngenoh E, Kurgat B K, Bett H K, Kebede S W & Bokelmann W (2019). Determinants of the competitiveness of smallholder African indigenous vegetable farmers in high-value agro-food chains in Kenya: A multivariate profit regression analysis. Agricultural and Food Economics 7(1): 2
  • Nkobole N, Hussein A & Prinsloo G (2016). Metabolomics profile of wild versus cultivated South African indigenous/traditional African leafy vegetables. South African Journal of Botany 103(339)
  • Roson R & Hubert F (2015). Bargaining Power and Value Sharing in Distribution Networks: A Cooperative Game Theory Approach. Networks & Spatial Economics 15(1): 71-87
  • Shackleton C, Paumgarten F, Mthembu T, Ernst L, Pasquini M & Pichop G (2010). Production of and trade in African indigenous vegetables in the urban and peri-urban areas of Durban, South Africa. Development Southern Africa 27(3): 291-308
  • Sinyangwe D M, Mbewe B & Sijumbila G (2016). Determination of dichlorvos residue levels in vegetables sold in Lusaka, Zambia. The Pan African Medical Journal 23(113)
  • Vandeplas A, Minten B & Swinnen J (2013). Multinationals vs. Cooperatives: The Income and Efficiency Effects of Supply Chain Governance in India. Journal of Agricultural Economics 64(1): 217-244
  • Vivas J, Kim M K, Takagi C & Kirimi L (2022). Adopting African Indigenous Vegetables: A Dynamic Panel Analysis of Smallholders in Kenya. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 48(1)
  • Weller S C, Van Wyk E & Simon J E (2015). Sustainable production for more resilient food production systems: case study of African indigenous vegetables in eastern Africa. Acta Horticulture 1102(1102): 289-298
  • Williams R (2006). Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables. Stata Journal 6(1): 58-82
  • World Bank (2017). The World Bank in Zambia. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/zambia/ overview.
  • Yang R Y, Wu W J & Oluoch M (2009). Are African Indigenous vegetables nutritious? evaluation and comparison of nutritional values among indigenous, adapted, and exotic vegetables in tropical Africa. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 55: 170-171
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Zhigang Yu This is me 0000-0003-4686-8182

Huiping Xu This is me 0000-0003-1301-9424

Ramu Govindasamy 0000-0002-3681-1978

Emmanuel Van Wyk This is me 0000-0001-8116-9454

Burhan Özkan 0000-0002-9799-654X

James Simon This is me 0000-0001-6830-2003

Publication Date January 9, 2024
Submission Date January 19, 2023
Acceptance Date October 22, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 30 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yu, Z., Xu, H., Govindasamy, R., Van Wyk, E., et al. (2024). An Analysis of Factors Influencing African Indigenous Vegetable Farmers’ Bargaining Power: A Case Study from Zambia. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(1), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1239590

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