Abstract
Eski Yunan toplumunun en küçük birimi olan oikos’un (evin) temeli evlilik ile atılırdı. Erkekler çoğunlukla politika, askerlik ya da tarım işleri ile uğraşırken, kadın daha çok oikos sınırları içinde varlığını sürdürmüş, evlilik yoluyla oikos’un devamlılığının bir parçası olan kadının yegâne görevi, çocuk doğurarak soyun devamının sağlanması olmuştur. Kadına salt üreme odaklı yaklaşan bu bakış açısı Eski Yunan’da evlilik kurumunun ve aile yaşamının da çerçevesini belirlemiştir. Ancak M.Ö.4.yy.da Yunan toplumunda yaşanan politik ve ekonomik değişimlerin oikos yaşamı üzerinde yarattığı etkiler, oikos içinde kadının etkinliğini arttırarak kadını evin idaresinin ayrılmaz bir parçası yapmıştır. Bu yüzyılda edebi eserlerde oikos idaresi, evlilik ilişkisi ve kadınlar üzerine öncesine oranla artan bir ilginin olduğu gözlemlenir. Bu eserlerden en önemlisi olan Ksenophon’un "Oikonomikos" adlı eseri, kadını salt üreme odaklı gören bakıştan sıyrılarak, onu tüm görev ve sorumluluklarıyla oikos içindeki en önemli unsur haline getirmiştir. Kadını oikos üretiminin bir parçası olarak gören yaklaşımıyla Ksenophon evliliği de oikos’un kalkınmasını etkileyen yegâne ilişki olarak belirlemiştir. Bu çalışmada Ksenophon’un Oikonomikos adlı eserinde, evlilik ilişkisinin oikos açısından değerini ortaya koyan, Iskhomakhos ve karısı arasında geçen diyalog (Oec.. VII-X) ayrıntılı olarak ele alınacak ve yazarın evliliğe yaklaşımı üzerinden kadına yaklaşımı ortaya koyulmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu doğrultuda varsa yazarın çağındaki edebi gelenekle etkileşiminin gösterilmesi amaçlanmaktadır
Keywords
References
- Anderson 1974: J. K. Anderson, Xenophon, New York 1974
- Ar. Lys. (Aristophanes, Lysistrata) = Aristophanes: Comoediae, F. W. Hall, W. M. Geldart (ed.), Oxford 1907
- Arist. Pol. (Aristoteles, Politica ) = Politika, Çev.: M. Tuncay, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul 2006
- Arist. Oec.. (Aristoteles, Oec.onomica) = Metaphysics, X-XIV, Oec.onomica, Magna Moralia, H. Tredennick, G.C. Armstrong (tr.), XVIII, London 1935 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Athanassakis 2004: A.N. Athanassakis, Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Shields, Baltimore 2004
- Blundell 1995: S. Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece, Harvard University Press 1995
- Brock 2013: H. Brock, Greek Political Imagery from Homer to Aristotle, London/New York 2013
- Brock 1994: R. Brock, «The Labour of Women in Classical Athens », CQ 44, 1994: 336-346.
- Campbell 2003: K.M. Campbell (ed.), Marriage and Family in the Biblical World, Intervarsity 2003
- Cohen/Gagarin 2005: D. J. Cohen, M. Gagarin (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law, Cambridge 2005
- Cousins 2004: A.D. Cousins, «Humanism, Female Education, and Myth: Erasmus, Vives and More’s to “Candidus”», JHI 65, 2004: 213-230
- Cox 1998: C. A. Cox, Household Interests: Property, Marriage Starategies, and Family Dynamics in Ancient Athens, Princeton/New Jersey 1998
- CQ The Classical Quarterly
- CW The Classical World.
- Danzig 2003: G. Danzig, «Why Socrates was Not a Farmer: Xenophon’s Oec.onomicus as a Philosophical Dialogue», G&Rome 50, 2003: 57-76.
- Davies 1971: J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families, Oxford 1971
- Demand 1994: N. Demand, Birth, Death, and Motherhood in Classical Greece, London 1994
- Dem. (Demosthenes, In Neaeram), Against Neaera, Çev., N. W.
- DeWitt, Ph.D., Harvard University Press, London 1949.
- Diog. Laert. (Diogenes Laertios) = Ünlü Filozofların Yaşam ve Öğretileri, Çev.: Candan Şentuna, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2007
- Econ Gov Economics of Governance
- Eur. Hipp. (Euripides, Hippolytus) = Euripides: Cyclops, Alcestis, Medea, D. Kovacs (ed.), Vol. XII, London 1994 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Fleck/ Hanssen 2009 R. K. Fleck, F. A. Hanssen, « “Rulers ruled by women: an economic analysis of the rise and fall of women’s rights in Ancient Sparta», Econ Gov 10, 2009: 221-245
- Foxhall 2013: L. Foxhall, Studying Gender in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge/New York 2013
- Glenn 1994: C. Glenn, «Sex, Lies, and Manuscript: Refiguring Aspasia in the History of Rhetoric », College Composition and Communication 45, 1994: 180-199
- Gray 2010a: V. J. Gray, «Introduction», şurada: Gray 2010b: 1-30
- Gray2010b: V.J. Gray (ed.), Xenophon, Oxford 2010
- G&Rome Greece and Rome
- JHI Journal of the History of Ideas
- Harrison 1968: A. R. W. Harrison, The Law of Athens: Family and Property, Oxford 1968
- Hes. Op. (Hesiodos, Opera et Dies) = Hesiodos, Eseri ve Kaynakları, Çev.: S. Eyüboğlu – A. Erhat, Ankara 1977
- Lu 2014: H. Lu, Xenophon’s Theory of Moral Education, Edinburg 2014 (Edinburg Üniversitesi Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi)
- Maclachlan 2012: B. Maclachlan, Women in Ancient Greece, London/New York 2012
- Men. Pk. (Menandros, Pericimonere) = Menander: Heros. Theophoroumene. Karchedonios. Kitharistes. Kolax. Koneiazomenai. Leukadia. Misoumenos. Perikeiromene. Perinthia, W. G. Arnott (ed.), Vol. II, London 1997 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Morgan 2010: J. Morgan, The Classical Greek House, Bristol 2010
- Nagle 2006: D. B. Nagle, The Household as the Foundation of Aristotle’s Polis, Cambridge.
- OCD3 The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Üçüncü Basım), S. Hornblower – A. Spawforth. (ed.), Oxford/New York 2003 Patterson 1991: C. B. Patterson, «Marriage and married Woman in Athenian Law », şurada Pomeroy 1991: 48-72
- Patterson 2005. C. Patterson, «Athenian Citizenship Law», şurada CohenGagarin 2005: 267-290
- Pomeroy 1975: S. Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity, New York 1975
- Pomeroy 1991: S. Pomeroy(ed.), Women’s History and Ancient History, Chapel Hill 1991.
- Pomeroy 1994: S. Pomeroy, Xenophon Oec.onomicus: A Social and Historical Commentary, Oxford/New York.
- Pl. Alc. (Platon, Alcibiades) = Plato: Charmides. Alcibiades I and II. Hipparchus. The Lovers. Theages. Minos. Epinomis, W. R. M. Lamb (tr.), Vol. XII, London 1927 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Pl. Leg. (Platon, Leges) = Yasalar, Çev., C. Şentuna – S. Babür, Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul 2007
- Pl. Plt. (Platon, Politicus) = Plato: Statesman. Philebus. Ion, H. N. Fowler, W. R. M. Lamb (tr.), Vol. VIII, London 1925 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Pl. Resp. (Platon, Respublica) = Devlet, Çev.: S. Eyüboğlu – M. A. Cimcoz, İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2007
- Plut. Vit. Lyc. (Plutarkhos, Vitae Parallelae: Lycurgus) = Plutach Lives: Theseus and Romulus. Lycurgus and Numa. Solon and Publicola, B. Perrin (tr.), Vol. I, London 1914 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Powell 1994: A. Powell (ed.), The Shadow of Sparta, London/New York, 1994
- OCD3 The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Üçüncü Basım), S. Hornblower – A. Spawforth. (ed.), Oxford/New York 2003
- Oost 1978: S. I. Oost, «Xenophon’s Attitude Toward Women», CW 71, 1978: 225-236
- Tuplin 1994: C. Tuplin, «Xenophon, Sparta and the Cyropaedia», şurada: Powell 1994: 127-182
- Thuc. (Thucydides, Historiae) = Thucydides: History of Peloponnesian War, C. F. Smith (tr.), Vol.I, Cambridge 1919 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Xen. Oec.. (Xenophon, Oeconomicus) = Xenophon: Memorabilia and Oeconomicus, E. C. Marchant (ed.), IV, London 1923 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Xen. Lac. (Xenophon, Respublica Lacedaemoniorum) = Xenophon Scripta Minora: Hiero. Agesilaus. Constitution of the Lacedaemonians. Ways and Means. Cavalry Commander. Art of Horsemanship. On Hunting. Constitution of the Athenians, E.C. Marchant, G.W. Bowersock (ed.), Vol. VII, London 1925 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Zamfir 2013: K. Zamfir, Men and Women in the Household of God: A Contextual Approach to Roles and Ministries in the Pastoral Episteles, Göttingen 2013
Abstract
The Approach Of Xenophon Towards Woman And Marrıage In The Oeconomıcus The base of the smallest unit of the antique Greek community, the oikos (house) was marriage. Men were mainly occupied with politics, army or agriculture, whereas women lived within the boundaries of the oikos. The main duty of the women, as a part of the continuity of the oikos through marriage, was to give birth and sustain the community through new generations. This attitude to the women based on breeding has drawn the framework of the institution of marriage and the family life. However the political and economic changes in the Greek community at the 4th century BC affected the oikos by increasing the effectiveness of the women and made them the main actor of house management. In this century an increasing interest is observed on the literary works about the management of oikos, marriage relationships and women. The most important one among such works, Ksenephon’s “Oikonomikos” has distinguished women from the role of breeding to the most important actor in the oikos with all their duties and responsibilities. Attributing women with the production within the oikos, Ksenephon defined marriage as the sole relationship that affected the development of oikos. In this paper the dialog between Iskhomakhos and his wife (Oec.. VII-X) that appreciates the value of marriage within oikos in Ksenophon’s work Oikonomikos, will be dealt with in detail and the attitude of the author towards women through marriage will be tried to be made clear. In this it is aimed to show the author’s interactivity with his age g literary legacies on this subject whether it exists
Keywords
References
- Anderson 1974: J. K. Anderson, Xenophon, New York 1974
- Ar. Lys. (Aristophanes, Lysistrata) = Aristophanes: Comoediae, F. W. Hall, W. M. Geldart (ed.), Oxford 1907
- Arist. Pol. (Aristoteles, Politica ) = Politika, Çev.: M. Tuncay, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul 2006
- Arist. Oec.. (Aristoteles, Oec.onomica) = Metaphysics, X-XIV, Oec.onomica, Magna Moralia, H. Tredennick, G.C. Armstrong (tr.), XVIII, London 1935 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Athanassakis 2004: A.N. Athanassakis, Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Shields, Baltimore 2004
- Blundell 1995: S. Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece, Harvard University Press 1995
- Brock 2013: H. Brock, Greek Political Imagery from Homer to Aristotle, London/New York 2013
- Brock 1994: R. Brock, «The Labour of Women in Classical Athens », CQ 44, 1994: 336-346.
- Campbell 2003: K.M. Campbell (ed.), Marriage and Family in the Biblical World, Intervarsity 2003
- Cohen/Gagarin 2005: D. J. Cohen, M. Gagarin (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law, Cambridge 2005
- Cousins 2004: A.D. Cousins, «Humanism, Female Education, and Myth: Erasmus, Vives and More’s to “Candidus”», JHI 65, 2004: 213-230
- Cox 1998: C. A. Cox, Household Interests: Property, Marriage Starategies, and Family Dynamics in Ancient Athens, Princeton/New Jersey 1998
- CQ The Classical Quarterly
- CW The Classical World.
- Danzig 2003: G. Danzig, «Why Socrates was Not a Farmer: Xenophon’s Oec.onomicus as a Philosophical Dialogue», G&Rome 50, 2003: 57-76.
- Davies 1971: J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families, Oxford 1971
- Demand 1994: N. Demand, Birth, Death, and Motherhood in Classical Greece, London 1994
- Dem. (Demosthenes, In Neaeram), Against Neaera, Çev., N. W.
- DeWitt, Ph.D., Harvard University Press, London 1949.
- Diog. Laert. (Diogenes Laertios) = Ünlü Filozofların Yaşam ve Öğretileri, Çev.: Candan Şentuna, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2007
- Econ Gov Economics of Governance
- Eur. Hipp. (Euripides, Hippolytus) = Euripides: Cyclops, Alcestis, Medea, D. Kovacs (ed.), Vol. XII, London 1994 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Fleck/ Hanssen 2009 R. K. Fleck, F. A. Hanssen, « “Rulers ruled by women: an economic analysis of the rise and fall of women’s rights in Ancient Sparta», Econ Gov 10, 2009: 221-245
- Foxhall 2013: L. Foxhall, Studying Gender in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge/New York 2013
- Glenn 1994: C. Glenn, «Sex, Lies, and Manuscript: Refiguring Aspasia in the History of Rhetoric », College Composition and Communication 45, 1994: 180-199
- Gray 2010a: V. J. Gray, «Introduction», şurada: Gray 2010b: 1-30
- Gray2010b: V.J. Gray (ed.), Xenophon, Oxford 2010
- G&Rome Greece and Rome
- JHI Journal of the History of Ideas
- Harrison 1968: A. R. W. Harrison, The Law of Athens: Family and Property, Oxford 1968
- Hes. Op. (Hesiodos, Opera et Dies) = Hesiodos, Eseri ve Kaynakları, Çev.: S. Eyüboğlu – A. Erhat, Ankara 1977
- Lu 2014: H. Lu, Xenophon’s Theory of Moral Education, Edinburg 2014 (Edinburg Üniversitesi Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi)
- Maclachlan 2012: B. Maclachlan, Women in Ancient Greece, London/New York 2012
- Men. Pk. (Menandros, Pericimonere) = Menander: Heros. Theophoroumene. Karchedonios. Kitharistes. Kolax. Koneiazomenai. Leukadia. Misoumenos. Perikeiromene. Perinthia, W. G. Arnott (ed.), Vol. II, London 1997 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Morgan 2010: J. Morgan, The Classical Greek House, Bristol 2010
- Nagle 2006: D. B. Nagle, The Household as the Foundation of Aristotle’s Polis, Cambridge.
- OCD3 The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Üçüncü Basım), S. Hornblower – A. Spawforth. (ed.), Oxford/New York 2003 Patterson 1991: C. B. Patterson, «Marriage and married Woman in Athenian Law », şurada Pomeroy 1991: 48-72
- Patterson 2005. C. Patterson, «Athenian Citizenship Law», şurada CohenGagarin 2005: 267-290
- Pomeroy 1975: S. Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity, New York 1975
- Pomeroy 1991: S. Pomeroy(ed.), Women’s History and Ancient History, Chapel Hill 1991.
- Pomeroy 1994: S. Pomeroy, Xenophon Oec.onomicus: A Social and Historical Commentary, Oxford/New York.
- Pl. Alc. (Platon, Alcibiades) = Plato: Charmides. Alcibiades I and II. Hipparchus. The Lovers. Theages. Minos. Epinomis, W. R. M. Lamb (tr.), Vol. XII, London 1927 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Pl. Leg. (Platon, Leges) = Yasalar, Çev., C. Şentuna – S. Babür, Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul 2007
- Pl. Plt. (Platon, Politicus) = Plato: Statesman. Philebus. Ion, H. N. Fowler, W. R. M. Lamb (tr.), Vol. VIII, London 1925 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Pl. Resp. (Platon, Respublica) = Devlet, Çev.: S. Eyüboğlu – M. A. Cimcoz, İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2007
- Plut. Vit. Lyc. (Plutarkhos, Vitae Parallelae: Lycurgus) = Plutach Lives: Theseus and Romulus. Lycurgus and Numa. Solon and Publicola, B. Perrin (tr.), Vol. I, London 1914 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Powell 1994: A. Powell (ed.), The Shadow of Sparta, London/New York, 1994
- OCD3 The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Üçüncü Basım), S. Hornblower – A. Spawforth. (ed.), Oxford/New York 2003
- Oost 1978: S. I. Oost, «Xenophon’s Attitude Toward Women», CW 71, 1978: 225-236
- Tuplin 1994: C. Tuplin, «Xenophon, Sparta and the Cyropaedia», şurada: Powell 1994: 127-182
- Thuc. (Thucydides, Historiae) = Thucydides: History of Peloponnesian War, C. F. Smith (tr.), Vol.I, Cambridge 1919 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Xen. Oec.. (Xenophon, Oeconomicus) = Xenophon: Memorabilia and Oeconomicus, E. C. Marchant (ed.), IV, London 1923 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Xen. Lac. (Xenophon, Respublica Lacedaemoniorum) = Xenophon Scripta Minora: Hiero. Agesilaus. Constitution of the Lacedaemonians. Ways and Means. Cavalry Commander. Art of Horsemanship. On Hunting. Constitution of the Athenians, E.C. Marchant, G.W. Bowersock (ed.), Vol. VII, London 1925 (Loeb Classical Library)
- Zamfir 2013: K. Zamfir, Men and Women in the Household of God: A Contextual Approach to Roles and Ministries in the Pastoral Episteles, Göttingen 2013
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | August 1, 2015 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2015 Volume: 9 Issue: 2 |