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MILITARY STRUCTURE IN EURASIAN STEPPE NOMADS

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 25, 259 - 270, 30.09.2023

Ayten Akcan

https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1357429

Abstract

Considering the process from the Ancient Age period until today, it can be said that almost all of the nomadic societies living in the Eurasian steppes have a militaristic structure. It is understood that there are remarkable similarities in the military structures and war strategies of the nomadic communities existing in the steppes of this geography from Hungary to Northern China, as well as in their understanding of military art and the weapons they use. This is because, especially in this region, all military innovations were spread to the region very quickly and brought to the field of application at the same speed. Because being late or slowing down in this geography would sooner or later be met with defeat. Of course, it is seen that the military structure, which is united in basic points, also creates differences in some places. However, the main reason for these differences stems from the ethno-cultural characteristics of the peoples living in that region and the military and political organisational structures of the enemies that existed near this region.
Many researchers of ancient, medieval and contemporary history have investigated the life of nomads in the steppe, how they perceived the world, especially their war tactics, the wars they fought, that is, their military structures, and have shown great interest in this subject. However, it is understood that there are not enough studies on the answers to some questions that should be asked while investigating these issues. One of the issues that needs to be examined in more detail is why the nomads in Eurasia, especially the Turkish nomads, have been so powerful for centuries with insufficient resources, few manpower and limited financial power. In my opinion, an important part of the answer lies in a full understanding of where the peoples living in the Eurasian steppes and the military structure created here stand in the world military history.

Keywords

Eurasian Steppe World History Nomadic Turks Military Structure

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AVRASYA BOZKIR GÖÇEBELERİNDE ASKERİ YAPI

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 25, 259 - 270, 30.09.2023

Ayten Akcan

https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1357429

Abstract

Eski Çağ döneminden bugüne kadar olan süreç düşünüldüğünde Avrasya bozkırlarında yaşayan göçebe toplumların neredeyse hepsinin militarist bir yapıya sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Macaristan’dan Kuzey Çin’e kadar olan bu coğrafyanın bozkırlarında var olan göçebe toplulukların askeri yapılanmalarında, savaş stratejilerinde aynı zamanda askeri sanat anlayışlarında ve kullandıkları silahlarda dikkati çekecek benzerliklerin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Zira özellikle bu bölgede tüm askeri yenilikler oldukça hızlı bir şekilde bölgeye yayılır ve aynı hızla uygulama sahasına getirilirdi. Çünkü bu coğrafyada geç kalmak ya da yavaşlamak er geç yenilgiye uğramakla karşılık bulurdu. Elbette temel noktalarda birleşen askeri yapının bazı yerlerde farklılıklar oluşturduğu da görülmektedir. Fakat bu farklılıkların esas sebebi, o bölgede yaşayan halkların etno-kültürel özelliklerinden ve bu bölge yakınlarında var olan yerleşik düşmanların askeri ve politik teşkilat yapılarına göre şekil alma durumdan kaynaklanmaktadır.
Eski Çağ, Orta Çağ ve çağdaş tarih araştırmacılarının birçoğu bozkırdaki göçebelerin; yaşayışlarını, dünyayı nasıl algıladıklarını, özellikle savaş taktiklerini, yaptıkları savaşları yani askeri yapılanmalarını araştırmışlar ve bu konuya büyük ilgi göstermişlerdir. Fakat bu konular araştırılırken sorulması gereken birkaç sorunun cevabı hakkında yeteri sayıda çalışmanın yapılmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Özellikle daha detaylı incelenmesi gereken konulardan biri, Avrasya’da var olan göçebelerin -bilhassa Türk göçebelerin- yetersiz kaynak, az sayı da insan gücü ve sınırlı finansal güç ile yüzyıllardır neden bu kadar güçlü olduklarıdır. Cevabın önemli bir kısmı kanaatimce, Avrasya bozkırlarında yaşayan halkların ve burada oluşturulan askeri yapının Dünya askeri tarihinde nerede durduğunun tam olarak anlaşılmasında yatmaktadır.

Keywords

Avrasya Bozkır Dünya Tarihi Göçebe Türkler Askeri Yapı

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı, etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim. Herhangi bir zamanda, çalışmayla ilgili yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durumun saptanması durumunda, ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu bildiririm.

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  • Goldsworthy, A. (2000). Fall of Carthage. London: Cassell Publishing.
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  • Graff, D. A. (2002). Strategy and Contingency in the Tang Defeat of the Eastern Turks, 629–630. (in: Nicola Di Cosmo) (Ed. Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800)). Leiden, 33-71.
  • Hansen, M. H. (2004). City Walls as a evidencefor polis identity. (Ed. M.H. Hansen ve T. H. Nielsen An inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis), Oxford, 39-47.
  • Healy, M. (1994). Cannae 216 BC: Hannibal Smashes Rome’s Army. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
  • Khazanov, A. M (1980). The Origin of Genghis Khan’s State. An Anthropological Approach. Etnografiia Polska, 24(1), 29–49.
  • Khazanov, A. M. (1994). Nomads and the Outside World. 2nd ed. Madison WI.
  • Khazanov, A. M. (2001). Nomads in the History of the Sedentary World. (in: Anatoly M. Khazanovand André Wink) (Ed. Nomads in the Sedentary World). UK: Richmond.
  • Khazanov, A. M. (2005). Nomads and Cities in the Eurasian Steppe Region and Adjacent Countries. A Historical Overview. (in: Stefan Lederand Bernhard Streck) (Ed. Shifts and Drifts in Nomad-Sedentary Relations). Wiesbaden, 163-178.
  • Khazanov, A. M. (2007). Ocherkivoen no godela sarmatov. St Petersburg.
  • Kradin, N. N. & Skrynnikova T. D. (2006). Moscow: Imperiya Chingis-khana.
  • Kradin, N. N. (2002). Imperiya Khunnu. Moscow.
  • Latham, J. D. (1969). Notes on Mamluk Horse-Archers. Bulletin of the School of Orientaland African Studies, 32, 257-267.
  • Lewis, B. (1988). The Political Language of Islam. Chicago IL and London.
  • Lieven, D. (2009). Russiaa Gainst Napoleon. New York: The True Story of the Campaigns of Warand Peace.
  • Liu, A. (刘安志). (2011). Dunhuang Tulufan Wenshu Yu Tangdai Xiyu Shi Yanjiu (敦煌吐鲁番文书与唐代西域史研). Shangwu Yinshu Guan.
  • Liu, Anzhi (刘安志). (2001). ‘CongTulufan Chutu Wenshu Kan Tang Gaozong Xian Xiang Nian Jian de Xiyu Zhengju (从吐鲁番出土文书看唐高宗咸享年间的西域政局). Weijin Nanbeichao Suitang Shi Ziliao, Wuhan Daxue Chubanshe, Di 18 Ji.
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  • Luttwak, E. N. (1979). The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire Fromthe First Century A. D. tothe Third. Baltimore MD and London.
  • Martin, D. H. (1943). The Mongol Army. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 46-85.
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  • Morgan, D. O. (1986). The Mongols. Oxford and New York.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History Education, Other Fields of Education (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ayten Akcan 0000-0003-0974-5263

Publication Date September 30, 2023
Submission Date September 8, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 25

Cite

APA Akcan, A. (2023). AVRASYA BOZKIR GÖÇEBELERİNDE ASKERİ YAPI. Asya Studies, 7(25), 259-270. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1357429
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