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Koyun ve Keçilerde Digital Dermatitis

Year 2017, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 99 - 110, 30.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.309782

Abstract

Şiddetli topallıkla seyreden contagious ovine digital dermatitis
(CODD), koyunların enfeksiyöz karekterli bir ayak hastalığıdır. İlk defa 1997
yılında İngiltere’de bildirilmiştir. CODD’un etiyolopatogenezi henüz açık
değildir. Sığırlarda digital dermatitise neden olan treponemaların, CODD etiyolojisinde
de rol oynadığı belirtilmektedir. Benzer treponema grupları keçilerin ve
geyiklerin (cervus elephus) ayak hastalıklarından da izole edilmiştir. Hastalık
keçilerde, klinik ve mikrobiyolojik bulgularının CODD ile benzerliği nedeniyle,
contagious caprine digital dermatitis (CCDD) olarak adlandırılmıştır. CODD için
en büyük risk faktörünün piyeten olduğu belirtilmektedir. Sindirim kanalı
digital dermatitis ilişkili treponemaların potansiyel enfeksiyon rezarvuarıdır.
Hastalık şiddetli topallıkla karakterizedir. Başlangıçta yangı koroner bantta
başlar ve bunu boynuz tırnağın koryumdan progresif olarak ayrılması izler. Boynuz
tırnak ayrılmaları ve koryum nekrozu hastalığın şiddeti ile pareleldir. COOD’un
tanısı hastalığın klinik bulguları ve şiddeti doğrultusunda yapılır. Anektodal
tedavi denemeleri, lokal ve/veya parenteral olarak verilen diğer
antibiyotiklerin de yararlı olabileceğini gösterirken; kanıta dayalı tedavi
denemeleri uzun etkili amoksisilinin parenteral yolla verilmesinin CODD için
etkili bir tedavi olduğun göstermektedir. Uygun biyogüvenlik ve çiftlik
yönetimi protokolleri ve aşıların geliştirilmesini kapsayan sürdürülebilir kontrol
stratejilerinin geliştirilebilmesi için daha ileri mikrobiyolojik ve
epidemiyolajik çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu derlemede CODD’un etiyolojik,
epidemiyolojik ve klinik yönleri ile control yaklaşımları hakkında güncel
bilgiler değerlendirilmiştir.

References

  • 1. Angel JW., Blundell R., Grove-White DH., Duncan JS., 2015. Clinical and radiographic features of contagious ovine digital dermatitis, and a novel lesion grading system. Vet Rec, 176, 544-552.
  • 2. Harwood DG., Cattell JH., Lewis CJ., Naylor R., 1997. Virulent footrot in sheep. Vet Rec, 140, 687.
  • 3. Davies IH., Naylor RD., Martin PK., 1999. Severe ovine foot disease. Vet Rec, 145, 646.
  • 4. Scott P., 2010. Chronic contagious ovine digital dermatitis-like lesions in a Scottish flock. Livestock, 15, 32-35. 5. Angel JW., Crosby-Durrani HE., Duncan JS., Carter SD., Blundell R., 2015. Histopathological characterization of the lesions of contagious ovine digital dermatitis and immunolabelling of Treponema-like organisms. J Comp Pathol, 153, 212-226. 6. Clegg SR., Sullivan LE., Bell J., Blowey RW., Newbrook K., Duncan J., Mansfield K., Carter SD., Evans NJ., 2014. The expanding host range of digital dermatitis treponemes. Proceedings of the Cattle Lameness Conference, Sixways, Worcester, UK, s.55-56.
  • 7. Duncan JS., Angell JW., Carter SD., Evans NJ., Sullivan LE., Grove-White DH., 2014. Contagious ovine digital dermatitis: An emerging disease. Vet J, 201,265-268. 8. Collighan RJ., Naylor RD., Martin PK., Cooley BA., Buller N., Woodward MJ., 2000. A spirochete isolated from a case of severe virulent ovine foot disease is closely related to a Treponeme isolated from human periodontitis and bovine digital dermatitis. Vet Microbiol, 74, 249-257.
  • 9. Sullivan LE., Clegg SR., Angell JW., Newbrook K., Blowey RW., Carter SD., Bell J., Duncan JS., Grove-White DH., Murray RD., Evans NJ., 2015. High-level association of bovine digital dermatitis treponema spp. with contagious ovine digital dermatitis lesions and presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus. J Clin Microbiol, 53, 1628-1638.
  • 10. Sayers G., Marques PX., Evans NJ., O’Grady L., Doherty ML., Carter SD., Nally JE., 2009. Identification of spirochetes associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis. J Clin Microbiol, 47, 1199-1201. 11. Edwards AM., Dymock D., Jenkinson HF., 2003. From tooth to hoof: treponemes in tissue-destructive diseases. J Appl Microbiol, 94, 767-780. 12. Evans NJ., Brown JM., Murray RD., Getty B., Birtles RJ., Hart CA., Carter SD., 2011. Characterization of novel bovine gastrointestinal tract Treponema isolates and comparison with bovine digital dermatitis treponemes. Appl Environ Microbiol, 77, 138-147. 13. Evans NJ., Brown JM., Demirkan I., Murray RD., Vink WD., Blowey RW., Hart CA., Carter SD., 2008. Three unique groups of spirochetes isolated from digital dermatitis lesions in UK cattle. Vet Microbiol, 130, 141-150.
  • 14. Evans NJ., Brown JM., Demirkan I., Murray RD., Birtles RJ., Hart CA., Carter SD., 2009. Treponema pedis sp. nov., a spirochete isolated from bovine digital dermatitis lesions. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 59, 987-991. 15. Sullivan LE., Evans NJ., Blowey RW., Grove-White DH., Clegg SR., Duncan JS., Carter SD., 2015. A molecular epidemiology of treponemes in beef cattle digital dermatitis lesions and comparative analyses with sheep contagious ovine digital dermatitis and dairy cattle digital dermatitis lesions. Vet Microbiol, 178, 77-87.
  • 16. Sullivan LE., Evans NJ., Clegg SR., Carter SD., Horsfield JE., Grove-White D., Duncan JS. 2014. Digital dermatitis treponemes associated with a severe foot disease in dairy goats. Vet Rec, 176, 283.
  • 17. Groenevelt M., Anzuino K., Langton DA., Grogono-Thomas R., 2015. Association of treponeme species with atypical foot lesions in goats. Vet Rec, 176, 626. 18. Crosby-Durrani HE., Clegg SR., Singer E., Angell JW., Evans NJ., Carter SD., Blundell RJ., Duncan, JS., 2016. Severe foot lesions in dairy goats associated with digital dermatitis Treponemes. J Comp Pathol, 154, 283-296. 19. Clegg SR., Mansfield KG., Newbrook K., Sullivan LE., Blowey RW., Carter SD., Evans NJ., 2015. Isolation of digital dermatitis treponemes from hoof lesionsin wild North American elk (Cervus elaphus) in Washington State, USA. J Clin Microbiol, 53, 88-94. 20. Angell JW., Duncan JS., Carter SD., Grove-White DH., 2014. Farmer reported prevalence and factors associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis in Wales: a questionnaire of 511 sheep farmers. Prev Vet Med, 113, 132-138.
  • 21. Angel JW., Grove-White DH., Duncan JS., 2015. Sheep and farm level factors associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis: A longitudinal repeated cross-sectional study of sheep on six farms. Prev Vet Med, 122, 107-120. 22. Wassink GJ., Moore LJ., Grogono-Thomas R., Green LE., 2003. Exploratory findings on the prevalence of contagious ovine digital dermatitis in sheep in England and Wales during 1999 to 2000. Vet Rec, 152, 504-506.
  • 23. Alkan F., Hadimi HH., Akyol T., Şahin H., 2016. Koyunların yeni bir ayak hastalığı: kontagiyöz digital dermatitis. 15’inci Ulusal Veteriner Cerrahi Kongresi ve 1’th International Turkey Veterinary Surgery Congress,11-14 Mayıs 2016, Erzurum, 149-150.
  • 24. Evans NJ., Timofte D., Isherwood DR., Brown JM., Williams JM., Sherlock K., Lehane MJ., Murray RD., Birtles RJ., Hart CA., Carter SD., 2012. Host and environmental reservoirs of infection for bovine digital dermatitis treponemes. Vet Microbiol, 156, 102-109.
  • 25. Klitgaard K., Nielsen MW., Ingerslev HC., Boye M., Jensen TK., 2014. Discovery of bovine digital dermatitis-associated Treponema spp. in the dairy herd environment by a targeted deep-sequencing approach. Appl Environ Microbiol, 80, 4427-4432.
  • 26. Nascimento LV., Mauerwerk MT., Dos Santos CL., Filho IB., Birgel Junior EH., Sotomaior CS., Madeira HM., Ollhoff RD., 2015. Treponemes detected in digital dermatitis lesions in Brazilian dairy cattle and possible host reservoirs of infection. J Clin Microbiol, 53, 1935-1937.
  • 27. Zinicola M., Lima F., Lima S., Machado V., Gomez M., Dopfer D., Guard C., Bicalho R., 2015. Altered microbiomes in bovine digital dermatitis lesions, and the gut as a pathogen reservoir. PLoSOne, 10(3), 1-23.
  • 28. Sullivan LE., Carter SD., Duncan JS., Grove-White DH., Angell JW., Evans NJ., 2015. The gastrointestinal tract as a potential infection reservoir of digital dermatitis-associated treponemes in beef cattle and sheep. Appl Environ Microbiol, 81, 7460-7469.
  • 29. Sullivan LE., Blowey RW., Carter SD., Duncan JS., Grove-White DH., Page P., Iveson T., Angell JW., Evans NJ., 2014. Presence of digital dermatitis treponemes on cattle and sheep hoof trimming equipment. Vet Rec, 175, 201.
  • 30. Winter A., Phythian C., 2011. Sheep health, husbandry and disease. A Phorographic Guide. 1th ed., 374-385, The Crowood Press. Wilthshire, UK.
  • 31. Winter A., 2006. Differential diagnosis of lameness in sheep. 14th International Symposium and 6th Conference on Lameness in Ruminants, 8-11 Novomber, Uruguay, s.68-169.
  • 32. Phythian CJ., Cripps P., Michalopoulou E., Jones P., Grove-White D., Duncan J., 2013. Observing lame sheep: test agreement between group-level and individual animal gait assessment methods. Anim Welf, 22, 417-422.
  • 33. İzci C., Koç Y., Avki S., Kul M., 1994. Konya bölgesi koyunlarında görülen ekstremite ve ayak hastalıklarının klinik ve radyolojik olarak değerlendirilmesi. Vet Bil Derg, 10, 16-21.
  • 34. Wilson-Welder JH., Alt DP., Nally JE., 2015. The etiology of digital dermatitis in ruminants: recent perspectives. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 6, 155-164.
  • 35. Winter A., 2011. Treatment and control of hoof disorders in sheep and goats. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 27, 187-192.
  • 36. Duncan JS., Grove-White D., Moks E., Carroll D., Oultram JW., Phythian CJ., Williams HW., 2012. Impact of footrot vaccination and antibiotic therapy on footrot and contagious ovine digital dermatitis. Vet Rec, 170, 462. 37. Angell JW., Cripps PJ., Grove-White DH., Duncan JS., 2015. A practical tool for locomotion scoring in sheep: reliability when used by veterinary surgeons and sheep farmers. Vet Rec, 176, 521-521.
  • 38. Anzuino K., Bell NJ., Bazeley KJ., Nicol CJ., 2010. Assessment of welfare on 24 commercial UK dairy goat farms based on direct observations. Vet Rec, 167, 774-780.
  • 39. Clements RH., Stoye SC., 2014. The ‘Five Point Plan’: a successful tool for reducing lameness in sheep. Vet Rec, 175, 225.
  • 40. Duncan JS., Grove-White D., Oultram JWH., Phythian CJ., Dijk JV., Carter SD., Cripps PJ., Williams HJ., 2011. Effects of parenteral amoxicillin on recovery rates and new infection rates for contagious ovine digital dermatitis in sheep. Vet Rec, 169, 606.
  • 41. Angell JW., Clegg SR., Sullivan LE., Duncan JS., Duncan S., Grove-White DH., Carter SD., Evans NJ., 2015. In vitro susceptibility of contagious ovine digital drmatitis associated treponema spp. İsolates to antimicrobial agents in the UK. Vet Dermatol, 26(6), 484-487.
  • 42. Winter JR., Kaler J., Ferguson E., KilBride AL., Green LE., 2015. Changes in prevalence of, and risk factors for, lameness in random samples of English sheep flocks: 2004-2013. Prev Vet Med, 122, 121-128.

Digital Dermatitis in Sheep and Goats

Year 2017, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 99 - 110, 30.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.309782

Abstract

Contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) which characterised by severe lameness is an infectious foot disease in
sheep. It was first described in the UK in 1997. The aetiopathogenesis of CODD is currently unclear. It is stated that
treponemes caused digital dermatitis in cattle also play a role in the etiology of CODD. The same treponema phylogroups was
isolated also from goats and elk (cervus elephus). The diseases was named caprine contagious digital dermatitis (CCDD) in
goats because of clinical and microbiological similarity with CODD. It was remarked that the biggest risk factor for CODD was
footrot. The gastrointestinal tract is a potential infection reservoir of digital dermatitis-associated treponemes. The disease
charactised by severe lameness. Initially, the inflammation starts on the coronary band and followed by progressive
separation of the hoof capsule from the chorium. Separations of hoof capsule and necrosis of chorium is parallel with severity
of the disease. The diagnosis of CODD was made in the direction of clinical sings and severity of the disease. Evidenced-based
treatment trials indicate that parenteral administration of long-acting amoxicillin is an efficacious treatment for CODD, while
anecdotal evidence suggests other antibiotics, given locally and/or parenterally, may also be beneficial. Further
microbiological and epidemiological research is required to develop sustainable control strategies, including the development
of vaccines and appropriate biosecurity and farm management protocols. In this review current knowledge of the clinical,
aetiological, and epidemiological aspects of CODD and approaches to its control was assessed.

References

  • 1. Angel JW., Blundell R., Grove-White DH., Duncan JS., 2015. Clinical and radiographic features of contagious ovine digital dermatitis, and a novel lesion grading system. Vet Rec, 176, 544-552.
  • 2. Harwood DG., Cattell JH., Lewis CJ., Naylor R., 1997. Virulent footrot in sheep. Vet Rec, 140, 687.
  • 3. Davies IH., Naylor RD., Martin PK., 1999. Severe ovine foot disease. Vet Rec, 145, 646.
  • 4. Scott P., 2010. Chronic contagious ovine digital dermatitis-like lesions in a Scottish flock. Livestock, 15, 32-35. 5. Angel JW., Crosby-Durrani HE., Duncan JS., Carter SD., Blundell R., 2015. Histopathological characterization of the lesions of contagious ovine digital dermatitis and immunolabelling of Treponema-like organisms. J Comp Pathol, 153, 212-226. 6. Clegg SR., Sullivan LE., Bell J., Blowey RW., Newbrook K., Duncan J., Mansfield K., Carter SD., Evans NJ., 2014. The expanding host range of digital dermatitis treponemes. Proceedings of the Cattle Lameness Conference, Sixways, Worcester, UK, s.55-56.
  • 7. Duncan JS., Angell JW., Carter SD., Evans NJ., Sullivan LE., Grove-White DH., 2014. Contagious ovine digital dermatitis: An emerging disease. Vet J, 201,265-268. 8. Collighan RJ., Naylor RD., Martin PK., Cooley BA., Buller N., Woodward MJ., 2000. A spirochete isolated from a case of severe virulent ovine foot disease is closely related to a Treponeme isolated from human periodontitis and bovine digital dermatitis. Vet Microbiol, 74, 249-257.
  • 9. Sullivan LE., Clegg SR., Angell JW., Newbrook K., Blowey RW., Carter SD., Bell J., Duncan JS., Grove-White DH., Murray RD., Evans NJ., 2015. High-level association of bovine digital dermatitis treponema spp. with contagious ovine digital dermatitis lesions and presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus. J Clin Microbiol, 53, 1628-1638.
  • 10. Sayers G., Marques PX., Evans NJ., O’Grady L., Doherty ML., Carter SD., Nally JE., 2009. Identification of spirochetes associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis. J Clin Microbiol, 47, 1199-1201. 11. Edwards AM., Dymock D., Jenkinson HF., 2003. From tooth to hoof: treponemes in tissue-destructive diseases. J Appl Microbiol, 94, 767-780. 12. Evans NJ., Brown JM., Murray RD., Getty B., Birtles RJ., Hart CA., Carter SD., 2011. Characterization of novel bovine gastrointestinal tract Treponema isolates and comparison with bovine digital dermatitis treponemes. Appl Environ Microbiol, 77, 138-147. 13. Evans NJ., Brown JM., Demirkan I., Murray RD., Vink WD., Blowey RW., Hart CA., Carter SD., 2008. Three unique groups of spirochetes isolated from digital dermatitis lesions in UK cattle. Vet Microbiol, 130, 141-150.
  • 14. Evans NJ., Brown JM., Demirkan I., Murray RD., Birtles RJ., Hart CA., Carter SD., 2009. Treponema pedis sp. nov., a spirochete isolated from bovine digital dermatitis lesions. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 59, 987-991. 15. Sullivan LE., Evans NJ., Blowey RW., Grove-White DH., Clegg SR., Duncan JS., Carter SD., 2015. A molecular epidemiology of treponemes in beef cattle digital dermatitis lesions and comparative analyses with sheep contagious ovine digital dermatitis and dairy cattle digital dermatitis lesions. Vet Microbiol, 178, 77-87.
  • 16. Sullivan LE., Evans NJ., Clegg SR., Carter SD., Horsfield JE., Grove-White D., Duncan JS. 2014. Digital dermatitis treponemes associated with a severe foot disease in dairy goats. Vet Rec, 176, 283.
  • 17. Groenevelt M., Anzuino K., Langton DA., Grogono-Thomas R., 2015. Association of treponeme species with atypical foot lesions in goats. Vet Rec, 176, 626. 18. Crosby-Durrani HE., Clegg SR., Singer E., Angell JW., Evans NJ., Carter SD., Blundell RJ., Duncan, JS., 2016. Severe foot lesions in dairy goats associated with digital dermatitis Treponemes. J Comp Pathol, 154, 283-296. 19. Clegg SR., Mansfield KG., Newbrook K., Sullivan LE., Blowey RW., Carter SD., Evans NJ., 2015. Isolation of digital dermatitis treponemes from hoof lesionsin wild North American elk (Cervus elaphus) in Washington State, USA. J Clin Microbiol, 53, 88-94. 20. Angell JW., Duncan JS., Carter SD., Grove-White DH., 2014. Farmer reported prevalence and factors associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis in Wales: a questionnaire of 511 sheep farmers. Prev Vet Med, 113, 132-138.
  • 21. Angel JW., Grove-White DH., Duncan JS., 2015. Sheep and farm level factors associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis: A longitudinal repeated cross-sectional study of sheep on six farms. Prev Vet Med, 122, 107-120. 22. Wassink GJ., Moore LJ., Grogono-Thomas R., Green LE., 2003. Exploratory findings on the prevalence of contagious ovine digital dermatitis in sheep in England and Wales during 1999 to 2000. Vet Rec, 152, 504-506.
  • 23. Alkan F., Hadimi HH., Akyol T., Şahin H., 2016. Koyunların yeni bir ayak hastalığı: kontagiyöz digital dermatitis. 15’inci Ulusal Veteriner Cerrahi Kongresi ve 1’th International Turkey Veterinary Surgery Congress,11-14 Mayıs 2016, Erzurum, 149-150.
  • 24. Evans NJ., Timofte D., Isherwood DR., Brown JM., Williams JM., Sherlock K., Lehane MJ., Murray RD., Birtles RJ., Hart CA., Carter SD., 2012. Host and environmental reservoirs of infection for bovine digital dermatitis treponemes. Vet Microbiol, 156, 102-109.
  • 25. Klitgaard K., Nielsen MW., Ingerslev HC., Boye M., Jensen TK., 2014. Discovery of bovine digital dermatitis-associated Treponema spp. in the dairy herd environment by a targeted deep-sequencing approach. Appl Environ Microbiol, 80, 4427-4432.
  • 26. Nascimento LV., Mauerwerk MT., Dos Santos CL., Filho IB., Birgel Junior EH., Sotomaior CS., Madeira HM., Ollhoff RD., 2015. Treponemes detected in digital dermatitis lesions in Brazilian dairy cattle and possible host reservoirs of infection. J Clin Microbiol, 53, 1935-1937.
  • 27. Zinicola M., Lima F., Lima S., Machado V., Gomez M., Dopfer D., Guard C., Bicalho R., 2015. Altered microbiomes in bovine digital dermatitis lesions, and the gut as a pathogen reservoir. PLoSOne, 10(3), 1-23.
  • 28. Sullivan LE., Carter SD., Duncan JS., Grove-White DH., Angell JW., Evans NJ., 2015. The gastrointestinal tract as a potential infection reservoir of digital dermatitis-associated treponemes in beef cattle and sheep. Appl Environ Microbiol, 81, 7460-7469.
  • 29. Sullivan LE., Blowey RW., Carter SD., Duncan JS., Grove-White DH., Page P., Iveson T., Angell JW., Evans NJ., 2014. Presence of digital dermatitis treponemes on cattle and sheep hoof trimming equipment. Vet Rec, 175, 201.
  • 30. Winter A., Phythian C., 2011. Sheep health, husbandry and disease. A Phorographic Guide. 1th ed., 374-385, The Crowood Press. Wilthshire, UK.
  • 31. Winter A., 2006. Differential diagnosis of lameness in sheep. 14th International Symposium and 6th Conference on Lameness in Ruminants, 8-11 Novomber, Uruguay, s.68-169.
  • 32. Phythian CJ., Cripps P., Michalopoulou E., Jones P., Grove-White D., Duncan J., 2013. Observing lame sheep: test agreement between group-level and individual animal gait assessment methods. Anim Welf, 22, 417-422.
  • 33. İzci C., Koç Y., Avki S., Kul M., 1994. Konya bölgesi koyunlarında görülen ekstremite ve ayak hastalıklarının klinik ve radyolojik olarak değerlendirilmesi. Vet Bil Derg, 10, 16-21.
  • 34. Wilson-Welder JH., Alt DP., Nally JE., 2015. The etiology of digital dermatitis in ruminants: recent perspectives. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 6, 155-164.
  • 35. Winter A., 2011. Treatment and control of hoof disorders in sheep and goats. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 27, 187-192.
  • 36. Duncan JS., Grove-White D., Moks E., Carroll D., Oultram JW., Phythian CJ., Williams HW., 2012. Impact of footrot vaccination and antibiotic therapy on footrot and contagious ovine digital dermatitis. Vet Rec, 170, 462. 37. Angell JW., Cripps PJ., Grove-White DH., Duncan JS., 2015. A practical tool for locomotion scoring in sheep: reliability when used by veterinary surgeons and sheep farmers. Vet Rec, 176, 521-521.
  • 38. Anzuino K., Bell NJ., Bazeley KJ., Nicol CJ., 2010. Assessment of welfare on 24 commercial UK dairy goat farms based on direct observations. Vet Rec, 167, 774-780.
  • 39. Clements RH., Stoye SC., 2014. The ‘Five Point Plan’: a successful tool for reducing lameness in sheep. Vet Rec, 175, 225.
  • 40. Duncan JS., Grove-White D., Oultram JWH., Phythian CJ., Dijk JV., Carter SD., Cripps PJ., Williams HJ., 2011. Effects of parenteral amoxicillin on recovery rates and new infection rates for contagious ovine digital dermatitis in sheep. Vet Rec, 169, 606.
  • 41. Angell JW., Clegg SR., Sullivan LE., Duncan JS., Duncan S., Grove-White DH., Carter SD., Evans NJ., 2015. In vitro susceptibility of contagious ovine digital drmatitis associated treponema spp. İsolates to antimicrobial agents in the UK. Vet Dermatol, 26(6), 484-487.
  • 42. Winter JR., Kaler J., Ferguson E., KilBride AL., Green LE., 2015. Changes in prevalence of, and risk factors for, lameness in random samples of English sheep flocks: 2004-2013. Prev Vet Med, 122, 121-128.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Derlemeler
Authors

Mehmet Akköse

Publication Date April 30, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akköse, M. (2017). Koyun ve Keçilerde Digital Dermatitis. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.309782
AMA Akköse M. Koyun ve Keçilerde Digital Dermatitis. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. April 2017;12(1):99-110. doi:10.17094/ataunivbd.309782
Chicago Akköse, Mehmet. “Koyun Ve Keçilerde Digital Dermatitis”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 12, no. 1 (April 2017): 99-110. https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.309782.
EndNote Akköse M (April 1, 2017) Koyun ve Keçilerde Digital Dermatitis. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 12 1 99–110.
IEEE M. Akköse, “Koyun ve Keçilerde Digital Dermatitis”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 99–110, 2017, doi: 10.17094/ataunivbd.309782.
ISNAD Akköse, Mehmet. “Koyun Ve Keçilerde Digital Dermatitis”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 12/1 (April 2017), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.309782.
JAMA Akköse M. Koyun ve Keçilerde Digital Dermatitis. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;12:99–110.
MLA Akköse, Mehmet. “Koyun Ve Keçilerde Digital Dermatitis”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, 2017, pp. 99-110, doi:10.17094/ataunivbd.309782.
Vancouver Akköse M. Koyun ve Keçilerde Digital Dermatitis. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;12(1):99-110.