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Panhellenizmin Kölelik Boyutu

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 289 - 327, 30.03.2020

Abstract

Homēros’tan itibaren Yunan yazarlarca kanonlaştırılan Hellenler ve barbarlar arasındaki farklılık diyalektiğinin nesnesi olan barbaros kavramının Hellenlerin milli benliklerini algılamaları için bir ayna işlevi gördüğü öteden beri dillendirilmektedir. Ancak Hellenlerin askeri başarılarının övülmesi bağlamında öne çıkan Panhellenizm’in, Hellenlerin üstünlüğü mitini sadece kolonileşme hareketleri için değil aynı zamanda sosyal ve ekonomik düzenlerinin sürdürülebilmesi için gereken köleliğin meşrulaştırılması için kullanmış olduğu gerçeğinin akademik camiada göz ardı edildiği görülmektedir. Barbar retoriği Hellenlerin Perslere karşı askeri üstünlüğünün vurgulanmasına hizmet etmiş olmakla birlikte, aslında Solōn’un reformları ile yurttaşların borçları karşılığında köle olmaları önlenince dışarıdan getirilen kölelerin idare edilmesine yarayan ideolojik bir söylem olarak daha önce ortaya çıkmıştı. Çalışmada kökünü Homēros’tan alan farklılık diyalektiğinin klasik dönem eserlerinde Persler’e karşı yeniden kullanılarak barbaros kavramının nasıl ortaya çıktığı gösterilmiştir. Bununla birlikte Yunan kentlerindeki sosyolojik gelişmeler sayesinde oldukça büyük bir barbar nüfusun Hellen zenginliği ve üstünlüğünü yaratmak için kullanıldığı ve Hellen askeri başarılarının Perslerden esir olarak köle elde etmeğe hizmet ettiği görülmüştür. Bu doğrultuda çalışmamızda Panhellenizm’in arka planında başta Atina olmak üzere Yunan kentlerinin köle ihtiyacını karşılama amacının bulunduğu irdelenmektedir.

References

  • Aischyl. Pers. (Aiskhylos, Persae = Περσαί) = Aeschylus: Persians, Seven against Thebes, Suppliants, Prometheus Bond, with an English Translation by A. H. Sommerstein, Harvard: Harvard University Press (The Loeb Classical Library), 2009; – Çeviri: Aiskhülos: Persler – Sophokles: Antigone, çev. G. Dilmen, İstanbul: Mitos Boyut Yayınları, 2005.
  • Archil. (Arkhilokhos) = M. L. WEST (ed.), Iambi et Elegi Graeci: Ante Alexandrum Cantati, Vol. I: Archilochus, Hipponax, Theognidea; Vol. II: Callinus, Mimnermus, Semonides, Solon, Tyrtaeus, Minora Adespota, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971–2.
  • Aristot. eth. Nic. (Aristoteles, Ethica Nicomachea = Ἡθικών Νικομαχείων) = I. BYWATER (ed.), Aristotelis ethica Nicomachea, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1894, repr. 1962;– Çeviri: Aristoteles: Nikomakhos’a Etik, çev. Saffet Babür, Ankara: Kebikeç Yayınları, 2005.
  • Aristot. rhet. (Aristoteles, Rhetorica =Ῥητορική) = W. D. ROSS (ed.), Aristotelis ars rhetorica, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959, repr. 1964;– Çeviri: Aristoteles: Retorik, çev. Mehmet H. Doğan, İstanbul: YKY, 2004.
  • Aristot. pol. (Aristoteles, Politica = Πολιτικά) = Aristotle: Politics, with an English Translation by H. Rackham, Harvard: Harvard University Press. (The Loeb Classical Library), 1932;– Çeviri: Aristoteles: Politika, çev. M. Tuncay, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 2006.
  • BACON, H. H., Barbarians in Greek Tragedy, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961.
  • BORGES, C. J., “The Geography of the Iliad in Ancient Scholarship”, Dissertation for Phd Thesis, University of Michigan, 2011.
  • COLEMAN, J. E., “Ancient Greek ethnocentrism”, Greeks and Barbarians: Essays on the Interactions between Greeks and Non-Greeks in Antiquity and the Consequences for Eurocentrism içinde, eds. John E. Coleman, Clark A. Walz, Bethesda: CDL Press; 1997, 175–220.
  • BOYLAN, P. “Cross-cultural Accommodation through a Transformation of Consciousness”, Journal of Intercultural Mediation and Communication 2, (2009): 1-14.
  • Diog. Laert. (Diogenēs Laertios, Vitae Philosophorum = Βίοι καὶ γνῶμαι τῶν ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ εὐδοκιμησάντων) = Diogenes Laertius: Lives of Eminent Philosophers, with an English Translation by R. D. Hicks, I–II, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1925; – Çeviri: Diogenes Laertios: Ünlü Filozofların Yaşamları ve Öğretileri, çev. C. Şentuna, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2004.
  • Diod. (Diodoros Sikeliōtēs, Bibliotheca historica = Βιβλιοθήκη Ἱστορική) = F. VOGEL – K. T. FISCHER (edd.), Diodori Bibliotheca Historica, I-V, Leipzig: Teubner, 1888–1906.
  • Eur. Iph. A. (Euripidēs, Iphigenia Aulidensis = Ἰφιγένεια ἡ ἐν Ἀυλίδι) = J. DIGGLE (ed.), Euripidis Fabulae, IIΙ, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
  • FINLEY, M.I., “The Black Sea and Danubian Regions and the Slave Trade in Antiquity”, Klio 40 (1962): 51–9, reprinted as ch. 10 of id. (ed.), Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (London, 1981).
  • FINLEY, M.I., “Review of Grecs et barbares”, JHS 85, sy. 221 (1965).
  • GEHRKE, H. J., “Representations of the Past in Greek Culture,” Intentional History: Spinning Time in Ancient Greece içinde, eds. L. Foxhall, H. J. Gehrke, N. Luraghi, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2010, 15–35.
  • HALL, E., Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  • HALL, J. “How ‘Greek’ were the early western Greeks?”, Greek Identity In The Western Mediterranean: Papers in Honour Of Brian Shefton içinde, eds. Kathryn Lomas, Leiden: Brill, 2004, 35-54.
  • HALL, J. Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
  • Hdt. (Herodotos) = Herodotus: The Persian Wars, with an English Translation by A. D. Godley, I–IV, 1920-1925. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (The Loeb Classical Library); – Çeviri: Herodotos: Tarih, çev. M. Ökmen, İstanbul: Turkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2006.
  • HEAT, M., “Aristotle on Natural Slavery”, Phronesis 53, (2008): 243-270.
  • Hes. erg. (Hesiodos, Opera et dies = Ἔργα καὶ Ἡμέραι) = Metin: F. SOLMSEN (ed.), Hesiodi opera, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970; – Çeviri: Hesiodos: Eseri ve Kaynakları, çev. A. Erhat, A. Kadir, Ankara: TTK Basimevi, 1977.
  • HOWATSON, M. C. ed. Oxford Antikçağ Sözlüğü, çev. Faruk Ersöz, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2013.
  • Hom. Il. (Homēros, Ilias = Ἰλιάς) = Homer: The Iliad, with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, I–II, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1924–1925; – Çeviri: Homēros: İlyada, çev. A. Erhat, A. Kadir, İstanbul: Can Yayınları, 1998.
  • Hom. Od. (Homēros, Odysseia = Ὀδύσσεια) = Homer: Odyssey, with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, I–II, London 1919 (The Loeb Classical Library); – Çeviri: Homēros: Odysseia, çev. A. Erhat, A. Kadir, İstanbul: Can Yayınları, 1998.
  • IZDIMIRSKI, M., “Deportations of Kurtaš Workers in the Achaemenid Empire According to Classical Literary Tradition”, Živa Antika 68, (2018): 51-64.
  • KIM, J.K., “The Invention of the ‘Barbarian’ in Late Sixth-Century BC Ionia”, Ancient Etnography: New Approaches içinde, eds. E. Almagor, J. Skinner, London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
  • LEWIS, D. “Near Eastern Slaves in Classical Attica and the Slave Trade With Persian Territories”, The Classical Quarterly 61, sy. 1 (2011): 91-113.
  • MACKIE, H., Talking Trojan: Speech and community in the Iliad, London: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996.
  • MITCHELL, L., Panhellenism and the Barbarian in Archaic and Classical Greece, Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2007.
  • MORRIS, I. M., “Poetics of Power: The Interpretation of Ritual Action in Archaic Greece”, Cultural Poetics in Archaic Greece içinde, eds. C. Dougherty, L. Kurke, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, 15-45.
  • POMEROY, S. B. v.dğr. Brief History of Ancient Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016 (= Antik Yunan’ın Kısa Tarihi, çev. O. Yarlıgaş, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2018).
  • ROSS, S. A., “Barbarophonos: Language and Panhellenism in the Iliad”, Classical Philology 100, (2005): 299–316.
  • SANCISI–WEERDENBURG, H., “Yaunā by the Sea and across the Sea”, Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity içinde, eds. Irad Malkin, Washington: Harvard University Press, 2001, 323-347.
  • Strab. (Strabōn) = Strabo: Geography, with an English Translation by H. L. Jones, IV, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1927; – Çeviri: Strabon-Geographika: Antik Anadolu Coğrafyası, Kitap: XII-XIII-XIV, çev. A. Pekman, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2000.
  • Thuk. (Thoukydides) = Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War, with an English Translation by C. F. Smith, I–IV, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (The Loeb Classical Library), 1919–1965; – Çeviri: Thukydides: Peloponnesos’lularla Atina’lıların Savaşı: I. Kitap, çev. H. Demircioğlu, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1972.
  • Xen. hell. (Xenophōn, Hellenika = Ἑλληνικά) = Xenophon: Hellenica, with an English Translation by C. L. Brownson, I–IV, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1918; – Çeviri: Ksenophon: Yunan Tarihi, çev. S. Sinanoğlu, Ankara: TTK, 1999.
  • Xen. Kyr. (Xenophōn, Kyrou Paideia = Κύρου Παιδεία) = Xenophon: Cyropaedia, with an English Translation by W. Miller, I–VIII, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1914.
  • Xen. oik. (Xenophōn, Oikonomikos = Οἰκονομοκός) = Xenophon: Memorabilia, Oeconomicus, Symposium, Apologia, with an English Translation by E. C. Marchant, O. J. Todd, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1923.
  • UNWIN, N.C. “Multilingualism in Karia And The Social Dynamics of Linguistic Assimilation”, La Carie, des origines à la période pré-hékatomnide: 4èmes Rencontres D’archéologie De L’Iféa içinde, eds. Olivier Henry, Koray Konuk, İstanbul: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes Georges Dumézil, 2019.
  • YALAZI, E. “Aiskhylos, Herodotos ve Ksenophon’da Persler”, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019.
Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 289 - 327, 30.03.2020

Abstract

References

  • Aischyl. Pers. (Aiskhylos, Persae = Περσαί) = Aeschylus: Persians, Seven against Thebes, Suppliants, Prometheus Bond, with an English Translation by A. H. Sommerstein, Harvard: Harvard University Press (The Loeb Classical Library), 2009; – Çeviri: Aiskhülos: Persler – Sophokles: Antigone, çev. G. Dilmen, İstanbul: Mitos Boyut Yayınları, 2005.
  • Archil. (Arkhilokhos) = M. L. WEST (ed.), Iambi et Elegi Graeci: Ante Alexandrum Cantati, Vol. I: Archilochus, Hipponax, Theognidea; Vol. II: Callinus, Mimnermus, Semonides, Solon, Tyrtaeus, Minora Adespota, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971–2.
  • Aristot. eth. Nic. (Aristoteles, Ethica Nicomachea = Ἡθικών Νικομαχείων) = I. BYWATER (ed.), Aristotelis ethica Nicomachea, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1894, repr. 1962;– Çeviri: Aristoteles: Nikomakhos’a Etik, çev. Saffet Babür, Ankara: Kebikeç Yayınları, 2005.
  • Aristot. rhet. (Aristoteles, Rhetorica =Ῥητορική) = W. D. ROSS (ed.), Aristotelis ars rhetorica, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959, repr. 1964;– Çeviri: Aristoteles: Retorik, çev. Mehmet H. Doğan, İstanbul: YKY, 2004.
  • Aristot. pol. (Aristoteles, Politica = Πολιτικά) = Aristotle: Politics, with an English Translation by H. Rackham, Harvard: Harvard University Press. (The Loeb Classical Library), 1932;– Çeviri: Aristoteles: Politika, çev. M. Tuncay, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 2006.
  • BACON, H. H., Barbarians in Greek Tragedy, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961.
  • BORGES, C. J., “The Geography of the Iliad in Ancient Scholarship”, Dissertation for Phd Thesis, University of Michigan, 2011.
  • COLEMAN, J. E., “Ancient Greek ethnocentrism”, Greeks and Barbarians: Essays on the Interactions between Greeks and Non-Greeks in Antiquity and the Consequences for Eurocentrism içinde, eds. John E. Coleman, Clark A. Walz, Bethesda: CDL Press; 1997, 175–220.
  • BOYLAN, P. “Cross-cultural Accommodation through a Transformation of Consciousness”, Journal of Intercultural Mediation and Communication 2, (2009): 1-14.
  • Diog. Laert. (Diogenēs Laertios, Vitae Philosophorum = Βίοι καὶ γνῶμαι τῶν ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ εὐδοκιμησάντων) = Diogenes Laertius: Lives of Eminent Philosophers, with an English Translation by R. D. Hicks, I–II, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1925; – Çeviri: Diogenes Laertios: Ünlü Filozofların Yaşamları ve Öğretileri, çev. C. Şentuna, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2004.
  • Diod. (Diodoros Sikeliōtēs, Bibliotheca historica = Βιβλιοθήκη Ἱστορική) = F. VOGEL – K. T. FISCHER (edd.), Diodori Bibliotheca Historica, I-V, Leipzig: Teubner, 1888–1906.
  • Eur. Iph. A. (Euripidēs, Iphigenia Aulidensis = Ἰφιγένεια ἡ ἐν Ἀυλίδι) = J. DIGGLE (ed.), Euripidis Fabulae, IIΙ, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
  • FINLEY, M.I., “The Black Sea and Danubian Regions and the Slave Trade in Antiquity”, Klio 40 (1962): 51–9, reprinted as ch. 10 of id. (ed.), Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (London, 1981).
  • FINLEY, M.I., “Review of Grecs et barbares”, JHS 85, sy. 221 (1965).
  • GEHRKE, H. J., “Representations of the Past in Greek Culture,” Intentional History: Spinning Time in Ancient Greece içinde, eds. L. Foxhall, H. J. Gehrke, N. Luraghi, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2010, 15–35.
  • HALL, E., Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  • HALL, J. “How ‘Greek’ were the early western Greeks?”, Greek Identity In The Western Mediterranean: Papers in Honour Of Brian Shefton içinde, eds. Kathryn Lomas, Leiden: Brill, 2004, 35-54.
  • HALL, J. Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
  • Hdt. (Herodotos) = Herodotus: The Persian Wars, with an English Translation by A. D. Godley, I–IV, 1920-1925. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (The Loeb Classical Library); – Çeviri: Herodotos: Tarih, çev. M. Ökmen, İstanbul: Turkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2006.
  • HEAT, M., “Aristotle on Natural Slavery”, Phronesis 53, (2008): 243-270.
  • Hes. erg. (Hesiodos, Opera et dies = Ἔργα καὶ Ἡμέραι) = Metin: F. SOLMSEN (ed.), Hesiodi opera, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970; – Çeviri: Hesiodos: Eseri ve Kaynakları, çev. A. Erhat, A. Kadir, Ankara: TTK Basimevi, 1977.
  • HOWATSON, M. C. ed. Oxford Antikçağ Sözlüğü, çev. Faruk Ersöz, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2013.
  • Hom. Il. (Homēros, Ilias = Ἰλιάς) = Homer: The Iliad, with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, I–II, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1924–1925; – Çeviri: Homēros: İlyada, çev. A. Erhat, A. Kadir, İstanbul: Can Yayınları, 1998.
  • Hom. Od. (Homēros, Odysseia = Ὀδύσσεια) = Homer: Odyssey, with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, I–II, London 1919 (The Loeb Classical Library); – Çeviri: Homēros: Odysseia, çev. A. Erhat, A. Kadir, İstanbul: Can Yayınları, 1998.
  • IZDIMIRSKI, M., “Deportations of Kurtaš Workers in the Achaemenid Empire According to Classical Literary Tradition”, Živa Antika 68, (2018): 51-64.
  • KIM, J.K., “The Invention of the ‘Barbarian’ in Late Sixth-Century BC Ionia”, Ancient Etnography: New Approaches içinde, eds. E. Almagor, J. Skinner, London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
  • LEWIS, D. “Near Eastern Slaves in Classical Attica and the Slave Trade With Persian Territories”, The Classical Quarterly 61, sy. 1 (2011): 91-113.
  • MACKIE, H., Talking Trojan: Speech and community in the Iliad, London: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996.
  • MITCHELL, L., Panhellenism and the Barbarian in Archaic and Classical Greece, Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2007.
  • MORRIS, I. M., “Poetics of Power: The Interpretation of Ritual Action in Archaic Greece”, Cultural Poetics in Archaic Greece içinde, eds. C. Dougherty, L. Kurke, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, 15-45.
  • POMEROY, S. B. v.dğr. Brief History of Ancient Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016 (= Antik Yunan’ın Kısa Tarihi, çev. O. Yarlıgaş, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2018).
  • ROSS, S. A., “Barbarophonos: Language and Panhellenism in the Iliad”, Classical Philology 100, (2005): 299–316.
  • SANCISI–WEERDENBURG, H., “Yaunā by the Sea and across the Sea”, Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity içinde, eds. Irad Malkin, Washington: Harvard University Press, 2001, 323-347.
  • Strab. (Strabōn) = Strabo: Geography, with an English Translation by H. L. Jones, IV, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1927; – Çeviri: Strabon-Geographika: Antik Anadolu Coğrafyası, Kitap: XII-XIII-XIV, çev. A. Pekman, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2000.
  • Thuk. (Thoukydides) = Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War, with an English Translation by C. F. Smith, I–IV, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (The Loeb Classical Library), 1919–1965; – Çeviri: Thukydides: Peloponnesos’lularla Atina’lıların Savaşı: I. Kitap, çev. H. Demircioğlu, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1972.
  • Xen. hell. (Xenophōn, Hellenika = Ἑλληνικά) = Xenophon: Hellenica, with an English Translation by C. L. Brownson, I–IV, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1918; – Çeviri: Ksenophon: Yunan Tarihi, çev. S. Sinanoğlu, Ankara: TTK, 1999.
  • Xen. Kyr. (Xenophōn, Kyrou Paideia = Κύρου Παιδεία) = Xenophon: Cyropaedia, with an English Translation by W. Miller, I–VIII, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1914.
  • Xen. oik. (Xenophōn, Oikonomikos = Οἰκονομοκός) = Xenophon: Memorabilia, Oeconomicus, Symposium, Apologia, with an English Translation by E. C. Marchant, O. J. Todd, London: The Loeb Classical Library, 1923.
  • UNWIN, N.C. “Multilingualism in Karia And The Social Dynamics of Linguistic Assimilation”, La Carie, des origines à la période pré-hékatomnide: 4èmes Rencontres D’archéologie De L’Iféa içinde, eds. Olivier Henry, Koray Konuk, İstanbul: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes Georges Dumézil, 2019.
  • YALAZI, E. “Aiskhylos, Herodotos ve Ksenophon’da Persler”, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Esra Yalazı 0000-0001-9708-6223

Publication Date March 30, 2020
Acceptance Date April 3, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yalazı, E. (2020). Panhellenizmin Kölelik Boyutu. Akademik Tarih Ve Düşünce Dergisi, 7(1), 289-327.

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