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Active Compounds and Extraction Methods in Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Plant

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 45 - 62, 15.12.2023

Ruken Çeliker Zafer Ömer Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.53445/batd.1309452

Abstract

Turmeric is a medicinal aromatic plant which has been used in traditional medical applications for centuries. In addition to being used as a spice in cooking, it is widely utilized in various industries as a coloring agent. Turmeric contains numerous bioactive compounds, although studies have mainly focused on curcuminoids and essential oils. The prominent curcuminoids include curcumin, demethoxy curcumin (DMC), bisdemethoxy curcumin (BDMC), while the notable compound in essential oils is aromatic turmerone (ar-turmerone). These compounds possess significant pharmacological benefits and potentials such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antifungal, antihypertensive, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic properties. However, research in these areas is still not sufficient, and further clinical studies are required. The most commonly used methods to extract active substances from turmeric are extraction techniques. Traditional extraction methods have several disadvantages and lengthy processing times, leading to the adoption of more advanced methods like MAE, UAE, and SCO2E. These modern techniques maintain the extraction principle while incorporating auxiliary systems to transform disadvantages into advantages. The purification and determination of the obtained bioactive compounds are crucial for ensuring quality and safety. Techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) are employed for this purpose. Each technique has its own advantages, and the selection of the most appropriate method should consider factors such as whether the analysis will be quantitative or qualitative.

Keywords

: turmeric curcumin bioactive ingredient essential oils extraction chromatography

References

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  • Chatzinasiou, L., Booker, A., Maclennan, E., Mackonochie, M., & Heinrich, M. (2019). Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) products: What quality differences exist? https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100281.
  • Chen, C., Li, L., Zhang, F., Chen, Q., Chen, C., Yu, X., Liu, Q., Bao, J., & Long, Z. (2018). Antifungal activity, main active components and mechanism of Curcuma longa extract against Fusarium graminearum. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194284.
  • Chien, M. H., Yang, W. E., Yang, Y. C., Ku, C. C., Lee, W. J., Tsai, M. Y., Lin, C. W., & Yang, S. F. (2020). Dual targeting of the p38 MAPK‐HO‐1 axis and cIAP1/XIAP by demethoxycurcumin triggers caspase‐mediated apoptotic cell death in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancers, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12030703.
  • Czernicka, L., Grzegorczyk, A., Marzec, Z., Antosiewicz, B., Malm, A., & Kukula-Koch, W. (2019). Antimicrobial potential of single metabolites of curcuma longa assessed in the total extract by thin-layer chromatography-based bioautography and image analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040898.
  • Çöteli, E., & Karataş, F. (2017). Zerdeçal (Curcuma longa L.) Bitkisindeki Antioksidan Vitaminler ve Glutatyon Miktarları ile Total Antioksidan Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. Erciyes University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 33(2).
  • Dedebaş, T., Dursun Capar, T., Ekici, L., & Yalçın, H. (2021). Yağlı Tohumlarda Ultrasonik-Destekli Ekstraksiyon Yöntemi ve Avantajları. European Journal of Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.759702.
  • Ding, X., Chen, Y., Zhou, L., Wu, R., Jian, T., Lyu, H., Liu, Y., & Chen, J. (2022). Bisdemethoxycurcumin Attenuated Renal Injury via Activation of Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway in HighFat Diet-Fed Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137395.
  • Durak, Z. E. (2013). Adenozin Deaminaz Enziminin Kinetik Davranışı Üzerine Zerdeçal (Curcuma Longa) Ekstresinin Etkilerinin Araştırılması Zahide Esra Durak (C. 28, Sayı 4).
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  • Fernández-Marín, R., Fernandes, S. C. M., Andrés, M. A., & Labidi, J. (2021). Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Curcuma longa L. Oil: Optimization, Chemical Structure and Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Comparison with Conventional Soxhlet Extraction. Molecules, 26(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES26061516.
  • Fierascu, R. C., Fierascu, I., Ortan, A., Georgiev, M. I., & Sieniawska, E. (2020). Innovative approaches for recovery of phytoconstituents from medicinal/aromatic plants and biotechnological production. Içinde Molecules (C. 25, Sayı 2). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020309.
  • Ghiamati Yazdi, F., Soleimanian-Zad, S., van den Worm, E., & Folkerts, G. (2019). Turmeric Extract: Potential Use as a Prebiotic and AntiInflammatory Compound? Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 74(3), 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-019-00733-x.
  • Gordon, O. N., Luis, P. B., Ashley, R. E., Osheroff, N., & Schneider, C. (2015). Oxidative Transformation of Demethoxy- and Bisdemethoxycurcumin: Products, Mechanism of Formation, and Poisoning of Human Topoisomerase IIα. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 28(5), 989-996. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00009.
  • Hatamipour, M., Ramezani, M., Tabassi, S. A. S., Johnston, T. P., & Sahebkar, A. (2019). Demethoxycurcumin: A naturally occurring curcumin analogue for treating non-cancerous diseases. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 234(11), 19320-19330. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCP.28626.
  • Insuan, W., Hansupalak, N., & Chahomchuen, T. (2022). Extraction of curcumin from turmeric by ultrasonic-assisted extraction, identification, and evaluation of the biological activity. Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, 11(2), 188-196. https://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2022.23.
  • Jeliński, T., Przybyłek, M., & Cysewski, P. (2019). Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Agents for Improving Solubility, Stability and Delivery of Curcumin. Pharmaceutical Research, 36(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-019-2643-2.
  • Kao, C. C., Cheng, Y. C., Yang, M. H., Cha, T. L., Sun, G. H., Ho, C. T., Lin, Y. C., Wang, H. K., Wu, S. T., & Way, T. Der. (2021). Demethoxycurcumin induces apoptosis in HER2 overexpressing bladder cancer cells through degradation of HER2 and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway. Environmental Toxicology, 36(11), 2186-2195. https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.23332.
  • Karabıyık, O. (2022). Kurkuminin Gıda Örneklerinde Ayırma, Zenginleştirme Ve Tayini. adnan menderes üniversitesi. Ketenoğlu, O. (2020). Yer Fıstığı (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Yağının Farklı Çözücüler Kullanılarak Değişken Güç Ve Frekanslarda Ultrason Destekli Ekstraksiyonu. Gıda / The Journal Of Food, 61- 71. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.gd19132.
  • Kim, D., Suh, Y., Lee, H., & Lee, Y. (2013). Immune activation and antitumor response of ar-turmerone on P388D1 lymphoblast cell implanted tumors. International journal of molecular medicine, 31(2), 386-392. https://doi.org/10.3892/IJMM.2012.1196.
  • Kocaadam, B., & Şanlier, N. (2017). Curcumin, an active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), and its effects on health. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1077195, 57(13), 2889-2895. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1077195.
  • Kongpol, K., Sermkaew, N., Makkliang, F., Khongphan, S., Chuaboon, L., Sakdamas, A., Sakamoto, S., Putalun, W., & Yusakul, G. (2022a). Extraction of curcuminoids and ar-turmerone from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) and application as HDES-based microemulsions. Food Chemistry, 396, 133728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133728.
  • Kotra, V. S. R., Satyabanta, L., & Goswami, T. K. (2019). A critical review of analytical methods for determination of curcuminoids in turmeric. Içinde Journal of Food Science and Technology (C. 56, Sayı 12, ss. 5153-5166). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03986-1.
  • Kukula-Koch, W., Grabarska, A., Łuszczki, J., Czernicka, L., Nowosadzka, E., Gumbarewicz, E., Jarząb, A., Audo, G., Upadhyay, S., Głowniak, K., & Stepulak, A. (2018). Superior anticancer activity is demonstrated by total extract of Curcuma longa L. as opposed to individual curcuminoids separated by centrifugal partition chromatography. Phytotherapy Research, 32(5), 933-942. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6035.
  • Kumar Panda, S., Pharm, M., Nirvanashetty, S., Missamma, M., & Jackson-Michel, S. (2021). The enhanced bioavailability of free curcumin and bioactive-metabolite tetrahydrocurcumin from a dispersible, oleoresin-based turmeric formulation. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000026601.
  • Li, C., Zhang, W., Wu, X., Cai, Q., Tan, Z., Hong, Z., Huang, S., Yuan, Y., Yao, L., & Zhang, L. (2022). Aromatic-turmerone ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis via modulating gut microbiota in mice. Inflammopharmacology, 30(4), 1283-1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10787-022-01007-W.
  • Martins, M. A. R., Pinho, S. P., & Coutinho, J. A. P. (2019). Insights into the Nature of Eutectic and Deep Eutectic Mixtures. Journal of Solution Chemistry, 48(7), 962-982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-018-0793-1.
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Zerdeçal (Curcuma longa) Bitkisindeki Aktif Maddeler ve Ekstraksiyon Yöntemleri

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 45 - 62, 15.12.2023

Ruken Çeliker Zafer Ömer Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.53445/batd.1309452

Abstract

Zerdeçal yüzyıllardır geleneksel tıp uygulamalarında kullanılan bir tıbbi aromatik bir bitkidir. Bunun yanı sıra yemeklerde baharat olarak, renk verici bir ajan olarak birçok sektörde kullanılmaktadır. Zerdeçaldan elde edilen birçok biyoaktif madde olmakla birlikte çalışmalar genellikle kurkuminoidler ve uçucu yağlar üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Kurkuminoidlerde kurkumin, demetoksi kurkumin (DMC), bisdemetoksi kurkumin (BDMC) öne çıkmaktadır. Uçucu yağlarda dikkat çeken madde ise aromatik turmerondur (ar-turmeron). Bu maddelerin antiinflamatuvar, antikanser, antifungal, antihipertansif, nöroprotektif ve antidiyabetik gibi çok önemli farmakolojik yararları ve potansiyelleri bulunmaktadır ancak çalışmalar henüz yeterli düzeye ulaşmamıştır. Zerdeçaldan aktif maddeleri elde etmek için en çok kullanılan yöntem ekstraksiyon teknikleridir. Geleneksel ekstraksiyon yöntemleri uzun işlem süreleri ve birçok dezavantaj barındırır. Bu yüzden bu teknikler yerini mikrodalga destekli ekstraksiyon, ultrason destekli ekstraksiyon, süper kritik karbon dioksit ekstraksiyonu gibi daha gelişmiş yöntemlere bırakmıştır. Bu yöntemlerde de ekstraksiyon prensibi korunmakla birlikte dezavantajlarını avantaja dönüştürecek yardımcı sistemler eklenmiştir. Elde edilen biyoaktif bileşiklerin saflaştırılması ve belirlenmesi, kalite ve güvenliği sağlamak için önemlidir. Bu amaçla Yüksek Performanslı Sıvı Kromatografisi (HPLC), İnce Tabaka Kromatografisi (TLC), Yüksek Performanslı İnce Tabaka Kromatografisi (HPTLC), Matris Destekli Lazer Desorpsiyonu/İyonizasyon Kütle Spektrometresi (MALDI-MS) ve Sıvı Kromatografi-Mass Spektrometresi (LC-MS) gibi teknikler kullanılır. Her tekniğin kendi avantajları vardır ve en uygun yöntemin seçimi, analizin nicel veya nitel olup olmadığı gibi faktörleri dikkate almalıdır.

Keywords

zerdeçal kurkumin biyoaktif bileşen esansiyel yağlar ekstraksiyon kromatografi

References

  • Albuz, Ö. (2019). Investigation of Cytotoxic Effects of Curcuma Longa, Zingiberaceae and Dianthus Caryophllus, Which are Commonly Used as Food Supplements in Daily Life. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 1-1. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.593514.
  • Chatzinasiou, L., Booker, A., Maclennan, E., Mackonochie, M., & Heinrich, M. (2019). Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) products: What quality differences exist? https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100281.
  • Chen, C., Li, L., Zhang, F., Chen, Q., Chen, C., Yu, X., Liu, Q., Bao, J., & Long, Z. (2018). Antifungal activity, main active components and mechanism of Curcuma longa extract against Fusarium graminearum. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194284.
  • Chien, M. H., Yang, W. E., Yang, Y. C., Ku, C. C., Lee, W. J., Tsai, M. Y., Lin, C. W., & Yang, S. F. (2020). Dual targeting of the p38 MAPK‐HO‐1 axis and cIAP1/XIAP by demethoxycurcumin triggers caspase‐mediated apoptotic cell death in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancers, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12030703.
  • Czernicka, L., Grzegorczyk, A., Marzec, Z., Antosiewicz, B., Malm, A., & Kukula-Koch, W. (2019). Antimicrobial potential of single metabolites of curcuma longa assessed in the total extract by thin-layer chromatography-based bioautography and image analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040898.
  • Çöteli, E., & Karataş, F. (2017). Zerdeçal (Curcuma longa L.) Bitkisindeki Antioksidan Vitaminler ve Glutatyon Miktarları ile Total Antioksidan Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. Erciyes University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 33(2).
  • Dedebaş, T., Dursun Capar, T., Ekici, L., & Yalçın, H. (2021). Yağlı Tohumlarda Ultrasonik-Destekli Ekstraksiyon Yöntemi ve Avantajları. European Journal of Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.759702.
  • Ding, X., Chen, Y., Zhou, L., Wu, R., Jian, T., Lyu, H., Liu, Y., & Chen, J. (2022). Bisdemethoxycurcumin Attenuated Renal Injury via Activation of Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway in HighFat Diet-Fed Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137395.
  • Durak, Z. E. (2013). Adenozin Deaminaz Enziminin Kinetik Davranışı Üzerine Zerdeçal (Curcuma Longa) Ekstresinin Etkilerinin Araştırılması Zahide Esra Durak (C. 28, Sayı 4).
  • Erkul, C., Özenoğlu, A., Reis, E., Cahit, E., & Reis, E. (2021). Derleme Makale. 4(2), 76-87. https://doi.org/10.06.2021.
  • Fernández-Marín, R., Fernandes, S. C. M., Andrés, M. A., & Labidi, J. (2021). Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Curcuma longa L. Oil: Optimization, Chemical Structure and Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Comparison with Conventional Soxhlet Extraction. Molecules, 26(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES26061516.
  • Fierascu, R. C., Fierascu, I., Ortan, A., Georgiev, M. I., & Sieniawska, E. (2020). Innovative approaches for recovery of phytoconstituents from medicinal/aromatic plants and biotechnological production. Içinde Molecules (C. 25, Sayı 2). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020309.
  • Ghiamati Yazdi, F., Soleimanian-Zad, S., van den Worm, E., & Folkerts, G. (2019). Turmeric Extract: Potential Use as a Prebiotic and AntiInflammatory Compound? Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 74(3), 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-019-00733-x.
  • Gordon, O. N., Luis, P. B., Ashley, R. E., Osheroff, N., & Schneider, C. (2015). Oxidative Transformation of Demethoxy- and Bisdemethoxycurcumin: Products, Mechanism of Formation, and Poisoning of Human Topoisomerase IIα. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 28(5), 989-996. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00009.
  • Hatamipour, M., Ramezani, M., Tabassi, S. A. S., Johnston, T. P., & Sahebkar, A. (2019). Demethoxycurcumin: A naturally occurring curcumin analogue for treating non-cancerous diseases. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 234(11), 19320-19330. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCP.28626.
  • Insuan, W., Hansupalak, N., & Chahomchuen, T. (2022). Extraction of curcumin from turmeric by ultrasonic-assisted extraction, identification, and evaluation of the biological activity. Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, 11(2), 188-196. https://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2022.23.
  • Jeliński, T., Przybyłek, M., & Cysewski, P. (2019). Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Agents for Improving Solubility, Stability and Delivery of Curcumin. Pharmaceutical Research, 36(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-019-2643-2.
  • Kao, C. C., Cheng, Y. C., Yang, M. H., Cha, T. L., Sun, G. H., Ho, C. T., Lin, Y. C., Wang, H. K., Wu, S. T., & Way, T. Der. (2021). Demethoxycurcumin induces apoptosis in HER2 overexpressing bladder cancer cells through degradation of HER2 and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway. Environmental Toxicology, 36(11), 2186-2195. https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.23332.
  • Karabıyık, O. (2022). Kurkuminin Gıda Örneklerinde Ayırma, Zenginleştirme Ve Tayini. adnan menderes üniversitesi. Ketenoğlu, O. (2020). Yer Fıstığı (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Yağının Farklı Çözücüler Kullanılarak Değişken Güç Ve Frekanslarda Ultrason Destekli Ekstraksiyonu. Gıda / The Journal Of Food, 61- 71. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.gd19132.
  • Kim, D., Suh, Y., Lee, H., & Lee, Y. (2013). Immune activation and antitumor response of ar-turmerone on P388D1 lymphoblast cell implanted tumors. International journal of molecular medicine, 31(2), 386-392. https://doi.org/10.3892/IJMM.2012.1196.
  • Kocaadam, B., & Şanlier, N. (2017). Curcumin, an active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), and its effects on health. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1077195, 57(13), 2889-2895. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1077195.
  • Kongpol, K., Sermkaew, N., Makkliang, F., Khongphan, S., Chuaboon, L., Sakdamas, A., Sakamoto, S., Putalun, W., & Yusakul, G. (2022a). Extraction of curcuminoids and ar-turmerone from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) and application as HDES-based microemulsions. Food Chemistry, 396, 133728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133728.
  • Kotra, V. S. R., Satyabanta, L., & Goswami, T. K. (2019). A critical review of analytical methods for determination of curcuminoids in turmeric. Içinde Journal of Food Science and Technology (C. 56, Sayı 12, ss. 5153-5166). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03986-1.
  • Kukula-Koch, W., Grabarska, A., Łuszczki, J., Czernicka, L., Nowosadzka, E., Gumbarewicz, E., Jarząb, A., Audo, G., Upadhyay, S., Głowniak, K., & Stepulak, A. (2018). Superior anticancer activity is demonstrated by total extract of Curcuma longa L. as opposed to individual curcuminoids separated by centrifugal partition chromatography. Phytotherapy Research, 32(5), 933-942. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6035.
  • Kumar Panda, S., Pharm, M., Nirvanashetty, S., Missamma, M., & Jackson-Michel, S. (2021). The enhanced bioavailability of free curcumin and bioactive-metabolite tetrahydrocurcumin from a dispersible, oleoresin-based turmeric formulation. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000026601.
  • Li, C., Zhang, W., Wu, X., Cai, Q., Tan, Z., Hong, Z., Huang, S., Yuan, Y., Yao, L., & Zhang, L. (2022). Aromatic-turmerone ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis via modulating gut microbiota in mice. Inflammopharmacology, 30(4), 1283-1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10787-022-01007-W.
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There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine (Other)
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Ruken Çeliker 0000-0002-7284-8831

Zafer Ömer Özdemir 0000-0002-8362-3136

Publication Date December 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Çeliker, R., & Özdemir, Z. Ö. (2023). Zerdeçal (Curcuma longa) Bitkisindeki Aktif Maddeler ve Ekstraksiyon Yöntemleri. Bütünleyici Ve Anadolu Tıbbı Dergisi, 4(4), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.53445/batd.1309452
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Bütünleyici ve Anadolu Tıbbı Dergisi

Journal of Integrative and Anatolian Medicine