Research Article
Determination of Tolerance and Sensitivity of Safflower Genotypes Based on Germination Indices and Comparison of Biochemical Contents Under Salt Stress
Abstract
Safflower germination and seedling growth stages are extremely sensitive to salinity. The study aimed to identify safflower genotypes' germination, seedling growth responses, and biochemical changes in tolerant and susceptible genotypes in response to salt stress. Total of 28 genotypes were subjected to salt (NaCl) treatments (0, 180, 240 mM), and germination percentage, mean germination time, seedling and root lengths, and vigor index of the genotypes were determined. The genotype, treatments, and interaction effects were significant for germination, seedling, and biochemical parameters. The genotypes' germination percentage, seedling length, root length, and vigor index decreased under salt stress. While the reduction in germination percentage of salt-tolerant genotypes was between 6-21%, it was between 46-65% in sensitive genotypes at 240 mM salt treatment. Five tolerant (Shufu, Sidwill, Finch, Yuyao, Oleic Leed) and sensitive (Huaxian, Linas, 4022, Oker, Rehbein) genotypes were chosen based on reductions in germination percentage and vigor index, and the proline, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of these genotypes were investigated. The proline content of the genotypes increased by 26 to 56 fold at 180 mM salt concentration. The hydrogen peroxide content of sensitive and tolerant genotypes increased at 180 mM salt treatment, but at 240 mM salt treatment, the hydrogen peroxide content of the sensitive genotypes continued to increase by 6-50%, hydrogen peroxide content decreased in tolerant genotypes by 10-30%. MDA contents increased in the sensitive and tolerant genotypes, but the level of increase was higher in sensitive genotypes (307-631%) than the tolerant genotypes (103-323%) at 240 mM salt treatment. The heatmap generated by means of sensitive and tolerant genotypes showed 28 coefficients and 5 of which were significant. These results show that changes in hydrogen peroxide and MDA contents are different between tolerant and sensitive genotypes. They could be useful selection criteria along with germination percentages for determining tolerant and susceptible safflower genotypes at the seedling stage.
Supporting Institution
The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye
Project Number
2209-A
Thanks
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) financially supported this work under 2209-A program. Sercan Önder is a recipient of YÖK 100/2000 fellowship program for graduate students financed by Council of Higher Education.
References
- Abdul‐Baki AA, Anderson JD. 1973. Vigor determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria. Crop Sci, 13: 630-633.
- Ashraf M, McNeilly T. 2004. Salinity tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. Crit Rev Plant Sci, 23: 157-174.
- Ashrafi E, Razmjoo J. 2015. Seed treatment to overcome salt and drought stresses during germination in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J Plant Nutr, 38: 2151-2158.
- Bailly C. 2004. Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology. Seed Sci Res, 14: 93-107.
- Çulha Ş, Çakırlar H. 2011. Effects of salt stress induced by NaCl on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars at early seedling stages. Hacettepe J Biol Chem, 39: 61-64.
- Dajue L. 1993. Progress of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) research and production in China. In: Proceedings of the Third Interactional Safflower Conference, June 14-18, Beijing, China, pp: 35-46.
- Erbaş S, Tonguç M, Şanlı A. 2016. Variations in the agronomic and quality characteristics of domestic and foreign safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes. Turk J Field Crop, 21: 110-119.
- Erdal ŞC, Cakirlar H. 2014. Impact of salt stress on photosystem II efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activities of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars. Turk J Biol, 38: 549-560.
- Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA, Zhu J-K, Bohnert HJ. 2000. Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol, 51: 463-499.
- Hosseini T, Shekari F, Ghorbanli M. 2010. Effect of salt stress on ion content, proline and antioxidative enzymes of two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J Food Agric Environ, 8:1080–1086.
- Hussain MI, Lyra DA, Farooq M, Nikoloudakis N, Khalid N. 2016. Salt and drought stress in safflower: A review. Agron Sustain Dev, 36: 1-31.
- Irving DW, Shannon MC, Breda VA, Mackey BE. 1988. Salinity effects on yield and oil quality of high-linoleate and high-oleate cultivars of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J Agric Food Chem, 36: 37-42.
- ISTA, 2009. International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association, Bassersdorf, Switzerland, pp: 48.
- Jabeen N, Ahmad R. 2012. Improving tolerance of sunflower and safflower during growth stages to salinity through foliar spray of nutrient solutions. Pak J Bot, 44: 563-572.
- Karimi S, Arzani A, Saeidi G. 2014. Differential response of ion and osmolyte accumulation to salinity stress in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive seedlings of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Res Crops, 15: 802-809.
- Kaya MD, Akdoğan G, Kulan EG, Dağhan H, Sarı A. 2019. Salinity tolerance classification of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) by cluster and principal component analysis. Appl Ecol Environ Res, 17: 3849-3857.
- Kaya MD, İpek A, Öztürk A. 2003. Different soil salinity levels on germination and seedling growth of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Turk J Agric For, 27: 221-227.
- Kurtuluş M, Boydak E. 2022. Bazı aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) çeşitlerinde farklı tuz konsantrayonlarının çimlenme ve çıkış üzerine etkisi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 9: 696-704.
- Munns R, Tester M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Ann Rev Plant Biol, 59: 651-681.
- Önder S, Dayan E, Karakurt Y, Tonguç M. 2022. Changes in germination, antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical contents of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under different salinity levels. Süleyman Demirel Üniv Fen Edeb Faki Fen Derg 17: 186-196.
- Priestley DA. 1986. Seed aging. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, USA, pp: 304.
- Sharma P, Jha AB, Dubey RS, Pessarakli M. 2012. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. J Bot, 2012: 1-26.
- Siddiqi EH, Ashraf M, Akram NA. 2007. Variation in seed germination and seedling growth in some diverse lines of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under salt stress. Pak J Bot, 39:1937-1944.
- Siddiqi EH, Ashraf M, Hussain M, Jamil A. 2009. Assessment of intercultivar variation for salt tolerance in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) using gas exchange characteristics as selection criteria. Pak J Bot, 41: 2251-2259.
- Tonguç M, Önder S, Mutlucan M. 2021. Determination of germination parameters of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars under salt stress. Süleyman Demirel Üniv Fen Bil Enst Derg, 25: 155-161.
- Toprak T, Tunçtürk R. 2018. Farklı aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) çeşitlerinin gelişim performansları üzerine tuz stresinin etkileri. Doğu Fen Bil Derg, 1: 44-50.
- Turan M, Ekinci M, Kul R, Boynueyri FG, Yıldırım E. 2022. Mitigation of salinity stress in cucumber seedlings by exogenous hydrogen sulfide. J Plant Res, 135: 517-529.
- Türkan I, Demiral T. 2009. Recent developments in understanding salinity tolerance. Environ Exp Bot, 67: 2-9.
- Velikova V, Yordanov I, Edreva A. 2000. Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants: protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Sci, 151: 59-66.
- Zhang Z, Huang R. 2013 Analysis of malondialdehyde, chlorophyll proline, soluble sugar, and glutathione content in Arabidopsis seedlings. Bio-protocol 3 (14) URL: http://www.bio-protocol.org/e817. (access date: August 10, 2022).
Year 2023,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 164 - 173, 01.03.2023
Abstract
Project Number
2209-A
References
- Abdul‐Baki AA, Anderson JD. 1973. Vigor determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria. Crop Sci, 13: 630-633.
- Ashraf M, McNeilly T. 2004. Salinity tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. Crit Rev Plant Sci, 23: 157-174.
- Ashrafi E, Razmjoo J. 2015. Seed treatment to overcome salt and drought stresses during germination in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J Plant Nutr, 38: 2151-2158.
- Bailly C. 2004. Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology. Seed Sci Res, 14: 93-107.
- Çulha Ş, Çakırlar H. 2011. Effects of salt stress induced by NaCl on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars at early seedling stages. Hacettepe J Biol Chem, 39: 61-64.
- Dajue L. 1993. Progress of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) research and production in China. In: Proceedings of the Third Interactional Safflower Conference, June 14-18, Beijing, China, pp: 35-46.
- Erbaş S, Tonguç M, Şanlı A. 2016. Variations in the agronomic and quality characteristics of domestic and foreign safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes. Turk J Field Crop, 21: 110-119.
- Erdal ŞC, Cakirlar H. 2014. Impact of salt stress on photosystem II efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activities of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars. Turk J Biol, 38: 549-560.
- Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA, Zhu J-K, Bohnert HJ. 2000. Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol, 51: 463-499.
- Hosseini T, Shekari F, Ghorbanli M. 2010. Effect of salt stress on ion content, proline and antioxidative enzymes of two safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J Food Agric Environ, 8:1080–1086.
- Hussain MI, Lyra DA, Farooq M, Nikoloudakis N, Khalid N. 2016. Salt and drought stress in safflower: A review. Agron Sustain Dev, 36: 1-31.
- Irving DW, Shannon MC, Breda VA, Mackey BE. 1988. Salinity effects on yield and oil quality of high-linoleate and high-oleate cultivars of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J Agric Food Chem, 36: 37-42.
- ISTA, 2009. International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association, Bassersdorf, Switzerland, pp: 48.
- Jabeen N, Ahmad R. 2012. Improving tolerance of sunflower and safflower during growth stages to salinity through foliar spray of nutrient solutions. Pak J Bot, 44: 563-572.
- Karimi S, Arzani A, Saeidi G. 2014. Differential response of ion and osmolyte accumulation to salinity stress in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive seedlings of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Res Crops, 15: 802-809.
- Kaya MD, Akdoğan G, Kulan EG, Dağhan H, Sarı A. 2019. Salinity tolerance classification of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) by cluster and principal component analysis. Appl Ecol Environ Res, 17: 3849-3857.
- Kaya MD, İpek A, Öztürk A. 2003. Different soil salinity levels on germination and seedling growth of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Turk J Agric For, 27: 221-227.
- Kurtuluş M, Boydak E. 2022. Bazı aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) çeşitlerinde farklı tuz konsantrayonlarının çimlenme ve çıkış üzerine etkisi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 9: 696-704.
- Munns R, Tester M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Ann Rev Plant Biol, 59: 651-681.
- Önder S, Dayan E, Karakurt Y, Tonguç M. 2022. Changes in germination, antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical contents of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under different salinity levels. Süleyman Demirel Üniv Fen Edeb Faki Fen Derg 17: 186-196.
- Priestley DA. 1986. Seed aging. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, USA, pp: 304.
- Sharma P, Jha AB, Dubey RS, Pessarakli M. 2012. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. J Bot, 2012: 1-26.
- Siddiqi EH, Ashraf M, Akram NA. 2007. Variation in seed germination and seedling growth in some diverse lines of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under salt stress. Pak J Bot, 39:1937-1944.
- Siddiqi EH, Ashraf M, Hussain M, Jamil A. 2009. Assessment of intercultivar variation for salt tolerance in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) using gas exchange characteristics as selection criteria. Pak J Bot, 41: 2251-2259.
- Tonguç M, Önder S, Mutlucan M. 2021. Determination of germination parameters of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars under salt stress. Süleyman Demirel Üniv Fen Bil Enst Derg, 25: 155-161.
- Toprak T, Tunçtürk R. 2018. Farklı aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) çeşitlerinin gelişim performansları üzerine tuz stresinin etkileri. Doğu Fen Bil Derg, 1: 44-50.
- Turan M, Ekinci M, Kul R, Boynueyri FG, Yıldırım E. 2022. Mitigation of salinity stress in cucumber seedlings by exogenous hydrogen sulfide. J Plant Res, 135: 517-529.
- Türkan I, Demiral T. 2009. Recent developments in understanding salinity tolerance. Environ Exp Bot, 67: 2-9.
- Velikova V, Yordanov I, Edreva A. 2000. Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants: protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Sci, 151: 59-66.
- Zhang Z, Huang R. 2013 Analysis of malondialdehyde, chlorophyll proline, soluble sugar, and glutathione content in Arabidopsis seedlings. Bio-protocol 3 (14) URL: http://www.bio-protocol.org/e817. (access date: August 10, 2022).
There are 30 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Agricultural Engineering |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 2209-A |
| Publication Date | March 1, 2023 |
| Submission Date | October 3, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | February 3, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 |
