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Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J. Jung & H. K. Choi (Ricefield Bulrush) in Rice

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 57 - 68, 01.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1390066

Abstract

Since the beginning of rice cultivation, weed control has been a problem in Türkiye as well as in many other countries. Rice has both an important cultural plant and limited production for Türkiye. There are significant yield losses due to weeds and therefore weed control has an important place in rice agriculture. Species belonging to the genus Scirpus in rice production areas have recently become an important problem in rice cultivation areas of Türkiye as well as in rice cultivation areas of many other countries. In order to determine the morphological and genetic diversity of Scirpus mucronata, which is a problem in rice cultivation areas in Türkiye, 62 populations collected from the rice production areas of the Marmara and Black Sea Regions were evaluated over 8 ISSR primers and 12 morphological parameters. In the ISSR study, observed and expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.192 to 0.970 and from 0.136 to 0.566, respectively. In the morphological and molecular analyses performed, differences were detected in some quantitative characters between the examined populations. While morphological similarities were found between the populations grown in different regions that could not be ignored, genetic diversity was found to be higher. Morphological and genetic relationships between populations were not found to be related to geographic distance. In the context of the results, it is important to focus on field management practices such as cultural methods, as well as good control of rice seed traffic and herbicide use. It should not be forgotten that these measures are important in terms of integrated weed management strategies.

Supporting Institution

Ondokuz Mayıs University

Project Number

PYO.ZRT.1902.15.003.

Thanks

This research was supported by Ondokuz Mayıs University with the project number PYO.ZRT.1902.15.003.

References

  • Abad P, Pascual B, Maroto JV, López-Galarza S, Vicente MJ, Alagarda J. 1998. RAPD analysis of cultivated and wild yellow nut sedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). Weed Sci, 46: 318-321.
  • Al Salameen F, Habibi N, Al Amad S, Kumar V, Dashti J, Talebi L, Al Doaij B. 2020. Genetic diversity analysis of Rhanterium eppaposum Oliv. by ISSRs reveals a weak population structure. Curr Plant Biol, 21: 100-138.
  • Arriola PE, Ellstrand NC. 1996. Crop-to-weed gene flow in the genus Sorghum (Poaceae): Spontaneous interspecific hybridization between Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense, and crop sorghum, Sorghum bicolor. Am J Bot, 83: 1153-1160.
  • Baker J, Hidayat Asins MJ, Jose L, Carretero O. 2007. Morphologic and isosizyme variation in barnyard grass (Echinochloa) weed species. Weed Tech, 13: 209-215.
  • Birader K. 2023. Genetic diversity and the adaptation of species to changing environments. POV, 11: 3.
  • Bromham L, Woolofit M, Lee MSY, Rambaut A. 2002. Testing the relationship between morpholoical and molecular rates of change along phylogenies. Evol, 56: 1921-1930.
  • Budak H, Shearman RC, Gaussoin RE, Dweikat I. 2004. Application of sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers for characterization of turfgrass species. Hort Sci, 39: 955-958.
  • Busconi M, Rossi, D, Lorenzoni C, Baldi G, Fogher C. 2012. Spread of herbicide-resistant weedy rice (red rice, Oryza sativa L.) after 5 years of Clearfield rice cultivation in Italy. Plant Biol, 14: 751-759.
  • Chauhan BS, Abugho SB. 2013. Effect of crop residue on seedling emergence and growth of selected weed species in a sprinkler-irrigated zero-till dry-seeded rice system. Weed Sci, 61: 403-409.
  • Danquah ET, Johnson DE, Riches C, Arnold GM, Karp A. 2002. Genetic diversity in Echinochloa spp. collected from different geographic origins and within rice fields in Cote d’lvoire. Weed Res, 42(5): 394.
  • De Greef B, Triest L. 1999. The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for hybrid detection in Scirpus from the river Schelde (Belgium). Mol Ecol, 8: 379-386.
  • Dixon A, Comont D, Slavov GT, Neve P. 2020. Population genomics of selectively neutral genetic structure and herbicide resistance in UK populations of Alopecurus myosuroides. Pest Manag Sci, 77: 1520-1529.
  • FAO. 2020. FAO Statistical Databases. URL: http://faostat.fao.org/ (accessed date: March 1, 2020).
  • Ge L, Sun Y, Li Y, Wang L, Guo G, Song L, Wang C, Wu G, Zang X, Cai X, Li S, Li P. 2023. Ecosystem sustainability of rice and aquatic animal co-culture systems and a synthesis of its underlying mechanisms. Sci Total Environ, 1: 880.
  • Huang Y, Wu D, Huang Z, Li X, Merotto A Jr, Bai L, Fan L. 2023. Weed genomics: yielding insights into the genetics of weedy traits for crop improvement. aBIOTECH, 9(4): 20-30.
  • Jaccard P. 1908. Nouvelles recherches surla distribution florale. Bulletin Societe Vaudoise Sci Naturae, 44: 223-270.
  • Juraimi AS, Tarif A, Kadir J, Sastroutomo S, Napis S. 2005. Morphological and RAPD variability among Malaysian ecotypes of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.). Plant Prot Q, 20: 2.
  • Kaya Altop E, Mennan H. 2011. Genetic and morphologic diversity of Echinochloa crus-galli populations from different origins. Phytoparasitica, 39: 93-102.
  • Levin D, Kerster K. 1974. Gene flow in seed plants. Evol Biol, 7: 139-220.
  • Liang SY, Tucker GC. 2010. Scirpus Linnaeus. Flora China 23: 171-174.
  • Mengistu LW, Christoffers MJ, Kegode GO. 2004. Genetic diversity of biennial wormwood. Weed Sci, 52: 53-60.
  • Mennan H, Kaya-Altop E. 2012. Molecular techniques for discrimination of late watergrass (Echinochloa oryzicola) and early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides) species in Turkish rice production. Weed Sci, 60(4): 525-530.
  • Merotto AJr, Jasieniuk M, Fischer AJ. 2009. Estimating the outcrossing rate of Cyperus difformis using resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides and molecular markers. Weed Res, 49: 29-36.
  • Merotto AJr, Jasieniuk M, Fischer AJ. 2010. Distribution and cross-resistance patterns of als-inhibiting herbicide resistance in smallflower umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis). Weed Sci, 58(1): 22-29.
  • Michishita Y, Yamaguchi H. 2003. Unique forms of weeds and millets in East Asian annual Echinochloa. 18th APWSS Conference, Manila, the Philippines, March 17–21, pp: 215-219.
  • Millan T, Osuna F, Cobos S, Torres AM, Cubero AM. 1996. Using RAPDs to study phylogenetic relationships in rosa. Theor Appl Genet, 92: 273-277.
  • Moore JG, 2014. Morphological and ecological investigations of species of Bulrush (Scirpus) in Illinois. MSc Thesis, 1255. URL: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/1255 (accessed date: March 5, 2021).
  • Mujeeb F, Bajpai P, Pathak N, Verma SR. 2017. Genetic diversity analysis of medicinally important horticultural crop Aegle marmelos by ISSR Markers. In: Domingues, L. (eds) PCR. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1620. Springer, New York, US.
  • Nei M, Li WS. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction, endonucleases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 76: 5269-5273.
  • Nei M. 1972. Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proceedings of National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 70: 3321-3323.
  • Önen H, Gebologlu N, Parmaksız İ, Kaya C. 2010. Determination of molecular and agronomic characteristics, as well as allelopathic potentials of Polygonum cognatum Meissn. (Madımak) genotypes from Central Anatolia. TÜBİTAK Final Report, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 177.
  • Parmaksız I, Önen H, Yıldırım A, Gümüşcü A, İpek A, Arslan N. 2009. Genetic characterization of the gene pool of Papaver genus Oxytona section, which grows in the natural flora of Turkey, using RAPD and SSR techniques, and correlation of morphological and alkaloid compositions with chromosome numbers. TÜBİTAK Final Report, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 116.
  • Ren MX, Zhang QG, Zhang DY. 2005. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers reveal low genetic variation and a single dominant genotype in Eichhornia crassipes populations throughout China. Weed Res, 4: 236-244.
  • Roy S, Simon JP, Lapointe FJ. 2000. Determination of the origin of the cold-adapted populations of baryard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Eastern North America total evidence approach using RAPD-DNA and DNA sequences. Canad J Bot, 78: 1505-1513.
  • Ruiz-Santaella JPR, Bastida F, Franco AR, De Prado R. 2006. Morphological and molecular characterization of different Echinochloa spp. and Oryza sativa populations. J Agric Food Chem, 54: 1166-1172.
  • Rutledge J, Talbert RE, Sneller CH. 2000. RAPD analysis of genetic variation among propane-resistant and-susceptible Echinochloa crus-galli populations in Arkansas. Weed Sci, 48: 669-674.
  • Samuelsson SB, Eriksson G, Gustafsson L. 1997. RAPD and morphological analysis of the rare plant species Vicia pisiformis (Fabaceae). Biol J Linn Soc, 61: 325-343.
  • Schontz D, Rether B. 1999. Genetic variability in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. identification and classification of lines with RAPD markers. Plant Breed, 118: 190-192.
  • Smith AL, Hodkinson TR, Villellas J, Catford JA, Csergő AM, Blomberg SP, Crone EE, Ehrlén J, Garcia MB, Laine AL, Roach DA. 2020. Global gene flow releases invasive plants from environmental constraints on genetic diversity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117: 4218–4227.
  • Stankiewicz M, Gadamski G, Gawronski SW. 2001. Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of triazine-resistant and triazine-susceptible biotypes of Solanum nigrum: Analysis using RAPD markers. Weed Res, 41: 287-300.
  • Sterling TM, Thompson DC, Abbott LB. 2004. Implications of invasive plant variation for weed management. Weed Technol, 18: 1319-1324.
  • Talbert RE, Burgos NR. 2007. History and management of herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in Arkansas rice. Weed Technol, 21: 324-331.
  • Tang JS, Ma M. 2020. Genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of invasive weed Xanthium italicum in China. C R Biol, 5: 63-72.
  • Tasrif A, Juraimi AS, Kadir J, Sastroutomo SS, Napis S,. 2004. Genetic diversity of Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (Barnyardgrass: Poaceae) ecotypes in Malaysia and Indonesia as revealed by RAPD markers. Asian J Plant Sci, 32: 231-238.
  • Tayyar IR, Nguyen JHT, Holt JS. 2003. Genetic and morphological analysis of two novel nutsedge biotypes from California. Weed Sci, 57: 731-739.
  • Thomson JA. 2000. Morphological and genomic diversity in the genus Pteridium (Dennstaedtiaceae), Annals Botany 85(Supplement B): 77-99.
  • Tsuji R, Fischer AJ, Yoshino M, Roel A, Hill JE, Yamasue Y. 2003. Herbicide-resistant late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon) similarity in morphological and amplifıed fragment length polymorphism traits. Weed Sci, 51: 740-747.
  • Vellend M, Geber MA. 2005. Connections between species diversity and genetic diversity, Ecology Letters. URL: http://www.blackwellSnergy (accessed date: April 2, 2022).
  • Więcław H, Szenejko M, Kull T, Sotek Z, Rębacz-Maron E, Koopman J. 2021. Morphological variability and genetic diversity in Carex buxbaumii and Carex hartmaniorum (Cyperaceae) populations. PeerJ, 9: e11372.
  • Yabuno T. 2001. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Echinochloa. In: Natural history of genus Echinochloa, revised edn (Eds. by Yabuno T., Yamaguchi H.). Zennokyo Shuppan, Tokyo, Japan, pp: 15-30.
  • Zhou Y, Wang H, Yang M, Chen J, Zhang W. 2009. Development of microsatellites for Scirpus mariqueter Wang et Tang (Cyperaceae) and cross-species amplification in Scirpus planiculmis F. Schmidt. Mol Ecol Resour, 9: 370-372.
Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 57 - 68, 01.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1390066

Abstract

Project Number

PYO.ZRT.1902.15.003.

References

  • Abad P, Pascual B, Maroto JV, López-Galarza S, Vicente MJ, Alagarda J. 1998. RAPD analysis of cultivated and wild yellow nut sedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). Weed Sci, 46: 318-321.
  • Al Salameen F, Habibi N, Al Amad S, Kumar V, Dashti J, Talebi L, Al Doaij B. 2020. Genetic diversity analysis of Rhanterium eppaposum Oliv. by ISSRs reveals a weak population structure. Curr Plant Biol, 21: 100-138.
  • Arriola PE, Ellstrand NC. 1996. Crop-to-weed gene flow in the genus Sorghum (Poaceae): Spontaneous interspecific hybridization between Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense, and crop sorghum, Sorghum bicolor. Am J Bot, 83: 1153-1160.
  • Baker J, Hidayat Asins MJ, Jose L, Carretero O. 2007. Morphologic and isosizyme variation in barnyard grass (Echinochloa) weed species. Weed Tech, 13: 209-215.
  • Birader K. 2023. Genetic diversity and the adaptation of species to changing environments. POV, 11: 3.
  • Bromham L, Woolofit M, Lee MSY, Rambaut A. 2002. Testing the relationship between morpholoical and molecular rates of change along phylogenies. Evol, 56: 1921-1930.
  • Budak H, Shearman RC, Gaussoin RE, Dweikat I. 2004. Application of sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers for characterization of turfgrass species. Hort Sci, 39: 955-958.
  • Busconi M, Rossi, D, Lorenzoni C, Baldi G, Fogher C. 2012. Spread of herbicide-resistant weedy rice (red rice, Oryza sativa L.) after 5 years of Clearfield rice cultivation in Italy. Plant Biol, 14: 751-759.
  • Chauhan BS, Abugho SB. 2013. Effect of crop residue on seedling emergence and growth of selected weed species in a sprinkler-irrigated zero-till dry-seeded rice system. Weed Sci, 61: 403-409.
  • Danquah ET, Johnson DE, Riches C, Arnold GM, Karp A. 2002. Genetic diversity in Echinochloa spp. collected from different geographic origins and within rice fields in Cote d’lvoire. Weed Res, 42(5): 394.
  • De Greef B, Triest L. 1999. The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for hybrid detection in Scirpus from the river Schelde (Belgium). Mol Ecol, 8: 379-386.
  • Dixon A, Comont D, Slavov GT, Neve P. 2020. Population genomics of selectively neutral genetic structure and herbicide resistance in UK populations of Alopecurus myosuroides. Pest Manag Sci, 77: 1520-1529.
  • FAO. 2020. FAO Statistical Databases. URL: http://faostat.fao.org/ (accessed date: March 1, 2020).
  • Ge L, Sun Y, Li Y, Wang L, Guo G, Song L, Wang C, Wu G, Zang X, Cai X, Li S, Li P. 2023. Ecosystem sustainability of rice and aquatic animal co-culture systems and a synthesis of its underlying mechanisms. Sci Total Environ, 1: 880.
  • Huang Y, Wu D, Huang Z, Li X, Merotto A Jr, Bai L, Fan L. 2023. Weed genomics: yielding insights into the genetics of weedy traits for crop improvement. aBIOTECH, 9(4): 20-30.
  • Jaccard P. 1908. Nouvelles recherches surla distribution florale. Bulletin Societe Vaudoise Sci Naturae, 44: 223-270.
  • Juraimi AS, Tarif A, Kadir J, Sastroutomo S, Napis S. 2005. Morphological and RAPD variability among Malaysian ecotypes of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.). Plant Prot Q, 20: 2.
  • Kaya Altop E, Mennan H. 2011. Genetic and morphologic diversity of Echinochloa crus-galli populations from different origins. Phytoparasitica, 39: 93-102.
  • Levin D, Kerster K. 1974. Gene flow in seed plants. Evol Biol, 7: 139-220.
  • Liang SY, Tucker GC. 2010. Scirpus Linnaeus. Flora China 23: 171-174.
  • Mengistu LW, Christoffers MJ, Kegode GO. 2004. Genetic diversity of biennial wormwood. Weed Sci, 52: 53-60.
  • Mennan H, Kaya-Altop E. 2012. Molecular techniques for discrimination of late watergrass (Echinochloa oryzicola) and early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides) species in Turkish rice production. Weed Sci, 60(4): 525-530.
  • Merotto AJr, Jasieniuk M, Fischer AJ. 2009. Estimating the outcrossing rate of Cyperus difformis using resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides and molecular markers. Weed Res, 49: 29-36.
  • Merotto AJr, Jasieniuk M, Fischer AJ. 2010. Distribution and cross-resistance patterns of als-inhibiting herbicide resistance in smallflower umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis). Weed Sci, 58(1): 22-29.
  • Michishita Y, Yamaguchi H. 2003. Unique forms of weeds and millets in East Asian annual Echinochloa. 18th APWSS Conference, Manila, the Philippines, March 17–21, pp: 215-219.
  • Millan T, Osuna F, Cobos S, Torres AM, Cubero AM. 1996. Using RAPDs to study phylogenetic relationships in rosa. Theor Appl Genet, 92: 273-277.
  • Moore JG, 2014. Morphological and ecological investigations of species of Bulrush (Scirpus) in Illinois. MSc Thesis, 1255. URL: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/1255 (accessed date: March 5, 2021).
  • Mujeeb F, Bajpai P, Pathak N, Verma SR. 2017. Genetic diversity analysis of medicinally important horticultural crop Aegle marmelos by ISSR Markers. In: Domingues, L. (eds) PCR. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1620. Springer, New York, US.
  • Nei M, Li WS. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction, endonucleases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 76: 5269-5273.
  • Nei M. 1972. Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proceedings of National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 70: 3321-3323.
  • Önen H, Gebologlu N, Parmaksız İ, Kaya C. 2010. Determination of molecular and agronomic characteristics, as well as allelopathic potentials of Polygonum cognatum Meissn. (Madımak) genotypes from Central Anatolia. TÜBİTAK Final Report, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 177.
  • Parmaksız I, Önen H, Yıldırım A, Gümüşcü A, İpek A, Arslan N. 2009. Genetic characterization of the gene pool of Papaver genus Oxytona section, which grows in the natural flora of Turkey, using RAPD and SSR techniques, and correlation of morphological and alkaloid compositions with chromosome numbers. TÜBİTAK Final Report, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 116.
  • Ren MX, Zhang QG, Zhang DY. 2005. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers reveal low genetic variation and a single dominant genotype in Eichhornia crassipes populations throughout China. Weed Res, 4: 236-244.
  • Roy S, Simon JP, Lapointe FJ. 2000. Determination of the origin of the cold-adapted populations of baryard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Eastern North America total evidence approach using RAPD-DNA and DNA sequences. Canad J Bot, 78: 1505-1513.
  • Ruiz-Santaella JPR, Bastida F, Franco AR, De Prado R. 2006. Morphological and molecular characterization of different Echinochloa spp. and Oryza sativa populations. J Agric Food Chem, 54: 1166-1172.
  • Rutledge J, Talbert RE, Sneller CH. 2000. RAPD analysis of genetic variation among propane-resistant and-susceptible Echinochloa crus-galli populations in Arkansas. Weed Sci, 48: 669-674.
  • Samuelsson SB, Eriksson G, Gustafsson L. 1997. RAPD and morphological analysis of the rare plant species Vicia pisiformis (Fabaceae). Biol J Linn Soc, 61: 325-343.
  • Schontz D, Rether B. 1999. Genetic variability in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. identification and classification of lines with RAPD markers. Plant Breed, 118: 190-192.
  • Smith AL, Hodkinson TR, Villellas J, Catford JA, Csergő AM, Blomberg SP, Crone EE, Ehrlén J, Garcia MB, Laine AL, Roach DA. 2020. Global gene flow releases invasive plants from environmental constraints on genetic diversity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117: 4218–4227.
  • Stankiewicz M, Gadamski G, Gawronski SW. 2001. Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of triazine-resistant and triazine-susceptible biotypes of Solanum nigrum: Analysis using RAPD markers. Weed Res, 41: 287-300.
  • Sterling TM, Thompson DC, Abbott LB. 2004. Implications of invasive plant variation for weed management. Weed Technol, 18: 1319-1324.
  • Talbert RE, Burgos NR. 2007. History and management of herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in Arkansas rice. Weed Technol, 21: 324-331.
  • Tang JS, Ma M. 2020. Genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of invasive weed Xanthium italicum in China. C R Biol, 5: 63-72.
  • Tasrif A, Juraimi AS, Kadir J, Sastroutomo SS, Napis S,. 2004. Genetic diversity of Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (Barnyardgrass: Poaceae) ecotypes in Malaysia and Indonesia as revealed by RAPD markers. Asian J Plant Sci, 32: 231-238.
  • Tayyar IR, Nguyen JHT, Holt JS. 2003. Genetic and morphological analysis of two novel nutsedge biotypes from California. Weed Sci, 57: 731-739.
  • Thomson JA. 2000. Morphological and genomic diversity in the genus Pteridium (Dennstaedtiaceae), Annals Botany 85(Supplement B): 77-99.
  • Tsuji R, Fischer AJ, Yoshino M, Roel A, Hill JE, Yamasue Y. 2003. Herbicide-resistant late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon) similarity in morphological and amplifıed fragment length polymorphism traits. Weed Sci, 51: 740-747.
  • Vellend M, Geber MA. 2005. Connections between species diversity and genetic diversity, Ecology Letters. URL: http://www.blackwellSnergy (accessed date: April 2, 2022).
  • Więcław H, Szenejko M, Kull T, Sotek Z, Rębacz-Maron E, Koopman J. 2021. Morphological variability and genetic diversity in Carex buxbaumii and Carex hartmaniorum (Cyperaceae) populations. PeerJ, 9: e11372.
  • Yabuno T. 2001. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Echinochloa. In: Natural history of genus Echinochloa, revised edn (Eds. by Yabuno T., Yamaguchi H.). Zennokyo Shuppan, Tokyo, Japan, pp: 15-30.
  • Zhou Y, Wang H, Yang M, Chen J, Zhang W. 2009. Development of microsatellites for Scirpus mariqueter Wang et Tang (Cyperaceae) and cross-species amplification in Scirpus planiculmis F. Schmidt. Mol Ecol Resour, 9: 370-372.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emine Kaya Altop 0000-0002-0987-9352

Project Number PYO.ZRT.1902.15.003.
Early Pub Date December 18, 2023
Publication Date January 1, 2024
Submission Date November 13, 2023
Acceptance Date December 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kaya Altop, E. (2024). Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J. Jung & H. K. Choi (Ricefield Bulrush) in Rice. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 7(1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1390066

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