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The usage possibilities of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Year 2017, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 293 - 303, 21.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.16969/entoteb.432463

Abstract

The western flower
thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
(Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), one of the main pests of agricultural
areas, causing occurrence of significant economic losses if no control measure
is taken. In recent years, the use of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), an
alternative method of control, has come into the prominence. EPF have a
different place among insect pathogens in terms of direct infection of hosts
through the integument. The most common fungal pathogens of F. occidentalis are Verticillium lecanii, Beauveria
bassiana
, Entomophtholares spp.
and Metarhizium anisopliae. In
Turkey, only V. lecanii and B. bassiana are commercially licensed
against F. occidentalis. In this
review, the usage possibilities of these two fungi, as well as the use of other
species in controlling the pest will be discussed.

References

  • Alavo, T. B. C., H. Sermann & H. Bochow, 2001. Biocontrol of aphids using Verticillium lecanii in greenhouse: Factor reducing the effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungus. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 34: 407-424.
  • Ansari, M. A., M. Brownbridge, F. A. Shah & T. M. Butt, 2008. Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against soil‐dwelling life stages of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, in plant‐growing media. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 127(2): 80-87.
  • Boucias, D. G. & J. C. Pendland, 1998. Entomopathogenic Fungi: Fungi Imperfecti. In: Principles of Insect Pathology, Boucias, D. G. & J. C. Pendland (Eds.). Klewer Academic Publisher, Boston, pp. 321-364.
  • Cloyd, R. A. 1999. The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Midwest Biological Control News, VI(7).
  • Deacon, J. W. 1983. Microbial Control of Plant Pests and Diseases. In: Aspects of Microbiology 7. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Ltd., Wokingham, England.
  • DeAngelis, J. D., D. M. Sether, & P. A. Rossignol, 1994. Transmission of impatiens necrotic spot virus in peppermint by western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 87(1): 197-201.
  • Demirbağ, Z., R. Nalçacıoğlu, H. Katı, İ. Demir, K. Sezen & Ö. Ertürk, 2008. Entomopatojenler ve Biyolojik Mücadele. Esen Ofset Matbaacılık, Trabzon, 325 s.
  • Dura, O., S. Dura & E. Bilen, 2012. Biberde zararlı Batı çiçektripsinin (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)) biyolojik mücadelesinde Metarhizium anisopliae str. F52’nin etkin dozunun belirlenmesi. Bahçe, 41(1): 1-7.
  • Ekesi, S., N. K. Maniania, I. Onu & B. Löhr, 1998. Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi (Hyphomycetes) to the legume flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) (Thysan., Thripidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 122(1‐5): 629-634.
  • Erler, F. & A. O. Ates, 2015. Potential of two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as biological control agents against the June beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Insect Science, 15:44.
  • Erler, F., A. O. Ates & Y. Bahar, 2013. Evaluation of two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, for the control of carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus under greenhouse conditions. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 23(2): 233-240.
  • Erler, F., T. Pradier & B. Aciloğlu, 2014. Field evaluation of an entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum strain F52, against pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri. Pest Management Science, 70(3): 496-501.
  • Gao, Y., S. R. Reitz, J. Wang, X. Xu & Z. Lei, 2012. Potential of a strain of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) as a biological control agent against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Biocontrol Science & Technology, 22(4): 491-495.
  • Goettel, M. S., G. D. Inglis & S. P. Wraight, 2000. Fungi. In Field manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology (pp. 255-282). Springer, Netherlands.
  • Helyer, N., G. Gill, A. Bywater & R. Chambers, 1992. Elevated humidities for control of chrysanthemum pests with Verticillium lecanii. Pest Management Science, 36(4): 373-378.
  • Hubscher, T. L. 1983. An investigation into the relationship between western flower thrips damage and orchard floor management in British Columbia apple orchards. Master Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.
  • Kılıç, E. & E. Yıldırım, 2008. The use of entomopathogen fungi in control of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture of Atatürk University, 39: 249-254.
  • Kirk, D. J. & I. L. Terry, 2003. The spread of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 5: 301-310.
  • Long, D. W., E. Groden & F. A. Drummond, 2000. Horizontal transmission of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2(1): 11-17.
  • Malais, M. H. & W. J. Ravensberg, 2003. Knowing and recognizing: The biology of glasshouse pests and their natural enemies. Reed Business Information, BA Doetinchem, the Netherlands.
  • Maniania, N. K., S. Sithanantham, S. Ekesi, K. Ampong-Nyarko, J. Baumgärtner, B. Löhr & C. M. Matoka, 2003. A field trial of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for control of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci. Crop Protection, 22: 553-559.
  • McNeil Jr, D. G. 2005. Fungus fatal to mosquito may aid global war on Malaria. The New York Times, 10.
  • Minakuchi, C., Y. Inano, X. Shi, D. Song, Y. Zhang, K. Miura & S. Sonoda, 2013. Neonicotinoid resistance and cDNA sequences of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Applied Entomology & Zoology, 48(4): 507-513.
  • Montserrat, M., C. Castañe ́ & S. Santamaria, 1998. Neozygites parvispora (Zygomycotina: Entomophthorales) causing an epizootic in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on cucumber in Spain. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 71: 165-168.
  • Mousavi, E. S., D. Naderi, S. K. Jari, V. Abdossi & H. Dehghanzadeh, 2017. Efficacy of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Beauveria bassiana against the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) under greenhouse conditions. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 27(1): 17-21.
  • Pappu, H. R., A. S. Csinos, R. M. McPherson, D. C. Jones & M. G. Stephenson, 2000. Effect of acibenzolar-S-methyl and imidacloprid on suppression of tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus in flue-cured tobacco. Crop Protection, 19(5): 349-354.
  • Rath, A. C. 2000. The use of entomopathogenic fungi for control of termites. Biocontrol Science & Technology, 10: 563- 581.
  • Ravensberg, W. J., M. Malais & D. A. Van der Schaaf, 1990. Verticillium lecanii as a microbial insecticide against glasshouse whitefly. In: Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases-1990. Vol. 1. (pp. 265-268). British Crop Protection Council.
  • Robb, K. L., & M. P. Parrella, 1995. IPM of Western Flower Thrips. In: B.L, Parker, M. Skinner & T. Lewis (Eds.), Thrips Biology and Management. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 365-370.
  • Sakimura. K., 1962. Field observation on the thrips species of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in the San Paolo Area. California Pant Pest & Disease Report, 45: 772-776.
  • Senthil-Nathan, S., 2015. A review of biopesticides and their mode of action against insect pests. In: Environmental Sustainability-Role of Green Technologies, Springer-Verlag, India, pp. 49-63.
  • Sevim, A., E. Sevim & Z. Demirbağ, 2015. Entomopatojenik Fungusların Genel Biyolojileri ve Türkiye’de Zararlı Böceklerin Mücadelesinde Kullanılma Potansiyelleri. Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1): 115-147.
  • Storey, K. G. & A. W. Gardner, 1988. Movement of an aqueous spray of Beauveria bassiana into the profile of four Georgia soil. Environmental Entomology, 17: 135-139.
  • Topuz, E., F. Erler & E. Gümrükcü, E., 2016. Survey of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi and evaluation of their pathogenicity against the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.), and the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B. Pest Management Science, 72(12): 2273–2279.
  • Tunç, İ. & H. Göçmen, 1994. New greenhouse pests, Polyphagotarsonemus latus and Frankliniella occidentalis in Turkey. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 42: 218-220.
  • Uçak, H., İ. Karaca & Ö. Güven, 2014. Bazı biyopestisitlerin Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thripidae: Thysanoptera)’e etkileri. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 5(2): 137-148.
  • Vacante, V., S. O. Cacciola & A. M. Pennisi, 1994. Epizootiological study of Neozygites parvispora (Zygomycota: Entomophthoraceae) in a population of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on pepper in Sicily. BioControl 39(2):123-130.
  • Vestergaard, S., A. T. Gillespie, T. M. Butt, G. Schreiter & J. Eilenberg, 1995. Pathogenicity of the hyphomycete fungi Verticillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae to the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Biocontrol Science & Technology, 5(2): 185-192.
  • Wan, H. 2003. Molecular biology of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana: Insect-cuticle degrading enzymes and development of a new selection marker for fungal transformation. Doctoral dissertation, Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany, 132 p.
  • Wraight, S. P., & M. E. Ramos, 2002. Application parameters affecting field efficacy of Beauveria bassiana foliar treatments against Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Biological Control, 23(2): 164-178.
  • Yaman M. 2012. Böcek Patolojisi Atlası, SAGE, Trabzon.

Entomopatojen fungusların Batı çiçek thripsi, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) ile mücadelede kullanım olanakları

Year 2017, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 293 - 303, 21.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.16969/entoteb.432463

Abstract

Tarım
alanlarının ana zararlılardan biri olan Batı çiçek thripsi, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)
(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) mücadele edilmediği takdirde önemli ekonomik
kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu zararlı ile mücadalede son yıllarda alternatif
bir mücadele yöntemi olan entomopatojen fungusların kullanımı ön plana
çıkmıştır. Entomopatojen funguslar, konukçularını integümentten doğrudan
geçerek enfekte etmesi bakımından böcek patojenleri arasında farklı bir yere
sahiptirler. F. occidentalis’in en
yaygın olarak görülen fungal patojenleri; Verticillium
lecanii
, Beauveria bassiana, Entomophtholares spp. ve Metarhizium anisopliae’dır. Ülkemizde
sadece V. lecanii ve B. bassiana F. occidentalis’e ticari olarak ruhsatlıdır. Bu derlemede, gerek bu
iki fungus gerekse diğer türlerin zararlı ile mücadelede kullanım olanakları
tartışılacaktır.

References

  • Alavo, T. B. C., H. Sermann & H. Bochow, 2001. Biocontrol of aphids using Verticillium lecanii in greenhouse: Factor reducing the effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungus. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 34: 407-424.
  • Ansari, M. A., M. Brownbridge, F. A. Shah & T. M. Butt, 2008. Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against soil‐dwelling life stages of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, in plant‐growing media. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 127(2): 80-87.
  • Boucias, D. G. & J. C. Pendland, 1998. Entomopathogenic Fungi: Fungi Imperfecti. In: Principles of Insect Pathology, Boucias, D. G. & J. C. Pendland (Eds.). Klewer Academic Publisher, Boston, pp. 321-364.
  • Cloyd, R. A. 1999. The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Midwest Biological Control News, VI(7).
  • Deacon, J. W. 1983. Microbial Control of Plant Pests and Diseases. In: Aspects of Microbiology 7. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Ltd., Wokingham, England.
  • DeAngelis, J. D., D. M. Sether, & P. A. Rossignol, 1994. Transmission of impatiens necrotic spot virus in peppermint by western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 87(1): 197-201.
  • Demirbağ, Z., R. Nalçacıoğlu, H. Katı, İ. Demir, K. Sezen & Ö. Ertürk, 2008. Entomopatojenler ve Biyolojik Mücadele. Esen Ofset Matbaacılık, Trabzon, 325 s.
  • Dura, O., S. Dura & E. Bilen, 2012. Biberde zararlı Batı çiçektripsinin (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)) biyolojik mücadelesinde Metarhizium anisopliae str. F52’nin etkin dozunun belirlenmesi. Bahçe, 41(1): 1-7.
  • Ekesi, S., N. K. Maniania, I. Onu & B. Löhr, 1998. Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi (Hyphomycetes) to the legume flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) (Thysan., Thripidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 122(1‐5): 629-634.
  • Erler, F. & A. O. Ates, 2015. Potential of two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as biological control agents against the June beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Insect Science, 15:44.
  • Erler, F., A. O. Ates & Y. Bahar, 2013. Evaluation of two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, for the control of carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus under greenhouse conditions. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 23(2): 233-240.
  • Erler, F., T. Pradier & B. Aciloğlu, 2014. Field evaluation of an entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum strain F52, against pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri. Pest Management Science, 70(3): 496-501.
  • Gao, Y., S. R. Reitz, J. Wang, X. Xu & Z. Lei, 2012. Potential of a strain of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) as a biological control agent against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Biocontrol Science & Technology, 22(4): 491-495.
  • Goettel, M. S., G. D. Inglis & S. P. Wraight, 2000. Fungi. In Field manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology (pp. 255-282). Springer, Netherlands.
  • Helyer, N., G. Gill, A. Bywater & R. Chambers, 1992. Elevated humidities for control of chrysanthemum pests with Verticillium lecanii. Pest Management Science, 36(4): 373-378.
  • Hubscher, T. L. 1983. An investigation into the relationship between western flower thrips damage and orchard floor management in British Columbia apple orchards. Master Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.
  • Kılıç, E. & E. Yıldırım, 2008. The use of entomopathogen fungi in control of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture of Atatürk University, 39: 249-254.
  • Kirk, D. J. & I. L. Terry, 2003. The spread of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 5: 301-310.
  • Long, D. W., E. Groden & F. A. Drummond, 2000. Horizontal transmission of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2(1): 11-17.
  • Malais, M. H. & W. J. Ravensberg, 2003. Knowing and recognizing: The biology of glasshouse pests and their natural enemies. Reed Business Information, BA Doetinchem, the Netherlands.
  • Maniania, N. K., S. Sithanantham, S. Ekesi, K. Ampong-Nyarko, J. Baumgärtner, B. Löhr & C. M. Matoka, 2003. A field trial of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for control of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci. Crop Protection, 22: 553-559.
  • McNeil Jr, D. G. 2005. Fungus fatal to mosquito may aid global war on Malaria. The New York Times, 10.
  • Minakuchi, C., Y. Inano, X. Shi, D. Song, Y. Zhang, K. Miura & S. Sonoda, 2013. Neonicotinoid resistance and cDNA sequences of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Applied Entomology & Zoology, 48(4): 507-513.
  • Montserrat, M., C. Castañe ́ & S. Santamaria, 1998. Neozygites parvispora (Zygomycotina: Entomophthorales) causing an epizootic in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on cucumber in Spain. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 71: 165-168.
  • Mousavi, E. S., D. Naderi, S. K. Jari, V. Abdossi & H. Dehghanzadeh, 2017. Efficacy of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Beauveria bassiana against the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) under greenhouse conditions. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 27(1): 17-21.
  • Pappu, H. R., A. S. Csinos, R. M. McPherson, D. C. Jones & M. G. Stephenson, 2000. Effect of acibenzolar-S-methyl and imidacloprid on suppression of tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus in flue-cured tobacco. Crop Protection, 19(5): 349-354.
  • Rath, A. C. 2000. The use of entomopathogenic fungi for control of termites. Biocontrol Science & Technology, 10: 563- 581.
  • Ravensberg, W. J., M. Malais & D. A. Van der Schaaf, 1990. Verticillium lecanii as a microbial insecticide against glasshouse whitefly. In: Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases-1990. Vol. 1. (pp. 265-268). British Crop Protection Council.
  • Robb, K. L., & M. P. Parrella, 1995. IPM of Western Flower Thrips. In: B.L, Parker, M. Skinner & T. Lewis (Eds.), Thrips Biology and Management. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 365-370.
  • Sakimura. K., 1962. Field observation on the thrips species of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in the San Paolo Area. California Pant Pest & Disease Report, 45: 772-776.
  • Senthil-Nathan, S., 2015. A review of biopesticides and their mode of action against insect pests. In: Environmental Sustainability-Role of Green Technologies, Springer-Verlag, India, pp. 49-63.
  • Sevim, A., E. Sevim & Z. Demirbağ, 2015. Entomopatojenik Fungusların Genel Biyolojileri ve Türkiye’de Zararlı Böceklerin Mücadelesinde Kullanılma Potansiyelleri. Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1): 115-147.
  • Storey, K. G. & A. W. Gardner, 1988. Movement of an aqueous spray of Beauveria bassiana into the profile of four Georgia soil. Environmental Entomology, 17: 135-139.
  • Topuz, E., F. Erler & E. Gümrükcü, E., 2016. Survey of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi and evaluation of their pathogenicity against the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.), and the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B. Pest Management Science, 72(12): 2273–2279.
  • Tunç, İ. & H. Göçmen, 1994. New greenhouse pests, Polyphagotarsonemus latus and Frankliniella occidentalis in Turkey. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 42: 218-220.
  • Uçak, H., İ. Karaca & Ö. Güven, 2014. Bazı biyopestisitlerin Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thripidae: Thysanoptera)’e etkileri. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 5(2): 137-148.
  • Vacante, V., S. O. Cacciola & A. M. Pennisi, 1994. Epizootiological study of Neozygites parvispora (Zygomycota: Entomophthoraceae) in a population of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on pepper in Sicily. BioControl 39(2):123-130.
  • Vestergaard, S., A. T. Gillespie, T. M. Butt, G. Schreiter & J. Eilenberg, 1995. Pathogenicity of the hyphomycete fungi Verticillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae to the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Biocontrol Science & Technology, 5(2): 185-192.
  • Wan, H. 2003. Molecular biology of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana: Insect-cuticle degrading enzymes and development of a new selection marker for fungal transformation. Doctoral dissertation, Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany, 132 p.
  • Wraight, S. P., & M. E. Ramos, 2002. Application parameters affecting field efficacy of Beauveria bassiana foliar treatments against Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Biological Control, 23(2): 164-178.
  • Yaman M. 2012. Böcek Patolojisi Atlası, SAGE, Trabzon.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Review
Authors

Musa Kırışık

Fedai Erler

Publication Date May 21, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 7 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Kırışık, M., & Erler, F. (2018). The usage possibilities of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, 7(4), 293-303. https://doi.org/10.16969/entoteb.432463
AMA Kırışık M, Erler F. The usage possibilities of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni. May 2018;7(4):293-303. doi:10.16969/entoteb.432463
Chicago Kırışık, Musa, and Fedai Erler. “The Usage Possibilities of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Control of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella Occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)”. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni 7, no. 4 (May 2018): 293-303. https://doi.org/10.16969/entoteb.432463.
EndNote Kırışık M, Erler F (May 1, 2018) The usage possibilities of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni 7 4 293–303.
IEEE M. Kırışık and F. Erler, “The usage possibilities of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)”, Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 293–303, 2018, doi: 10.16969/entoteb.432463.
ISNAD Kırışık, Musa - Erler, Fedai. “The Usage Possibilities of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Control of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella Occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)”. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni 7/4 (May 2018), 293-303. https://doi.org/10.16969/entoteb.432463.
JAMA Kırışık M, Erler F. The usage possibilities of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni. 2018;7:293–303.
MLA Kırışık, Musa and Fedai Erler. “The Usage Possibilities of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Control of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella Occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)”. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, vol. 7, no. 4, 2018, pp. 293-0, doi:10.16969/entoteb.432463.
Vancouver Kırışık M, Erler F. The usage possibilities of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni. 2018;7(4):293-30.