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Phytophagous nematodes in cereal fields in Niğde Province, Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 44 Issue: 4, 559 - 569, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.789346

Abstract

This study evaluated the occurrence and incidence of phytophagous nematodes and identified the cereal cyst nematode species by morphological and molecular tools in the main cereal-growing areas in Niğde in 2018-2019. Phytophagous nematodes within twelve genera were detected in 95% of soil samples. The most common phytophagous nematodes in cereal soil were in the genera Heterodera, Ditylenchus, Merlinius, Pratylenchus, Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Tylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Trophurus, Pratylenchoides, Filenchus and Xiphinema (in decreasing order of incidence). In particular, 75% of the soil samples from surveyed fields were infested with the cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.). Morphological characteristics of cysts and second-stage juveniles were calculated within the expected ranges for Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981) Stelter, 1984, however, two populations from Çamardı was determined as Heterodera latipons Franklin, 1969 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae). Intraspecific variation was not observed within the populations of H. filipjevi which could be in the same genotypic group. In addition to the high incidence of these Heterodera spp., intensive cereal cropping systems with/without non-cereal rotations in wheat production areas of Niğde also resulted in high incidence of root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus species.

References

  • Abidou, H., A. El-Ahmed, J. M. Nicol, N. Bolat, R. Rivoal & A. Yahyaoui, 2005. Occurrence and distribution of species of the Heterodera avenae group in Syria and Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea, 33 (2): 195-201.
  • Bekal, S., J. P. Gauthier & R. Rivoal, 1997. Genetic diversity among a complex of cereal cyst nematodes inferred from RFLP analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region. Genome, 40 (4): 479-486.
  • Dababat, A. A. & R. W. Fourie, 2018. “Nematode Parasites of Cereals, 163-221”. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture, 3rd Edition (Eds. R. A. Sikora, D. Coyne, J. Hallmann & P. Timper), CABI, Wallinford, UK, 877 pp.
  • Dababat, A. A., M. Imren, G. Erginbaş-Orakci, S. Ashrafi, E. Yavuzaslanoglu, H. Toktay & T. Mekete, 2015. The importance and management strategies of cereal cyst nematodes, Heterodera spp., in Turkey. Euphytica, 202 (2): 173-188.
  • Dababat, A. A., G. E. Orakçı, H. Toktay, M. İmren, B. Akin, H. J. Braun & A. I. Morgunov, 2014. Resistance of winter wheat to Heterodera filipjevi in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 38 (2): 180-186.
  • FAO, 2018. FAOSTAT database collections. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (Web page: www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home) (Date accessed: 25 June 2018).
  • Franklin, M. T., 1969. Heterodera latipons n. sp., a cereal cyst nematode from the Mediterranean region. Nematologica, 15 (4): 535-542.
  • Handoo, Z. A., 2002. Key and compendium to species of the Heterodera avenae group (Nematode: Heteroderidae), Journal of Nematology, 34 (3): 250-262.
  • Holterman, M., A. Van der Wurff, S. Van den Elsen, Van Megen, H. Bongers, T. Holovachov, O. Bakker & J. Helder, 2006. Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown clades. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23 (9): 1792-1800.
  • Hooper, D. J., 1986. “Extraction of Nematodes from Plant Material, 59-80”. In: Laboratory Methods for Work with Plants and Soil Nematodes (Ed. J. F. Southey). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London, UK, 202 pp.
  • Imren, M. & I. H. Elekcioğlu, 2008. Diyarbakır ili buğday, sebze ve bağ alanlarında önemli bitki paraziti nematod türlerinin belirlenmesi. ÇÜ Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 17 (2): 116-121.
  • Imren, M., H. Toktay, A. Özarslandan, A. A. Dababat & I. H. Elekçioğlu, 2012. Heterodera avenae Wollenweber (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) yumurtalarının inkübasyonu üzerine sıcaklığın etkisi ile en uygun deneme yöntem ve materyallerinin araştırılması. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 36 (4): 585-593.
  • Imren, M., H. Toktay, H. Kutuk & A. A. Dababat, 2016. Occurrence and identification of cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera filipjevi (Nemata: Heteroderidae), in Bolu Province of Turkey. Nematropica, 46 (2): 154-161.
  • Imren, M., L. Waeyenberge, N. Viaene, I. H. Elekcioğlu & A. A. Dababat, 2015. Morphological and molecular identification of cereal cyst nematodes from the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 39 (1): 91-98.
  • Imren, M., Ş. Yıldız, V. Çiftçi & A. A. Dababat, 2020. Effect of cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi on wheat yields in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 44 (1): 39-45.
  • Imren, M., Ş. Yıldız, H. Toktay, N. Duman & A. A. Dababat, 2018. Morphometric and genetic variability among Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera latipons) populations in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 42 (6): 625-636.
  • Joyce, S. A., A. M. Burnell & T. O. Powers, 1994. Characterization of Heterorhabditis isolates by PCR amplification of segments of mtDNA and rDNA genes. Journal of Nematology, 26 (3): 260-270.
  • Kimura, M., 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16 (2): 111-120.
  • Kumar, S., G. Stecher & K. Tamura, 2016. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33 (7): 1870-1874.
  • Madzhidov, A. R., 1981. Bidera filipjevi n. sp. (Heteroderina: Tylenchida) from Tadzhikistan. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR, Biologicheskie Nauki, 83 (2): 40-44.
  • Mulvey, R. H. & A. M. Golden, 1983. An illustrated key to the cyst-forming genera and species of Heteroderidae in the western hemisphere with species morphometrics and distribution. Journal of Nematology, 15 (1): 1-59.
  • Nicol, J. M., 2002. “Important Nematode Pests, 345-366”. In: Bread Wheat: Improvement and Production (Eds. B. C. Curtis, S. Rajaram & H. Gómez Macpherson). FAO, Rome, Italy, XI+554 pp.
  • Nyaku, S. T., A. Affokpon, A. Danquah & F. C. Brentu, 2017. “Harnessing Useful Rhizosphere Microorganisms for Nematode Control, 153-182“. In: Nematology-Concepts, Diagnosis and Control (Eds. M. M Shah & M. Mahamood). InTech, London, UK, 194 pp.
  • Öcal, A. & I. H. Elekçioğlu, 2015. “Plant Parasitic Nematode Species Associated with Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Wheat (Triticum spp. L.) in Adıyaman Province, 149-158“. In: Nematodes of Small Grain Cereals. Current Status and Research. (Eds. A. A. Dababat, H. Muminjanov & R. W. Smiley). Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Ankara, Turkey, 384 pp.
  • Rivoal, R. & R. Cook, 1993. “Nematode Pests of Cereals, 259-303. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Temperate Agriculture (Eds. K. Evans, D. L. Trudgill & J. M. Webster). CAB International, London, UK, 656 pp.
  • Rivoal, R., S. Valette, S. Bekal, J. P. Gauthier & A. Yahyaoui, 2003. Genetic and phenotypic diversity in the graminaceous cyst nematode complex, inferred from PCR-RFLP of ribosomal DNA and morphometric analysis. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109 (3): 227-241.
  • Rumpenhorst, H. J., İ. H. Elekcioglu, D. Sturhan, G. Öztürk & S. Enneli, 1996. The cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov) in Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea, 24 (1): 135-138.
  • Şahin, E., J. M. Nicol, I. H. Elekçioğlu, Ö. Yorgancılar, A. F. Yıldırım, A. Tülek, H. Hekimhan, A. Yorgancılar, A. T. Kılınç, N. Bolat & G. Erginbaş-Orakçı, 2009. “Frequency and Diversity of Cereal Nematodes on the Central Anatolian Plateau of Turkey, 100-105”. In: Cereal Cyst Nematodes: Status, Research and Outlook (Eds. I. T. Riley, J. M. Nicol & A. A. Dababat). CIMMYT, Ankara, Turkey, XXI+270 pp.
  • Smiley, R. W. & J. M. Nicol, 2009. “Nematodes Which Challenge Global Wheat Production, 171-187”. In: Wheat Science and Trade (Ed. B. F. Carver). Wiley Blackwell, Ames, IA, USA, 619 pp.
  • Subbotin, S. A., M. Mundo-Ocampo & J. G. Baldwin, 2010. “Description and Diagnosis of Heterodera Species, 35-449”. In: Systematics of Cyst Nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderinae), Part B. (Eds. S. A. Subbotin, M. Mundo-Ocampo & J. Baldwin). Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, 512 pp.
  • Subbotin, S. A., D. Sturhan, H. J. Rumpenhorst & M. Moens, 2003. Molecular and morphological characterisation of the Heterodera avenae species complex (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae). Nematology, 5 (4): 515-538.
  • Tamura, K. & M. Nei, 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10 (3): 512-526.
  • Toktay, H., M. Imren, İ. H. Elekçioğlu & A. A. Dababat, 2015. Evaluation of Turkish wild Emmers (Triticum dicoccoides Koern.) and wheat varieties for resistance to the root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and Pratylenchus neglectus). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 39 (3): 219-227.
  • TurkStat, 2020. Agricultural Production Statistics. (Web page: www.turkstat.gov.tr) (Date accessed: 15 June 2020).
  • Valdeolivas, A. & M. D. Romero, 1990. Morphometric relationships of some members of the Heterodera avenae complex (Nematoda: Heteroderidae). Nematologica, 36 (1-4): 292-303.
  • Wouts, W. M. & D. Sturhan, 1995. Heterodera aucklandica sp. n. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from a New Zealand native grass, with notes on the species of the H. avenae group. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 22 (2): 199-207.
  • Yüksel, H. S., 1974. Doğu Anadolu’da tespit edilen Pratylenchus türlerinin dağılışı ve bunlar üzerinde sistematik çalışmalar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 4 (1): 53-71.

Niğde İli tahıl alanlarında bulunan fitofag nematodlar

Year 2020, Volume: 44 Issue: 4, 559 - 569, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.789346

Abstract

Bu çalışma ile 2018-2019 yıllarında Niğde İli'ndeki başlıca tahıl yetiştirme alanlarında bulunan fitofag nematodların yoğunluk ve dağılımı belirlenmiş, tahıl kist nematodu türlerinin morfolojik ve moleküler yöntemlerle tanımı yapılmıştır. Fitofag nematodlar 12 cins olarak toprak örneklerinin %95'inde tespit edilmiştir. En yaygın fitofag nematodlar sırasıyla, Heterodera, Ditylenchus, Merlinius, Pratylenchus, Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Tylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Trophurus, Pratylenchoides, Filenchus ve Xiphinema cinsleridir (bulunma yoğunluğuna göre sıralanmıştır). İncelenen toprak örneklerinin %75’inde tahıl kist nematodu (Heterodera spp.) bulunmuştur. Kistlerin ve 2. dönem larvaların ölçümleri ve morfolojik karakterlerinin değerlendirilmesiyle elde edilen sonuçlarda Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981) Stelter, 1984 olarak tespit edilmiş olup sadece Çamardı’dan iki popülasyon Heterodera latipons Franklin, 1969 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) olarak belirlenmiştir. Heterodera filipjevi’nin tür içi varyasyonlarına bakıldığında hepsinin aynı gurupta olabileceği değerlendirilmiştir. Buna ilave olarak tahıl kist nematodları yanında kök lezyon nematodlarının, Pratylenchus türlerinin de rotasyon yapılan/yapılmayan Niğde İli tarım alanlarında yüksek yoğunlukta bulunduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

References

  • Abidou, H., A. El-Ahmed, J. M. Nicol, N. Bolat, R. Rivoal & A. Yahyaoui, 2005. Occurrence and distribution of species of the Heterodera avenae group in Syria and Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea, 33 (2): 195-201.
  • Bekal, S., J. P. Gauthier & R. Rivoal, 1997. Genetic diversity among a complex of cereal cyst nematodes inferred from RFLP analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region. Genome, 40 (4): 479-486.
  • Dababat, A. A. & R. W. Fourie, 2018. “Nematode Parasites of Cereals, 163-221”. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture, 3rd Edition (Eds. R. A. Sikora, D. Coyne, J. Hallmann & P. Timper), CABI, Wallinford, UK, 877 pp.
  • Dababat, A. A., M. Imren, G. Erginbaş-Orakci, S. Ashrafi, E. Yavuzaslanoglu, H. Toktay & T. Mekete, 2015. The importance and management strategies of cereal cyst nematodes, Heterodera spp., in Turkey. Euphytica, 202 (2): 173-188.
  • Dababat, A. A., G. E. Orakçı, H. Toktay, M. İmren, B. Akin, H. J. Braun & A. I. Morgunov, 2014. Resistance of winter wheat to Heterodera filipjevi in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 38 (2): 180-186.
  • FAO, 2018. FAOSTAT database collections. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (Web page: www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home) (Date accessed: 25 June 2018).
  • Franklin, M. T., 1969. Heterodera latipons n. sp., a cereal cyst nematode from the Mediterranean region. Nematologica, 15 (4): 535-542.
  • Handoo, Z. A., 2002. Key and compendium to species of the Heterodera avenae group (Nematode: Heteroderidae), Journal of Nematology, 34 (3): 250-262.
  • Holterman, M., A. Van der Wurff, S. Van den Elsen, Van Megen, H. Bongers, T. Holovachov, O. Bakker & J. Helder, 2006. Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown clades. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23 (9): 1792-1800.
  • Hooper, D. J., 1986. “Extraction of Nematodes from Plant Material, 59-80”. In: Laboratory Methods for Work with Plants and Soil Nematodes (Ed. J. F. Southey). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London, UK, 202 pp.
  • Imren, M. & I. H. Elekcioğlu, 2008. Diyarbakır ili buğday, sebze ve bağ alanlarında önemli bitki paraziti nematod türlerinin belirlenmesi. ÇÜ Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 17 (2): 116-121.
  • Imren, M., H. Toktay, A. Özarslandan, A. A. Dababat & I. H. Elekçioğlu, 2012. Heterodera avenae Wollenweber (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) yumurtalarının inkübasyonu üzerine sıcaklığın etkisi ile en uygun deneme yöntem ve materyallerinin araştırılması. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 36 (4): 585-593.
  • Imren, M., H. Toktay, H. Kutuk & A. A. Dababat, 2016. Occurrence and identification of cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera filipjevi (Nemata: Heteroderidae), in Bolu Province of Turkey. Nematropica, 46 (2): 154-161.
  • Imren, M., L. Waeyenberge, N. Viaene, I. H. Elekcioğlu & A. A. Dababat, 2015. Morphological and molecular identification of cereal cyst nematodes from the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 39 (1): 91-98.
  • Imren, M., Ş. Yıldız, V. Çiftçi & A. A. Dababat, 2020. Effect of cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi on wheat yields in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 44 (1): 39-45.
  • Imren, M., Ş. Yıldız, H. Toktay, N. Duman & A. A. Dababat, 2018. Morphometric and genetic variability among Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera latipons) populations in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 42 (6): 625-636.
  • Joyce, S. A., A. M. Burnell & T. O. Powers, 1994. Characterization of Heterorhabditis isolates by PCR amplification of segments of mtDNA and rDNA genes. Journal of Nematology, 26 (3): 260-270.
  • Kimura, M., 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16 (2): 111-120.
  • Kumar, S., G. Stecher & K. Tamura, 2016. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33 (7): 1870-1874.
  • Madzhidov, A. R., 1981. Bidera filipjevi n. sp. (Heteroderina: Tylenchida) from Tadzhikistan. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR, Biologicheskie Nauki, 83 (2): 40-44.
  • Mulvey, R. H. & A. M. Golden, 1983. An illustrated key to the cyst-forming genera and species of Heteroderidae in the western hemisphere with species morphometrics and distribution. Journal of Nematology, 15 (1): 1-59.
  • Nicol, J. M., 2002. “Important Nematode Pests, 345-366”. In: Bread Wheat: Improvement and Production (Eds. B. C. Curtis, S. Rajaram & H. Gómez Macpherson). FAO, Rome, Italy, XI+554 pp.
  • Nyaku, S. T., A. Affokpon, A. Danquah & F. C. Brentu, 2017. “Harnessing Useful Rhizosphere Microorganisms for Nematode Control, 153-182“. In: Nematology-Concepts, Diagnosis and Control (Eds. M. M Shah & M. Mahamood). InTech, London, UK, 194 pp.
  • Öcal, A. & I. H. Elekçioğlu, 2015. “Plant Parasitic Nematode Species Associated with Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Wheat (Triticum spp. L.) in Adıyaman Province, 149-158“. In: Nematodes of Small Grain Cereals. Current Status and Research. (Eds. A. A. Dababat, H. Muminjanov & R. W. Smiley). Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Ankara, Turkey, 384 pp.
  • Rivoal, R. & R. Cook, 1993. “Nematode Pests of Cereals, 259-303. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Temperate Agriculture (Eds. K. Evans, D. L. Trudgill & J. M. Webster). CAB International, London, UK, 656 pp.
  • Rivoal, R., S. Valette, S. Bekal, J. P. Gauthier & A. Yahyaoui, 2003. Genetic and phenotypic diversity in the graminaceous cyst nematode complex, inferred from PCR-RFLP of ribosomal DNA and morphometric analysis. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109 (3): 227-241.
  • Rumpenhorst, H. J., İ. H. Elekcioglu, D. Sturhan, G. Öztürk & S. Enneli, 1996. The cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov) in Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea, 24 (1): 135-138.
  • Şahin, E., J. M. Nicol, I. H. Elekçioğlu, Ö. Yorgancılar, A. F. Yıldırım, A. Tülek, H. Hekimhan, A. Yorgancılar, A. T. Kılınç, N. Bolat & G. Erginbaş-Orakçı, 2009. “Frequency and Diversity of Cereal Nematodes on the Central Anatolian Plateau of Turkey, 100-105”. In: Cereal Cyst Nematodes: Status, Research and Outlook (Eds. I. T. Riley, J. M. Nicol & A. A. Dababat). CIMMYT, Ankara, Turkey, XXI+270 pp.
  • Smiley, R. W. & J. M. Nicol, 2009. “Nematodes Which Challenge Global Wheat Production, 171-187”. In: Wheat Science and Trade (Ed. B. F. Carver). Wiley Blackwell, Ames, IA, USA, 619 pp.
  • Subbotin, S. A., M. Mundo-Ocampo & J. G. Baldwin, 2010. “Description and Diagnosis of Heterodera Species, 35-449”. In: Systematics of Cyst Nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderinae), Part B. (Eds. S. A. Subbotin, M. Mundo-Ocampo & J. Baldwin). Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, 512 pp.
  • Subbotin, S. A., D. Sturhan, H. J. Rumpenhorst & M. Moens, 2003. Molecular and morphological characterisation of the Heterodera avenae species complex (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae). Nematology, 5 (4): 515-538.
  • Tamura, K. & M. Nei, 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10 (3): 512-526.
  • Toktay, H., M. Imren, İ. H. Elekçioğlu & A. A. Dababat, 2015. Evaluation of Turkish wild Emmers (Triticum dicoccoides Koern.) and wheat varieties for resistance to the root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and Pratylenchus neglectus). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 39 (3): 219-227.
  • TurkStat, 2020. Agricultural Production Statistics. (Web page: www.turkstat.gov.tr) (Date accessed: 15 June 2020).
  • Valdeolivas, A. & M. D. Romero, 1990. Morphometric relationships of some members of the Heterodera avenae complex (Nematoda: Heteroderidae). Nematologica, 36 (1-4): 292-303.
  • Wouts, W. M. & D. Sturhan, 1995. Heterodera aucklandica sp. n. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from a New Zealand native grass, with notes on the species of the H. avenae group. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 22 (2): 199-207.
  • Yüksel, H. S., 1974. Doğu Anadolu’da tespit edilen Pratylenchus türlerinin dağılışı ve bunlar üzerinde sistematik çalışmalar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 4 (1): 53-71.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Halil Toktay 0000-0003-0814-7237

Mustafa İmren 0000-0002-7217-9092

Badel Akyol This is me 0000-0003-0423-7999

Emre Evlice 0000-0001-6402-0287

Ian Timothy Rıley 0000-0002-3592-0785

Abdelfattah Dababat 0000-0002-3172-0452

Publication Date December 31, 2020
Submission Date September 3, 2020
Acceptance Date November 8, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 44 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Toktay, H., İmren, M., Akyol, B., Evlice, E., et al. (2020). Phytophagous nematodes in cereal fields in Niğde Province, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 44(4), 559-569. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.789346
AMA Toktay H, İmren M, Akyol B, Evlice E, Rıley IT, Dababat A. Phytophagous nematodes in cereal fields in Niğde Province, Turkey. TED. December 2020;44(4):559-569. doi:10.16970/entoted.789346
Chicago Toktay, Halil, Mustafa İmren, Badel Akyol, Emre Evlice, Ian Timothy Rıley, and Abdelfattah Dababat. “Phytophagous Nematodes in Cereal Fields in Niğde Province, Turkey”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 44, no. 4 (December 2020): 559-69. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.789346.
EndNote Toktay H, İmren M, Akyol B, Evlice E, Rıley IT, Dababat A (December 1, 2020) Phytophagous nematodes in cereal fields in Niğde Province, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology 44 4 559–569.
IEEE H. Toktay, M. İmren, B. Akyol, E. Evlice, I. T. Rıley, and A. Dababat, “Phytophagous nematodes in cereal fields in Niğde Province, Turkey”, TED, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 559–569, 2020, doi: 10.16970/entoted.789346.
ISNAD Toktay, Halil et al. “Phytophagous Nematodes in Cereal Fields in Niğde Province, Turkey”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 44/4 (December 2020), 559-569. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.789346.
JAMA Toktay H, İmren M, Akyol B, Evlice E, Rıley IT, Dababat A. Phytophagous nematodes in cereal fields in Niğde Province, Turkey. TED. 2020;44:559–569.
MLA Toktay, Halil et al. “Phytophagous Nematodes in Cereal Fields in Niğde Province, Turkey”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, vol. 44, no. 4, 2020, pp. 559-6, doi:10.16970/entoted.789346.
Vancouver Toktay H, İmren M, Akyol B, Evlice E, Rıley IT, Dababat A. Phytophagous nematodes in cereal fields in Niğde Province, Turkey. TED. 2020;44(4):559-6.