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Determination of the wing morphology differentiation of old and recent honey bee samples from western Turkey using geometric morphometrics

Year 2021, Volume: 45 Issue: 4, 463 - 474, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.982406

Abstract

In this study, old and recent honey bee, Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) specimens were compared using geometric morphometrics. The old honey bee samples were collected from different apiaries in Edirne, Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Denizli and Muğla Provinces, and Gökçeada (an Aegean island) in Turkey in 1987-1988 under a project of the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute and the recent samples were collected in the same locations in 2017. The mean values determined for each region were grouped using Mahalanobis distances, and the results were summarized on dendrogram. While the old samples constituted one group, the recent samples constituted another one. When the results of the discriminant function analysis were compared, it was observed that overall old and recent samples were statistically different from each other (P < 0.0001). The evaluation of both groups has revealed that the recent population of Gökçeada was different from morphologically the other mainland populations in the current situation. However, the Thrace (Edirne) honey bee specimens were different from the Anatolian (Çanakkale, Denizli, Balıkesir, Muğla) and island (Gökçeada) specimens in the past according to dendrogram relationships.

Supporting Institution

Republic of Turkey ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM), Ankara, Turkey

Project Number

TAGEM/HAYSÜD 15/06/01/02

Thanks

This study was supported by Republic of Turkey ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM), Ankara, Turkey, Grant Project No: TAGEM/HAYSÜD 15/06/01/02

References

  • Alattal, Y., M. Alsharhi, A. Alghamdi & S. Fuchs, 2019. Characterization of Socotra (Yemen) honey bees (Apis mellifera) using morphometric and genetic markers. Bulletin of Insectology, 72 (2): 281-285.
  • Barour, C. & M. Baylac, 2016. Geometric morphometric discrimination of the three African honey bee subspecies Apis mellifera intermissa, A. m. sahariensis and A. m. capensis (Hymenoptera, Apidae): Fore wing and hind wing landmark configurations. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 52: 61-70.
  • Bodenheimer, F. S., 1941. Studies on The Honey Bee and Beekeeping in Turkey. Merkez Zirai Mücadele Enstitüsü. Ankara, 60 pp.
  • Bodur, Ç., M. Kence & A. Kence, 2007. Genetic structure of honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations of Turkey inferred from microsatellite analysis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 46 (1): 50-56.
  • Bookstein, F. L., 1990. “Introduction to Methods for Landmark Data, 216-225”. In: Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop 1988 (Eds. F.J. Rohlf & F. L. Bookstein). University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Special Publication No. 2, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 396 pp.
  • Ertuğrul, M., N. Akman, G. Dellal & T. Goncagül, 2000. “Hayvan gen kaynaklarının korunması ve Türkiye hayvan gen kaynakları, 285-300”. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği V. Teknik Kongresi (17-21 Ocak 2000) Ankara, 1133 s (in Turkish).
  • FAO, 2018. FAOSTAT Live Animals in 2018. (Web page: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data) (Date accessed: June 2021).
  • Francoy, T. M., D. Wittmann, M. Drauschke, S. Müller, V. Steinhage, M. A. Bezerra-Laure, D. De Jong & L. S. Gonçalves, 2008. Identification of Africanized honey bees through wing morphometrics: two fast and efficient procedures. Apidologie, 39 (5): 488-494.
  • Francoy, T. M., D. Wittmann, V. Steinhage, M. Drauschke, S. Müller, D. R. Cunha, A. M. Nascimento, V. L. C Figueiredo, Z. L. P. Simões, D. De Jong, M. C. Arias & L. S. Gonçalves, 2009. Morphometric and genetic changes in a population of Apis mellifera after 34 years of Africanization. Genetics and Molecular Research, 8 (2): 709-717.
  • Henriques, D., J. Chavez-Galarza, S. G. J. Teixeira, H. Ferreira, J. C. Neves, T. M. Francoy & M. A. Pinto, 2020. Wing geometric morphometrics of workers and drones and single nucleotide polymorphisms provide similar genetic structure in the Iberian honey bee (Apis mellifera iberiensis). Insects, 11 (2): 89.
  • Kambur, M. & M. Kekeçoğlu, 2018. Türkiye bal arısı (Apis mellifera L.) alttürlerinde genetik çeşitlilik kaybı. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 33 (1): 73-84 (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • Kandemir, İ., M. Kence & A. Kence, 2000. Genetic and morphometric variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations of Turkey. Apidologie, 31 (3): 343-356.
  • Kandemir, I., M. Kence, W. S. Sheppard & A. Kence, 2006. Mitochondrial DNA variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations from Turkey. Journal of Apicultural Research, 45 (1): 33-38.
  • Kandemir, I., M. G. Moradi, B. Ozden & A. Ozkan, 2009. Wing geometry as a tool for studying the population structure of dwarf honey bees (Apis florea Fabricius 1876) in Iran. Journal of Apicultural Research and Bee World, 48 (4): 238-246.
  • Kence, A., 2006. Türkiye bal arılarında genetik çeşitlilik ve korunmasının önemi. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 6 (1): 25-32 (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • Klingenberg, C. P., 2011. MorphoJ: An integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Molecular Ecology Resources, 11 (2): 353-357.
  • Koca, A. Ö., 2012. Ortadoğu’da Yayılış Gösteren Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Alt Türlerinin Geometrik Morfometri Yöntemleriyle Analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (Unpublished) Doktora Tezi, Ankara, Türkiye, 167 s (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • Koca, A. Ö. & İ. Kandemir, 2013. Comparison of two morphometric methods for discriminating honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37 (2): 205-210.
  • Kükrer, M., 2013. Genetic Diversity of Honey Bee Populations in Turkey Based on Microsatellite Markers: A Comparison Between Migratory Versus Stationary Apiaries and Isolated Regions Versus Regions Open to Migratory Beekeeping. Middle East Technical University, (Unpublished) MSc Thesis, Ankara, Turkey, 70 pp.
  • Özkan, A. & I. Kandemir, 2010. Discrimination of western honey bee populations in Turkey using geometric morphometric methods. Bee World, 87 (2): 24-26.
  • Öztürk, A. İ., İ. Alataş, A. Settar, Y. Boduroğlu & B. Uyguner, 1992. Ege Bölgesi Arı Populasyonlarında Bazı Morfolojik Özelliklerin Saptanması. Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, İzmir, Tagem Proje Raporu, 104 s (in Turkish).
  • Palmer, M. R., D. R. Smith & O. Kaftanoğlu, 2000. Turkish honey bees: genetic variation and evidence for a fourth lineage of Apis mellifera mtDNA. The Journal of Heredity, 91 (1): 42-46.
  • Power, K., E. D’Anza, M. Martano, S. Albarella, F. Ciotola, V. Peretti, & P. Maiolino, 2019. Morphological and morphometric analysis of the Italian honeybee (Apis mellifera ligustica) spermatozoa: A preliminary study in Campania region. Nucleus, 4: 1-61.
  • Rohlf, F. J., 2000. NTSYS-PC, Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system, version 2.2. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Exeter Software, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
  • Rohlf, F. J., 2008a. tpsUtil, Version 1.40. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
  • Rohlf, F. J., 2008b. tpsDIG, Version 2.11. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
  • Ruttner, F., 1988. Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honey Bees. Springer, Verlag, Berlin. New York, 284 pp.
  • Santoso, M. A. D., B. Juliandi & R. Raffiudin, 2018. Honey bees species differentiation using geometric morphometric on wing venations. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 197 (1): 012015 (1-7).
  • Smith, R. D., 2002. Genetic diversity in Turkish honey bees. Uludag Bee Journal, 2 (3): 9-17.
  • Tofilski, A., 2008. Using geometric morphometrics and standard morphometry to discriminate three honey bee subspecies. Apidologie, 39 (5): 558-563.
  • Tunca, R. I., 2009. Determination and Comparison of Genetic Variation in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Populations of Turkey by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Microsatellite Analyses. (Unpublished) Ph.D. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 141 pp.
  • Tunca, R. I. & M. Kence, 2011. Genetic diversity of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.: Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations in Turkey revealed by RAPD markers. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6 (29): 6217-6225.
  • Turan, H., 2011. Trakya Bölgesi balarısında (Apis mellifera L.) Geometrik Morfometrik Çalışmalar. Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, (Unpublished) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tekirdağ, Türkiye, 77 s (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • Zammit-Mangion, M., M. Meixner, D. Mifsud, S. Sammut & L. Camilleri, 2017. Thorough morphological and genetic evidence confirm the existence of the endemic honey bee of the Maltese Islands Apis mellifera ruttneri: recommendations for conservation. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56 (5): 514-522.
  • Zhou, S., X. Zhu, X. Xu, J. Gao & B. Zhou, 2018. Multivariate morphometric analysis of local and introduced populations of Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Hainan Island, China. Journal of Apicultural Research, 57 (3): 374-381.

Batı Anadolu eski ve yeni bal arısı örneklerinin kanat morfolojisi farklılaşmasının geometrik morfometri kullanılarak belirlenmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 45 Issue: 4, 463 - 474, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.982406

Abstract

Bu çalışmada eski ve yeni bal arısı, Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) örnekleri geometrik morfometrik yöntemlerle morfolojik olarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Eski bal arısı örnekleri, Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü tarafından yürütülen bir proje kapsamında, 1987-1988 yıllarında Edirne, Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Denizli, Muğla illeri ve Gökçeada Adası'ndaki farklı arılıklardan toplanmıştır ve 2017 yılında aynı lokasyonlardan alınan güncel bal arısı örnekleri ile çalışılmıştır. Her bölge için belirlenen ortalama değerler Mahalanobis mesafesi kullanılarak gruplandırılmış ve sonuçlar dendrogram üzerinde özetlenmiştir. Eski örnekler bir grubu oluştururken, güncel örnekler bir diğerini oluşturmuştur. Eski ve güncel örnekler için diskriminant fonksiyon analizi sonuçları karşılaştırıldığında, geçmiş ve şimdiki genel örneklerin istatistiksel olarak birbirinden farklı olduğu gözlenmiştir (P < 0.0001). Her iki grubun değerlendirmesi, Ada'nın (Gökçeada) mevcut popülasyonunun, mevcut durumda diğer anakara popülasyonlarından morfolojik olarak farklı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Öte yandan Trakya (Edirne) bal arısı popülasyonunun, dendrograma göre geçmişte Anadolu (Çanakkale, Denizli, Balıkesir, Muğla) ve Ada (Gökçeada) bal arısı örneklerinden farklı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Project Number

TAGEM/HAYSÜD 15/06/01/02

References

  • Alattal, Y., M. Alsharhi, A. Alghamdi & S. Fuchs, 2019. Characterization of Socotra (Yemen) honey bees (Apis mellifera) using morphometric and genetic markers. Bulletin of Insectology, 72 (2): 281-285.
  • Barour, C. & M. Baylac, 2016. Geometric morphometric discrimination of the three African honey bee subspecies Apis mellifera intermissa, A. m. sahariensis and A. m. capensis (Hymenoptera, Apidae): Fore wing and hind wing landmark configurations. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 52: 61-70.
  • Bodenheimer, F. S., 1941. Studies on The Honey Bee and Beekeeping in Turkey. Merkez Zirai Mücadele Enstitüsü. Ankara, 60 pp.
  • Bodur, Ç., M. Kence & A. Kence, 2007. Genetic structure of honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations of Turkey inferred from microsatellite analysis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 46 (1): 50-56.
  • Bookstein, F. L., 1990. “Introduction to Methods for Landmark Data, 216-225”. In: Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop 1988 (Eds. F.J. Rohlf & F. L. Bookstein). University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Special Publication No. 2, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 396 pp.
  • Ertuğrul, M., N. Akman, G. Dellal & T. Goncagül, 2000. “Hayvan gen kaynaklarının korunması ve Türkiye hayvan gen kaynakları, 285-300”. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği V. Teknik Kongresi (17-21 Ocak 2000) Ankara, 1133 s (in Turkish).
  • FAO, 2018. FAOSTAT Live Animals in 2018. (Web page: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data) (Date accessed: June 2021).
  • Francoy, T. M., D. Wittmann, M. Drauschke, S. Müller, V. Steinhage, M. A. Bezerra-Laure, D. De Jong & L. S. Gonçalves, 2008. Identification of Africanized honey bees through wing morphometrics: two fast and efficient procedures. Apidologie, 39 (5): 488-494.
  • Francoy, T. M., D. Wittmann, V. Steinhage, M. Drauschke, S. Müller, D. R. Cunha, A. M. Nascimento, V. L. C Figueiredo, Z. L. P. Simões, D. De Jong, M. C. Arias & L. S. Gonçalves, 2009. Morphometric and genetic changes in a population of Apis mellifera after 34 years of Africanization. Genetics and Molecular Research, 8 (2): 709-717.
  • Henriques, D., J. Chavez-Galarza, S. G. J. Teixeira, H. Ferreira, J. C. Neves, T. M. Francoy & M. A. Pinto, 2020. Wing geometric morphometrics of workers and drones and single nucleotide polymorphisms provide similar genetic structure in the Iberian honey bee (Apis mellifera iberiensis). Insects, 11 (2): 89.
  • Kambur, M. & M. Kekeçoğlu, 2018. Türkiye bal arısı (Apis mellifera L.) alttürlerinde genetik çeşitlilik kaybı. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 33 (1): 73-84 (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • Kandemir, İ., M. Kence & A. Kence, 2000. Genetic and morphometric variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations of Turkey. Apidologie, 31 (3): 343-356.
  • Kandemir, I., M. Kence, W. S. Sheppard & A. Kence, 2006. Mitochondrial DNA variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations from Turkey. Journal of Apicultural Research, 45 (1): 33-38.
  • Kandemir, I., M. G. Moradi, B. Ozden & A. Ozkan, 2009. Wing geometry as a tool for studying the population structure of dwarf honey bees (Apis florea Fabricius 1876) in Iran. Journal of Apicultural Research and Bee World, 48 (4): 238-246.
  • Kence, A., 2006. Türkiye bal arılarında genetik çeşitlilik ve korunmasının önemi. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 6 (1): 25-32 (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • Klingenberg, C. P., 2011. MorphoJ: An integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Molecular Ecology Resources, 11 (2): 353-357.
  • Koca, A. Ö., 2012. Ortadoğu’da Yayılış Gösteren Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Alt Türlerinin Geometrik Morfometri Yöntemleriyle Analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (Unpublished) Doktora Tezi, Ankara, Türkiye, 167 s (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • Koca, A. Ö. & İ. Kandemir, 2013. Comparison of two morphometric methods for discriminating honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37 (2): 205-210.
  • Kükrer, M., 2013. Genetic Diversity of Honey Bee Populations in Turkey Based on Microsatellite Markers: A Comparison Between Migratory Versus Stationary Apiaries and Isolated Regions Versus Regions Open to Migratory Beekeeping. Middle East Technical University, (Unpublished) MSc Thesis, Ankara, Turkey, 70 pp.
  • Özkan, A. & I. Kandemir, 2010. Discrimination of western honey bee populations in Turkey using geometric morphometric methods. Bee World, 87 (2): 24-26.
  • Öztürk, A. İ., İ. Alataş, A. Settar, Y. Boduroğlu & B. Uyguner, 1992. Ege Bölgesi Arı Populasyonlarında Bazı Morfolojik Özelliklerin Saptanması. Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, İzmir, Tagem Proje Raporu, 104 s (in Turkish).
  • Palmer, M. R., D. R. Smith & O. Kaftanoğlu, 2000. Turkish honey bees: genetic variation and evidence for a fourth lineage of Apis mellifera mtDNA. The Journal of Heredity, 91 (1): 42-46.
  • Power, K., E. D’Anza, M. Martano, S. Albarella, F. Ciotola, V. Peretti, & P. Maiolino, 2019. Morphological and morphometric analysis of the Italian honeybee (Apis mellifera ligustica) spermatozoa: A preliminary study in Campania region. Nucleus, 4: 1-61.
  • Rohlf, F. J., 2000. NTSYS-PC, Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system, version 2.2. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Exeter Software, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
  • Rohlf, F. J., 2008a. tpsUtil, Version 1.40. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
  • Rohlf, F. J., 2008b. tpsDIG, Version 2.11. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
  • Ruttner, F., 1988. Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honey Bees. Springer, Verlag, Berlin. New York, 284 pp.
  • Santoso, M. A. D., B. Juliandi & R. Raffiudin, 2018. Honey bees species differentiation using geometric morphometric on wing venations. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 197 (1): 012015 (1-7).
  • Smith, R. D., 2002. Genetic diversity in Turkish honey bees. Uludag Bee Journal, 2 (3): 9-17.
  • Tofilski, A., 2008. Using geometric morphometrics and standard morphometry to discriminate three honey bee subspecies. Apidologie, 39 (5): 558-563.
  • Tunca, R. I., 2009. Determination and Comparison of Genetic Variation in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Populations of Turkey by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Microsatellite Analyses. (Unpublished) Ph.D. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 141 pp.
  • Tunca, R. I. & M. Kence, 2011. Genetic diversity of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.: Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations in Turkey revealed by RAPD markers. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6 (29): 6217-6225.
  • Turan, H., 2011. Trakya Bölgesi balarısında (Apis mellifera L.) Geometrik Morfometrik Çalışmalar. Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, (Unpublished) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tekirdağ, Türkiye, 77 s (in Turkish with an abstract in English).
  • Zammit-Mangion, M., M. Meixner, D. Mifsud, S. Sammut & L. Camilleri, 2017. Thorough morphological and genetic evidence confirm the existence of the endemic honey bee of the Maltese Islands Apis mellifera ruttneri: recommendations for conservation. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56 (5): 514-522.
  • Zhou, S., X. Zhu, X. Xu, J. Gao & B. Zhou, 2018. Multivariate morphometric analysis of local and introduced populations of Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Hainan Island, China. Journal of Apicultural Research, 57 (3): 374-381.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Kösoğlu 0000-0001-6616-089X

Rahşan İvgin Tunca 0000-0003-0745-6732

Neslihan Özsoy This is me 0000-0002-2495-7603

Yahya Tuncay Tuna 0000-0002-4074-2282

Erkan Topal 0000-0002-1398-4390

Belgin Günbey 0000-0002-7587-5026

Project Number TAGEM/HAYSÜD 15/06/01/02
Early Pub Date November 17, 2021
Publication Date December 15, 2021
Submission Date August 13, 2021
Acceptance Date December 9, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 45 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Kösoğlu, M., İvgin Tunca, R., Özsoy, N., Tuna, Y. T., et al. (2021). Determination of the wing morphology differentiation of old and recent honey bee samples from western Turkey using geometric morphometrics. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 45(4), 463-474. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.982406
AMA Kösoğlu M, İvgin Tunca R, Özsoy N, Tuna YT, Topal E, Günbey B. Determination of the wing morphology differentiation of old and recent honey bee samples from western Turkey using geometric morphometrics. TED. December 2021;45(4):463-474. doi:10.16970/entoted.982406
Chicago Kösoğlu, Mustafa, Rahşan İvgin Tunca, Neslihan Özsoy, Yahya Tuncay Tuna, Erkan Topal, and Belgin Günbey. “Determination of the Wing Morphology Differentiation of Old and Recent Honey Bee Samples from Western Turkey Using Geometric Morphometrics”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 45, no. 4 (December 2021): 463-74. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.982406.
EndNote Kösoğlu M, İvgin Tunca R, Özsoy N, Tuna YT, Topal E, Günbey B (December 1, 2021) Determination of the wing morphology differentiation of old and recent honey bee samples from western Turkey using geometric morphometrics. Turkish Journal of Entomology 45 4 463–474.
IEEE M. Kösoğlu, R. İvgin Tunca, N. Özsoy, Y. T. Tuna, E. Topal, and B. Günbey, “Determination of the wing morphology differentiation of old and recent honey bee samples from western Turkey using geometric morphometrics”, TED, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 463–474, 2021, doi: 10.16970/entoted.982406.
ISNAD Kösoğlu, Mustafa et al. “Determination of the Wing Morphology Differentiation of Old and Recent Honey Bee Samples from Western Turkey Using Geometric Morphometrics”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 45/4 (December 2021), 463-474. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.982406.
JAMA Kösoğlu M, İvgin Tunca R, Özsoy N, Tuna YT, Topal E, Günbey B. Determination of the wing morphology differentiation of old and recent honey bee samples from western Turkey using geometric morphometrics. TED. 2021;45:463–474.
MLA Kösoğlu, Mustafa et al. “Determination of the Wing Morphology Differentiation of Old and Recent Honey Bee Samples from Western Turkey Using Geometric Morphometrics”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, vol. 45, no. 4, 2021, pp. 463-74, doi:10.16970/entoted.982406.
Vancouver Kösoğlu M, İvgin Tunca R, Özsoy N, Tuna YT, Topal E, Günbey B. Determination of the wing morphology differentiation of old and recent honey bee samples from western Turkey using geometric morphometrics. TED. 2021;45(4):463-74.