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Prevalence of root-knot nematodes and their effects on fruit yield in kiwifruit orchards in Samsun Province (Türkiye)

Year 2022, Volume: 46 Issue: 2, 187 - 197, 01.06.2022

Gökhan Aydınlı Sevilhan Mennan

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1092654

Abstract

The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in kiwifruit orchards in Samsun Province (Türkiye) and assess the effect of Meloidogyne spp. on fruit yields in naturally infested orchards. The survey was conducted in 25 kiwifruit orchards in September-November 2017. In addition, the data on fruit yields was obtained in two orchards at the harvest time in 2018. Fifty-six soil and root samples were collected from infested orchards. Species identification was performed by esterase phenotype and PCR with species-specific primers. Meloidogyne spp. were found in 92% of the orchards surveyed. Meloidogyne luci (Carneiro et al., 2014) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) was detected in 59% of the samples, followed by Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood, 1949) in 41%, Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) in 27% and Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) in 2%. Regarding the distribution of Meloidogyne spp. in kiwifruit orchards, M. luci was found in 74%, M. hapla in 57%, M. arenaria in 39% and M. incognita in 4% of orchards infested. Meloidogyne luci was found for the first time in the kiwifruit orchards of Türkiye in this study. It was also determined that Meloidogyne spp. caused significant yield losses in kiwifruit orchards, and yield losses of 36 and 49% were detected in two orchards infested with Meloidogyne spp., respectively.

Keywords

Actinidia deliciosa distribution identification Meloidogyne yield

Thanks

The authors thank Mr. İrfan Öztürk (Çarşamba Directorate of County Agriculture and Forestry, Samsun, Türkiye), Ms. Fadime Şen, Mr. Hoshang Kanabi Hamad, Mr. Hissein Mahamad Haroun and Ms. Merve Gümüş (Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye) for their assistance throughout sample collection.

References

  • Akyazı, F. & A. F. Felek, 2013. Molecular identification of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita from kiwifruit orchards in Ordu province, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 37 (4): 449-456.
  • Akyazi, F., S. Joseph, A. F. Felek & T. Mekete, 2017. Mitochondrial haplotype-based identification of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne arenaria and Meloidogyne hapla, infecting kiwifruit in Turkey. Nematropica, 47 (1): 34-48.
  • Atak, A., 2015. Kiwifruit research and production in Turkey. Acta Horticulturae, 1096 (1): 63-67.
  • Aydınlı, G., 2018. Detection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne luci Carneiro et al., 2014 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) in vegetable fields of Samsun Province. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 42 (3): 229-237.
  • Aydınlı, G. & S. Mennan, 2016. Identification of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) from greenhouses in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40 (5): 675-685.
  • Carneiro, R. M. D. G., M. R. A. Almeida, E. T. Cofcewicz, J. C. Magunacelaya & E. Aballay, 2007. Meloidogyne ethiopica, a major root-knot nematode parasitizing Vitis vinifera and other crops in Chile. Nematology, 9 (5): 635-641.
  • Carneiro, R. M. D. G., V. R. Correa & M. R. A. Almeida, 2014. Meloidogyne luci n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitising different crops in Brazil. Nematology, 16 (3): 289-301.
  • Castillo, P., N. Vovlas & A. Gomes Barcina, 1993. Nematodos fitoparásitos del kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa). Phytoma-España, 46: 3-8.
  • Conceição, I. L., E. A. Tzortzakakis, P. Gomes, I. Abrantes & M. J. Cunha, 2012. Detection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne ethiopica in Greece. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 134 (3): 451-457.
  • Di Vito, M., N. Vovlas & A. M. Simeone, 1988. Effect of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on the growth of kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) in pots. Advances in Horticultural Science, 2 (3): 109-112.
  • El-Borai, F. E. & L. W. Duncan, 2005. “Nematode Parasites of Subtropical and Tropical Fruit Tree Crops, 467-492”. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture (Eds. M. Luc, R. A. Sikora & J. Bridge). CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK, 871 pp.
  • Esbenshade, P. R. & A. C. Triantaphyllou, 1985. Use of enzyme phenotypes for identification of Meloidogyne species (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Journal of Nematology, 17 (1): 6-20.
  • Evlice, E. & E. Özdemir, 2021. Distribution and occurrence of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in kiwi orchards in Western Black Sea Region. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 24 (5): 1093-1099.
  • FAO, 2022. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistical Data. (Web page: www.fao.org/faostat) (Date accessed: February 2022).
  • Ferguson, A. R. & A. G. Seal, 2008. “Kiwifruit, 235-264”. In: Temperate Fruit Crop Breeding: Germplasm to Genomics (Ed. J. F. Hancock). Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 455 pp.
  • Gerič Stare, B., G. Aydınlı, Z. Devran, S. Mennan, P. Strajnar, G. Urek & S. Širca, 2019. Recognition of species belonging to Meloidogyne ethiopica group and development of a diagnostic method for its detection. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 154 (3): 621-633.
  • Gerič Stare, B., P. Strajnar, N. Susic, G. Urek & S. Širca, 2017. Reported populations of Meloidogyne ethiopica in Europe identified as Meloidogyne luci. Plant Disease, 101 (9): 1627-1632.
  • Haygood, R. A., J. A. Saunders & J. A. Miller, 1990. Widespread occurrence of Meloidogyne incognita on kiwifruit in the Coastal areas of South Carolina. Plant Disease, 74 (1): 81.
  • Katı, T. & S. Mennan, 2006. “Researches on species and race determination of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) found in greenhouse of Samsun, Turkey, 130”. Abstracts of the 28th International Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists (5-9 June 2006, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria), 168 pp.
  • Khan, M. L., 2000. Occurrence of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and other plant parasitic species on kiwi fruit (Actinidia delicious Chev.) in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Nematology, 30 (2): 245.
  • Kolombia, Y. A., G. Karssen, N. Viaene, P. L. Kumar, N. de Sutter, L. Joos, D. L. Coyne & W. Bert, 2017. Diversity of root-knot nematodes associated with tubers of yam (Dioscorea spp.) established using isozyme analysis and mitochondrial DNA-based identification. Journal of Nematology, 49 (2): 177-188.
  • Ma, K. C., Y. S. Jo, B. H. Kim & D. G. Lim, 2007. Seasonal occurrence and aspects of root-knot nematodes in major kiwifruit cultivation areas of Korea. Acta Horticulturae, 753 (2): 719-724.
  • Maafi, Z. T. & S. Mahdavian, 1997. Species and physiological races of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on kiwifruit and the effect of M. incognita on kiwifruit seedlings. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 65 (1): 1-3.
  • Philippi, I. & A. Budge, 1992. Effects of Meloidogyne hapla on young kiwi plants. Nematropica, 22 (1): 47-54.
  • Philippi, I., B. A. Latorre, G. F. Pérez & L. Castillo, 1996. Identification of the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on kiwifruit by isoenzyme analysis in Chile. Fitopatologia, 31 (2): 96-101.
  • Pinochet, J., S. Verdejo & A. Soler, 1990. Observations on the seasonal fluctuation of Meloidogyne hapla on kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) in Spain. Nematropica, 20 (1): 31-37.
  • Randig, O., M. Bongiovanni, R. M. D. G. Carneiro & P. Castagnone-Sereno, 2002. Genetic diversity of root-knot nematodes from Brazil and development of SCAR markers specific for the coffee-damaging species. Genome, 45 (5): 862-870.
  • Richardson, D. P., J. Ansell & L. N. Drummond, 2018. The nutritional and health attributes of kiwifruit: a review. European Journal of Nutrition, 57 (8): 2659-2676.
  • Scotto La Massese, C., 1973. Nouvel hóte Européen de Meloidogyne hapla et Rotylenchus robustus: Actinidia chinensis. Nematologia Mediterranea, 1 (1): 55-59.
  • Shokoohi, E. & P. W. Mashela, 2020. First report of Meloidogyne hapla on kiwifruit in South Africa. Journal of Nematology, 52 (1): 1-5.
  • Singh, S. K., M. Hodda & G. J. Ash, 2013. Plant-parasitic nematodes of potential phytosanitary importance, their main hosts and reported yield losses. EPPO Bulletin, 43 (2): 334-374.
  • Somavilla, L., C. B. Gomes, J. J. Carbonari & R. M. D. G. Carneiro, 2011. Survey and characterization of root-knot nematode species in kiwi in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Tropical Plant Pathology, 36 (2): 89-94.
  • Tao, Y., C. Xu, C. Yuan, H. Wang, B. Lin, K. Zhuo & J. Liao, 2017. Meloidogyne aberrans sp. nov. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a new root-knot nematode parasitizing kiwifruit in China. PLoS ONE, 12 (8): e0182627.
  • TUIK (2022). Turkish Statistical Institute. (Web page: www.tuik.gov.tr) (Date accessed: February 2022).
  • Tzortzakakis, E. A., I. L. P. M. da Conceição, M. C. V. dos Santos & I. M. de O. Abrantes, 2011. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Greece. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 4 (1): 25-30.
  • Verdejo-Lucas, S., 1992. Seasonal population fluctuations of Meloidogyne spp. and the Pasteuria penetrans group in kiwi orchards. Plant Disease, 76 (12): 1275-1279.
  • Vovlas, N. & F. Roca, 1976. Meloidogyne hapla su Actinidia chinensis en Italia. Nematologia Mediterranea, 4 (1): 115-116.
  • Waliullah, M. I. S., 2005. Nematodes associated with kiwi (Actinidia deliceous Chev.) in Kashmir valley, India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 35 (2): 227.
  • Watson, R. N., E. A. Wilson & R. S. Marsden, 1992. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in the rhizosphere of kiwifruit. Acta Horticulturae, 297 (2): 537-543.
  • Whitehead, A. G. & J. R. Hemming, 1965. A comparison of some quantitative methods extracting small vermiform nematodes from the soil. Annals of Applied Biology, 55 (1): 25-38.
  • Wishart, J., M. S. Phillips & V. C. Blok, 2002. Ribosomal intergenic spacer: A polymerase chain reaction diagnostic for Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M. fallax, and M. hapla. Phytopathology, 92 (8): 884-892.
  • Zijlstra, C., D. T. H. M. Donkers-Venne & M. Fargette, 2000. Identification of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria using sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) based PCR assays. Nematology, 2 (8): 847-853.

Samsun İli (Türkiye) kivi bahçelerindeki kök-ur nematodlarının yaygınlığı ve meyve verimine etkileri

Year 2022, Volume: 46 Issue: 2, 187 - 197, 01.06.2022

Gökhan Aydınlı Sevilhan Mennan

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1092654

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Samsun İli (Türkiye) kivi bahçelerinde kök-ur nematodlarının (Meloidogyne spp.) dağılımının belirlenmesi ve doğal olarak bulaşık bahçelerde meyve verimi üzerine Meloidogyne spp.’nin etkisinin değerlendirilmesidir. Sürvey 2017 yılı Eylül-Kasım aylarında 25 kivi bahçesinde yürütülmüştür. Ayrıca, 2018 yılı hasat zamanında iki bahçede meyve verimlerine ilişkin veriler elde edilmiştir. Bulaşık bahçelerden 56 toprak ve kök örneği alınmıştır. Tür teşhisleri esteraz fenotipi ve türe özgü primerler ile yapılan PCR ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Meloidogyne spp., sürvey yapılan bahçelerin %92’sinde bulunmuştur. Örneklerin %59'unda Meloidogyne luci (Carneiro et al., 2014) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) tespit edilmiş, bunu %41 ile Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood, 1949), %27 ile Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) ve %2 ile Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) izlemiştir. Meloidogyne spp.’nin kivi bahçelerindeki dağılımı ile ilgili olarak, bulaşık bahçelerin %74'ünde M. luci, %57'sinde M. hapla, %39'unda M. arenaria ve %4'ünde M. incognita bulunmuştur. Meloidogyne luci, Türkiye'deki kivi bahçelerinde ilk kez bu çalışmada bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, Meloidogyne spp.’nin kivi bahçelerinde önemli verim kayıplarına neden olduğu ve Meloidogyne spp. ile bulaşık iki bahçede sırasıyla %36 ve %49 verim kaybı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Actinidia deliciosa dağılım teşhis Meloidogyne verim

References

  • Akyazı, F. & A. F. Felek, 2013. Molecular identification of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita from kiwifruit orchards in Ordu province, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 37 (4): 449-456.
  • Akyazi, F., S. Joseph, A. F. Felek & T. Mekete, 2017. Mitochondrial haplotype-based identification of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne arenaria and Meloidogyne hapla, infecting kiwifruit in Turkey. Nematropica, 47 (1): 34-48.
  • Atak, A., 2015. Kiwifruit research and production in Turkey. Acta Horticulturae, 1096 (1): 63-67.
  • Aydınlı, G., 2018. Detection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne luci Carneiro et al., 2014 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) in vegetable fields of Samsun Province. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 42 (3): 229-237.
  • Aydınlı, G. & S. Mennan, 2016. Identification of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) from greenhouses in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40 (5): 675-685.
  • Carneiro, R. M. D. G., M. R. A. Almeida, E. T. Cofcewicz, J. C. Magunacelaya & E. Aballay, 2007. Meloidogyne ethiopica, a major root-knot nematode parasitizing Vitis vinifera and other crops in Chile. Nematology, 9 (5): 635-641.
  • Carneiro, R. M. D. G., V. R. Correa & M. R. A. Almeida, 2014. Meloidogyne luci n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitising different crops in Brazil. Nematology, 16 (3): 289-301.
  • Castillo, P., N. Vovlas & A. Gomes Barcina, 1993. Nematodos fitoparásitos del kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa). Phytoma-España, 46: 3-8.
  • Conceição, I. L., E. A. Tzortzakakis, P. Gomes, I. Abrantes & M. J. Cunha, 2012. Detection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne ethiopica in Greece. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 134 (3): 451-457.
  • Di Vito, M., N. Vovlas & A. M. Simeone, 1988. Effect of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on the growth of kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) in pots. Advances in Horticultural Science, 2 (3): 109-112.
  • El-Borai, F. E. & L. W. Duncan, 2005. “Nematode Parasites of Subtropical and Tropical Fruit Tree Crops, 467-492”. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture (Eds. M. Luc, R. A. Sikora & J. Bridge). CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK, 871 pp.
  • Esbenshade, P. R. & A. C. Triantaphyllou, 1985. Use of enzyme phenotypes for identification of Meloidogyne species (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Journal of Nematology, 17 (1): 6-20.
  • Evlice, E. & E. Özdemir, 2021. Distribution and occurrence of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in kiwi orchards in Western Black Sea Region. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 24 (5): 1093-1099.
  • FAO, 2022. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistical Data. (Web page: www.fao.org/faostat) (Date accessed: February 2022).
  • Ferguson, A. R. & A. G. Seal, 2008. “Kiwifruit, 235-264”. In: Temperate Fruit Crop Breeding: Germplasm to Genomics (Ed. J. F. Hancock). Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 455 pp.
  • Gerič Stare, B., G. Aydınlı, Z. Devran, S. Mennan, P. Strajnar, G. Urek & S. Širca, 2019. Recognition of species belonging to Meloidogyne ethiopica group and development of a diagnostic method for its detection. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 154 (3): 621-633.
  • Gerič Stare, B., P. Strajnar, N. Susic, G. Urek & S. Širca, 2017. Reported populations of Meloidogyne ethiopica in Europe identified as Meloidogyne luci. Plant Disease, 101 (9): 1627-1632.
  • Haygood, R. A., J. A. Saunders & J. A. Miller, 1990. Widespread occurrence of Meloidogyne incognita on kiwifruit in the Coastal areas of South Carolina. Plant Disease, 74 (1): 81.
  • Katı, T. & S. Mennan, 2006. “Researches on species and race determination of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) found in greenhouse of Samsun, Turkey, 130”. Abstracts of the 28th International Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists (5-9 June 2006, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria), 168 pp.
  • Khan, M. L., 2000. Occurrence of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and other plant parasitic species on kiwi fruit (Actinidia delicious Chev.) in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Nematology, 30 (2): 245.
  • Kolombia, Y. A., G. Karssen, N. Viaene, P. L. Kumar, N. de Sutter, L. Joos, D. L. Coyne & W. Bert, 2017. Diversity of root-knot nematodes associated with tubers of yam (Dioscorea spp.) established using isozyme analysis and mitochondrial DNA-based identification. Journal of Nematology, 49 (2): 177-188.
  • Ma, K. C., Y. S. Jo, B. H. Kim & D. G. Lim, 2007. Seasonal occurrence and aspects of root-knot nematodes in major kiwifruit cultivation areas of Korea. Acta Horticulturae, 753 (2): 719-724.
  • Maafi, Z. T. & S. Mahdavian, 1997. Species and physiological races of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on kiwifruit and the effect of M. incognita on kiwifruit seedlings. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 65 (1): 1-3.
  • Philippi, I. & A. Budge, 1992. Effects of Meloidogyne hapla on young kiwi plants. Nematropica, 22 (1): 47-54.
  • Philippi, I., B. A. Latorre, G. F. Pérez & L. Castillo, 1996. Identification of the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on kiwifruit by isoenzyme analysis in Chile. Fitopatologia, 31 (2): 96-101.
  • Pinochet, J., S. Verdejo & A. Soler, 1990. Observations on the seasonal fluctuation of Meloidogyne hapla on kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) in Spain. Nematropica, 20 (1): 31-37.
  • Randig, O., M. Bongiovanni, R. M. D. G. Carneiro & P. Castagnone-Sereno, 2002. Genetic diversity of root-knot nematodes from Brazil and development of SCAR markers specific for the coffee-damaging species. Genome, 45 (5): 862-870.
  • Richardson, D. P., J. Ansell & L. N. Drummond, 2018. The nutritional and health attributes of kiwifruit: a review. European Journal of Nutrition, 57 (8): 2659-2676.
  • Scotto La Massese, C., 1973. Nouvel hóte Européen de Meloidogyne hapla et Rotylenchus robustus: Actinidia chinensis. Nematologia Mediterranea, 1 (1): 55-59.
  • Shokoohi, E. & P. W. Mashela, 2020. First report of Meloidogyne hapla on kiwifruit in South Africa. Journal of Nematology, 52 (1): 1-5.
  • Singh, S. K., M. Hodda & G. J. Ash, 2013. Plant-parasitic nematodes of potential phytosanitary importance, their main hosts and reported yield losses. EPPO Bulletin, 43 (2): 334-374.
  • Somavilla, L., C. B. Gomes, J. J. Carbonari & R. M. D. G. Carneiro, 2011. Survey and characterization of root-knot nematode species in kiwi in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Tropical Plant Pathology, 36 (2): 89-94.
  • Tao, Y., C. Xu, C. Yuan, H. Wang, B. Lin, K. Zhuo & J. Liao, 2017. Meloidogyne aberrans sp. nov. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a new root-knot nematode parasitizing kiwifruit in China. PLoS ONE, 12 (8): e0182627.
  • TUIK (2022). Turkish Statistical Institute. (Web page: www.tuik.gov.tr) (Date accessed: February 2022).
  • Tzortzakakis, E. A., I. L. P. M. da Conceição, M. C. V. dos Santos & I. M. de O. Abrantes, 2011. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Greece. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 4 (1): 25-30.
  • Verdejo-Lucas, S., 1992. Seasonal population fluctuations of Meloidogyne spp. and the Pasteuria penetrans group in kiwi orchards. Plant Disease, 76 (12): 1275-1279.
  • Vovlas, N. & F. Roca, 1976. Meloidogyne hapla su Actinidia chinensis en Italia. Nematologia Mediterranea, 4 (1): 115-116.
  • Waliullah, M. I. S., 2005. Nematodes associated with kiwi (Actinidia deliceous Chev.) in Kashmir valley, India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 35 (2): 227.
  • Watson, R. N., E. A. Wilson & R. S. Marsden, 1992. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in the rhizosphere of kiwifruit. Acta Horticulturae, 297 (2): 537-543.
  • Whitehead, A. G. & J. R. Hemming, 1965. A comparison of some quantitative methods extracting small vermiform nematodes from the soil. Annals of Applied Biology, 55 (1): 25-38.
  • Wishart, J., M. S. Phillips & V. C. Blok, 2002. Ribosomal intergenic spacer: A polymerase chain reaction diagnostic for Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M. fallax, and M. hapla. Phytopathology, 92 (8): 884-892.
  • Zijlstra, C., D. T. H. M. Donkers-Venne & M. Fargette, 2000. Identification of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria using sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) based PCR assays. Nematology, 2 (8): 847-853.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gökhan Aydınlı 0000-0002-3280-0411

Sevilhan Mennan 0000-0002-4346-8100

Early Pub Date May 14, 2022
Publication Date June 1, 2022
Submission Date March 24, 2022
Acceptance Date June 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 46 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aydınlı, G., & Mennan, S. (2022). Prevalence of root-knot nematodes and their effects on fruit yield in kiwifruit orchards in Samsun Province (Türkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46(2), 187-197. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1092654
AMA Aydınlı G, Mennan S. Prevalence of root-knot nematodes and their effects on fruit yield in kiwifruit orchards in Samsun Province (Türkiye). TED. June 2022;46(2):187-197. doi:10.16970/entoted.1092654
Chicago Aydınlı, Gökhan, and Sevilhan Mennan. “Prevalence of Root-Knot Nematodes and Their Effects on Fruit Yield in Kiwifruit Orchards in Samsun Province (Türkiye)”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 46, no. 2 (June 2022): 187-97. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1092654.
EndNote Aydınlı G, Mennan S (June 1, 2022) Prevalence of root-knot nematodes and their effects on fruit yield in kiwifruit orchards in Samsun Province (Türkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology 46 2 187–197.
IEEE G. Aydınlı and S. Mennan, “Prevalence of root-knot nematodes and their effects on fruit yield in kiwifruit orchards in Samsun Province (Türkiye)”, TED, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 187–197, 2022, doi: 10.16970/entoted.1092654.
ISNAD Aydınlı, Gökhan - Mennan, Sevilhan. “Prevalence of Root-Knot Nematodes and Their Effects on Fruit Yield in Kiwifruit Orchards in Samsun Province (Türkiye)”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 46/2 (June 2022), 187-197. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1092654.
JAMA Aydınlı G, Mennan S. Prevalence of root-knot nematodes and their effects on fruit yield in kiwifruit orchards in Samsun Province (Türkiye). TED. 2022;46:187–197.
MLA Aydınlı, Gökhan and Sevilhan Mennan. “Prevalence of Root-Knot Nematodes and Their Effects on Fruit Yield in Kiwifruit Orchards in Samsun Province (Türkiye)”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, vol. 46, no. 2, 2022, pp. 187-9, doi:10.16970/entoted.1092654.
Vancouver Aydınlı G, Mennan S. Prevalence of root-knot nematodes and their effects on fruit yield in kiwifruit orchards in Samsun Province (Türkiye). TED. 2022;46(2):187-9.
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