Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Effects of Soil Tillage Methods on Soil Quality Indicators and Soil Quality

Year 2015, Volume: 2 Issue: 4, 79 - 106, 01.12.2015

Fatih Gökmen Hikmet Günal

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of coventional and conservational soil tillage methods on soil quality indicators and soil quality in wheat-silage corn rotation in a three-year field study. Five different tillage methods of which 3 conventional, one reduced and zero tillage were used in the experiment. Field trials were laid out according to split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Herbice was used to control weeds in the half of the main plots, while weed control was not done in the other half. Disturbed and undistrubed soil samples were collected from 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depths of herbice applied and herbice not applied plots at the begning and at the end of the experient. Soil samples were analyzed for various physical and chemical properties which were particle size distribution, bulk density, aggregate stability, organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity, available phosphorus and extractable potassium content. Soil Management Assessment Framework was used to normalize the values of soil indicators and to calculate soil quality index. After 3 years of wheatsilage corn rotation, the functioning potential of soils before the experiment was ranged between 68-73% , while decreased to between 63-70% in non herbice applied plots and to 64-70% in herbicide applied plots. The ability of the soil to function was reduced in all treatments, including control, compared to the initial state of the experiment. The findings revealed that conservative soil tillage practices alone are not sufficient to maintain and improve the quality of soils. The improvement and sustainability of soil functions may be achived by including the cover plants and legume fodder plants into the crop rotation and the use of additives such as animal manure.

Keywords

Soil tillage moldboard plough conventional conservational SMAF soil health

References

  • Acir, N., 2010. Kazova topraklarının depo potasyum, kil mineralojisi ve spesifik yüzey alanı etkileşimlerinin jeostatistiksel analizi. (Y. Lisans tezi) Gaziosmanpaşa Üniver. Fen Bilimleri Enst. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Ana Bilim Dalı. Tokat
  • Alvaro-Fountes, J., Arrue, J.L., Gracia, R., Lopez, M.V., 2008. Tillage and cropping intensification effects on soil aggregation: Temporal dynamics and controlling factors under semiarid conditions. Geoderma. 145:390-396.
  • Amezkeka, E., 1999. Soil aggregate stability: a review. J. Sustain Agr. 14:83-151.
  • Andrews, S.S., Karlen, D.L., Cambardella, C.A., 2004. The soil management assessment framework: A quantitative evaluation using case studies. J. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 68:1945- 1962.
  • Anonim, 2007. Tokat Uzun Yıllar İklim Verileri. Tokat Meteoroloji Bölge Müdürlüğü İnternet Sayfası. http://tokat.meteor.gov.tr/tokatuzunyıllarveri.htm
  • Anonymous, 2010. Why assess soil quality. http://soilquality.org/assessment/assess_why.html. Erişim: 02.04.2010.
  • Aziz, I., Mahmood, T., Raut, Y., Lewis, W., Islam, R., Weil, R.R., 2009. Active organic matter as a simple measure of field soil quality. In: ASA International Meetings, Pittsburg, PA.
  • Beare, M.H., Hendrix, P.F., Coleman, D.C., 1994. Water-stable aggregates and organic matter fractions in conventional and no-tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58, 777-786.
  • Bronick, C., Lal, R., 2005. Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma 124:3-22.
  • Callum, I. R., 2001. Long term effect of tillage and residues on selected soil quality parameters. Y. Tez. Departmant of agricultural and biyosistems enginering macdonald campus of mcgill university.
  • Cambardella C. A., Moorman, T. B., Andrews,S. S., Karlen, D. L. 2004. Watershed-scal assessment of soil quality in the loess hills of southwest Iowa. Soil and tillage Resource 237-247
  • Celik, I., Barut, Z.B., Ortas, I., Gok, M., Demirbas, A., Tulun, Y., Akpinar, C., 2011. Impacts of different tillage practices on some soil microbiological properties and crop yield under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. International Journal of Plant Production 5 (3), 237– 254.
  • Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Doktora Tezi,Unıversıtät Hohenheım (310); D-70593 Stuttgart.
  • Doran, J.W. Smith, M.S. 1987. Organic matter Management and utilization of soil and fertilizer nutrients. P. 53-72. In: Soil fertility and organic matter as critical components of production systems. SSSA Special Publication 19. Soil. Sci. Soc. Inc., Amer. Soc. Agron, Inc. Publ. Madison WI.
  • Franzluebbers, A.J. 2002. Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality. Soil Tillage Res. 66:95–106.
  • Goovaerts, P. 1998. Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation Oxford University Press New York p 483.
  • Gren, V.S., Stott, D.E., Cruz, J.C., Curi, N. 2007. Tillage impact on soil biological activity and aggregation in a Brazilian Cerrada Oxisol. Soil Till. Res. 92, 114-121.
  • Güçdemir, İ.H. 2006. Türkiye Gübre ve Gübreleme Rehberi. Tarım Orman ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Topraksu Genel Müdürlüğü Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı Yayın No. 231, Teknik yayın no: T.69 1- 183.
  • Havlin, J.L., Kissel, D.E., Maddux, L.D., Claassen, M.M. Long, J.H. 1990. Crop rotation and tillage effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54:448-452.
  • Jijo, T. E. 2005. Land Preparation Methods and Soil Quality of a Vertisol Area in the
  • Karlen, D.L., Andrews, S.S. ve Wienhold, B.J. 2003. Soil Quality, Fertility and Health – Historical Context, Status and Perspective. In. Managing Soil Quality: Challenges in Modern Agriculture. Schjonning, P., Elmholt, S., Christensen, B.T., (Editors). Wallingford, Oxon. GBR. CABI Publishing. 17-33.
  • Karlen, D.L., Hurley, E.G., Andrews, S.S., Cambardella, C.A., Meek, D.W., Duffy, M.D., Mallarino, A.P. 2006. Crop Rotation Effects on Soil Quality at Three Northern Corn/Soybean Belt Locations. Agron J (98),484-495.
  • Karlen, D.L., Stott, D.E. 1994. A framework for evaluating physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. In J. W. Doran, D. C. Coleman, D. F. Bezdicek ve B. A. Stewart, eds. Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. SSSA, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Karlen, D.L., Wollenhaupt, N.C., Erbach, D.C., Berry, E.C., Swan, J.B., Eash, N.S., Jordahl, J.L. 1994. Long-term tillage effects on soil quality. Soil Tillage Res. (32), 313-327.
  • Korucu, T., Arslan, S., Günal, H., Şahin, M. 2009. Spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture content and penetration resistance as affected by post harvest period and stubble burning of wheat. Fresenius Environ. Bulletin, 18(9A): 1736-1747.
  • Lichter, K., Govaerts, B., Six, J., Sayre, K.D., Deckers, J., Dendooven, L. 2008. Aggregation and C and N contents of soil organic matter fractions in the permanent raised-bed planting system in the Highlands of Central Mexico. Plant Soil 305: 237-252.
  • Lipiec, J., Kus, J., Slowinska-Jurkiewicz, A., Nosalewicz, A. 2006. Soil porosity and water infiltration as influenced by tillage methods. Soil Till. Res. 89: 210-220.
  • Marzaioli, R., D’Ascoli, R., De Pascale, R.A. Rutigliano, F.A. 2010. Soil Quality in a Mediterranean area of Southern Italy as related to different land use types. Applied Soil Ecology. 44: 205-212.
  • Munkholm, L.J., E.M. Hansen, and J.E. Olesen. 2008. The effect of tillage intensity on soil structure and winter wheat root/shoot growth. Soil Use Manage. 24:392–400.
  • Nachtergaele, F.O.F., Van Lynden, G.W.J., Batjes, N.H., 2002. Soil and terrain databases and their applications with special reference to physical soil degradation and soil vulnerability to pollution in Central and Eastern Europe. Sustain. Land Manage.: Environ. Prot. 35, 45–55.
  • Özgoz, E., Günal, H., Acir, N., Gokmen, F., Birol, M., Budak, M. 2011. Soil quality and spatial variability assessment of land use effects in a typic haplustoll. Land Degradation & Development, 24(3): 277-286.
  • Özgöz E, Önen H, Günal, H. 2010. Geçit İklim Kuşağında İkinci Ürün Silajlık Mısır Tarımında Gerekli Termal Zamanın Uzatılmasına Yönelik Olarak Farklı Toprak İşleme Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması. TÜBİTAK Projesi, Proje No: TOVAG-107 O 124, s: 133.
  • Pagliai, M., Vignozzi, N., Pellegrini, S. 2004. Soil structure and the effect of management practices. Soil Till. Res. 79: 131-143.
  • Rasmussen, P.E., Albrecht, S.L., Smiley, R.W. 1998. Soil C and N changes under tillage and cropping systems in semi-arid Pacific Northwest agriculture. Soil Till. Res. 47:197-205.
  • Six, J., Elliott, E.T., Paustian, K. 2000. Soil structure and soil organic matter: II. A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64:1042-1049.
  • Tebrügge, F., Düring, R.A. 1999. Reducing tillage intensity- a review of rusults from a long- term study in Germany. Soil Till. Res. 53:15-28.
  • Wienhold, B. J. 2005. Changes in Soil Attributes Following Low Phosphorus Swine Slurry Application to No-Tillage Sorghum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69:206-214.

Toprak İşlem Yöntemlerinin Toprak Kalitesi İndikatöri ve Toprak Kalitesine Etkileri

Year 2015, Volume: 2 Issue: 4, 79 - 106, 01.12.2015

Fatih Gökmen Hikmet Günal

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, üç yıllık bir arazi çalışmasında buğday-silajlık mısır rotasyonunda geleneksel ve korumalı toprak işleme yöntemlerinin toprakkalitesi indikatörleri ve toprak kalitesine etkilerini araştırmaktır. Denemde, 3 geleneksel, bir azaltılmış ve sıfır toprak işleme olmak üzere 5 farklı toprak işleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Tarla denemeleri tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 4 tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemenin ana parsellerinin yarısına yabancı ot ilacı kullanılarak yabancı ot mücadeleri yapılmış, diğer yarısında ise yabancı ot mücadelesi yapılmamıştır. Deneme başlangıcı ve sonunda, otlu ve otsuz parsellerin 0-10, 10-20 ve 20-30 cm derinliklerinden bozulmuş ve bozulmamış toprak örnekleri alınmış ve çeşitli fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikler için analiz edilmişlerdir. Toprak örneklerinde parçacık büyüklük dağılımı, hacim ağırlığı, agregat stabilitesi, organik karbon, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, yarayışlı fosfor ve ekstrakte edilebilir potasyum içeriği belirlenmiştir. Toprak indikatörlerinin değerlerinin normalize edilmelerinde ve toprak kalitesi indeksinin hesaplanmasında Toprak Amenajmanı Değerlendirme Çerçevesi kullanılmıştır. Deneme öncesi yaklaşık %68-73 arasında olan fonksiyon gösterme potansiyelinin, 3 yıl devam eden buğdaysilaj mısır rotasyonu sonunda otlu parsellerde %63-%70 arasına ve otsuz parsellerde ise %6470 arasına indiği görülmüştür. Toprağın fonksiyon gösterme kapasitesi, kontrol dahil tüm uygulamalarda deneme başlangıcına kıyasla azalmıştır. Bulgular, korumalı toprak işleme uygulamalarının tek başına toprak kalitesinin korunması ve iyileştirilmesi için yeterli olmadığını göstermiştir. Toprak fonksiyonlarının iyileştirilmesi ve sürdürülebilirliği için örtücü bitkiler ile baklagil yem bitkilerinin rotasyona sokulması ve hayvan gübresi gibi katkı maddelerinin kullanımına gereksinim olduğu anlaşılmaktadır

Keywords

Toprak işleme kulaklı pulluk geleneksel korumalı SMAF toprak sağlığı

References

  • Acir, N., 2010. Kazova topraklarının depo potasyum, kil mineralojisi ve spesifik yüzey alanı etkileşimlerinin jeostatistiksel analizi. (Y. Lisans tezi) Gaziosmanpaşa Üniver. Fen Bilimleri Enst. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Ana Bilim Dalı. Tokat
  • Alvaro-Fountes, J., Arrue, J.L., Gracia, R., Lopez, M.V., 2008. Tillage and cropping intensification effects on soil aggregation: Temporal dynamics and controlling factors under semiarid conditions. Geoderma. 145:390-396.
  • Amezkeka, E., 1999. Soil aggregate stability: a review. J. Sustain Agr. 14:83-151.
  • Andrews, S.S., Karlen, D.L., Cambardella, C.A., 2004. The soil management assessment framework: A quantitative evaluation using case studies. J. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 68:1945- 1962.
  • Anonim, 2007. Tokat Uzun Yıllar İklim Verileri. Tokat Meteoroloji Bölge Müdürlüğü İnternet Sayfası. http://tokat.meteor.gov.tr/tokatuzunyıllarveri.htm
  • Anonymous, 2010. Why assess soil quality. http://soilquality.org/assessment/assess_why.html. Erişim: 02.04.2010.
  • Aziz, I., Mahmood, T., Raut, Y., Lewis, W., Islam, R., Weil, R.R., 2009. Active organic matter as a simple measure of field soil quality. In: ASA International Meetings, Pittsburg, PA.
  • Beare, M.H., Hendrix, P.F., Coleman, D.C., 1994. Water-stable aggregates and organic matter fractions in conventional and no-tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58, 777-786.
  • Bronick, C., Lal, R., 2005. Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma 124:3-22.
  • Callum, I. R., 2001. Long term effect of tillage and residues on selected soil quality parameters. Y. Tez. Departmant of agricultural and biyosistems enginering macdonald campus of mcgill university.
  • Cambardella C. A., Moorman, T. B., Andrews,S. S., Karlen, D. L. 2004. Watershed-scal assessment of soil quality in the loess hills of southwest Iowa. Soil and tillage Resource 237-247
  • Celik, I., Barut, Z.B., Ortas, I., Gok, M., Demirbas, A., Tulun, Y., Akpinar, C., 2011. Impacts of different tillage practices on some soil microbiological properties and crop yield under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. International Journal of Plant Production 5 (3), 237– 254.
  • Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Doktora Tezi,Unıversıtät Hohenheım (310); D-70593 Stuttgart.
  • Doran, J.W. Smith, M.S. 1987. Organic matter Management and utilization of soil and fertilizer nutrients. P. 53-72. In: Soil fertility and organic matter as critical components of production systems. SSSA Special Publication 19. Soil. Sci. Soc. Inc., Amer. Soc. Agron, Inc. Publ. Madison WI.
  • Franzluebbers, A.J. 2002. Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality. Soil Tillage Res. 66:95–106.
  • Goovaerts, P. 1998. Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation Oxford University Press New York p 483.
  • Gren, V.S., Stott, D.E., Cruz, J.C., Curi, N. 2007. Tillage impact on soil biological activity and aggregation in a Brazilian Cerrada Oxisol. Soil Till. Res. 92, 114-121.
  • Güçdemir, İ.H. 2006. Türkiye Gübre ve Gübreleme Rehberi. Tarım Orman ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Topraksu Genel Müdürlüğü Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı Yayın No. 231, Teknik yayın no: T.69 1- 183.
  • Havlin, J.L., Kissel, D.E., Maddux, L.D., Claassen, M.M. Long, J.H. 1990. Crop rotation and tillage effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54:448-452.
  • Jijo, T. E. 2005. Land Preparation Methods and Soil Quality of a Vertisol Area in the
  • Karlen, D.L., Andrews, S.S. ve Wienhold, B.J. 2003. Soil Quality, Fertility and Health – Historical Context, Status and Perspective. In. Managing Soil Quality: Challenges in Modern Agriculture. Schjonning, P., Elmholt, S., Christensen, B.T., (Editors). Wallingford, Oxon. GBR. CABI Publishing. 17-33.
  • Karlen, D.L., Hurley, E.G., Andrews, S.S., Cambardella, C.A., Meek, D.W., Duffy, M.D., Mallarino, A.P. 2006. Crop Rotation Effects on Soil Quality at Three Northern Corn/Soybean Belt Locations. Agron J (98),484-495.
  • Karlen, D.L., Stott, D.E. 1994. A framework for evaluating physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. In J. W. Doran, D. C. Coleman, D. F. Bezdicek ve B. A. Stewart, eds. Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. SSSA, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Karlen, D.L., Wollenhaupt, N.C., Erbach, D.C., Berry, E.C., Swan, J.B., Eash, N.S., Jordahl, J.L. 1994. Long-term tillage effects on soil quality. Soil Tillage Res. (32), 313-327.
  • Korucu, T., Arslan, S., Günal, H., Şahin, M. 2009. Spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture content and penetration resistance as affected by post harvest period and stubble burning of wheat. Fresenius Environ. Bulletin, 18(9A): 1736-1747.
  • Lichter, K., Govaerts, B., Six, J., Sayre, K.D., Deckers, J., Dendooven, L. 2008. Aggregation and C and N contents of soil organic matter fractions in the permanent raised-bed planting system in the Highlands of Central Mexico. Plant Soil 305: 237-252.
  • Lipiec, J., Kus, J., Slowinska-Jurkiewicz, A., Nosalewicz, A. 2006. Soil porosity and water infiltration as influenced by tillage methods. Soil Till. Res. 89: 210-220.
  • Marzaioli, R., D’Ascoli, R., De Pascale, R.A. Rutigliano, F.A. 2010. Soil Quality in a Mediterranean area of Southern Italy as related to different land use types. Applied Soil Ecology. 44: 205-212.
  • Munkholm, L.J., E.M. Hansen, and J.E. Olesen. 2008. The effect of tillage intensity on soil structure and winter wheat root/shoot growth. Soil Use Manage. 24:392–400.
  • Nachtergaele, F.O.F., Van Lynden, G.W.J., Batjes, N.H., 2002. Soil and terrain databases and their applications with special reference to physical soil degradation and soil vulnerability to pollution in Central and Eastern Europe. Sustain. Land Manage.: Environ. Prot. 35, 45–55.
  • Özgoz, E., Günal, H., Acir, N., Gokmen, F., Birol, M., Budak, M. 2011. Soil quality and spatial variability assessment of land use effects in a typic haplustoll. Land Degradation & Development, 24(3): 277-286.
  • Özgöz E, Önen H, Günal, H. 2010. Geçit İklim Kuşağında İkinci Ürün Silajlık Mısır Tarımında Gerekli Termal Zamanın Uzatılmasına Yönelik Olarak Farklı Toprak İşleme Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması. TÜBİTAK Projesi, Proje No: TOVAG-107 O 124, s: 133.
  • Pagliai, M., Vignozzi, N., Pellegrini, S. 2004. Soil structure and the effect of management practices. Soil Till. Res. 79: 131-143.
  • Rasmussen, P.E., Albrecht, S.L., Smiley, R.W. 1998. Soil C and N changes under tillage and cropping systems in semi-arid Pacific Northwest agriculture. Soil Till. Res. 47:197-205.
  • Six, J., Elliott, E.T., Paustian, K. 2000. Soil structure and soil organic matter: II. A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64:1042-1049.
  • Tebrügge, F., Düring, R.A. 1999. Reducing tillage intensity- a review of rusults from a long- term study in Germany. Soil Till. Res. 53:15-28.
  • Wienhold, B. J. 2005. Changes in Soil Attributes Following Low Phosphorus Swine Slurry Application to No-Tillage Sorghum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69:206-214.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatih Gökmen

Hikmet Günal This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 2 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Gökmen, F., & Günal, H. (2015). Toprak İşlem Yöntemlerinin Toprak Kalitesi İndikatöri ve Toprak Kalitesine Etkileri. 21. Yüzyılda Fen Ve Teknik, 2(4), 79-106.