Research Article
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Effect of nitrogen fertilization and mowing on seed yield and germination of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.)

Year 2020, Volume: 37 Issue: 1, 60 - 67, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.13002/jafag4671

Abstract

To determine how mowing and nitrogen applications affect the seed yield components and germination characteristics of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), an experiment was conducted in Eskişehir Ecological Conditions in 2018 with Split-Plot in the Randomized Complete Block. The primary factor was mowing or not mowing, whereas the subfactor was nitrogen dose (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 kg/da). To determine the effect of the applications on the seed production and quality of annual ryegrass, plant height, spike length, number of fertile tillers, number of spikelets, thousand seed weight, seed yield, germination percentage, second-day germination percentage, mean germination time, seedling length, seedling fresh, and dry weight were examined. Among the results, mowing did not significantly affect the seed production and quality of annual ryegrass, and no significant difference occurred between nitrogen doses of 10–20 kg/da in terms of fertile tiller number and TSW. The highest seed yield, 132 kg/da, was obtained with the application of 10 kg/da of nitrogen to the mowed plots, and loss in yield was inevitable after this dose. Although total germination percentage did not change according to nitrogen dose, the highest second-day germination percentage and mean germination time were achieved in the unmowed plots with 20 kg/da of nitrogen. As a result, fields for planting annual ryegrass for seed production can be mowed or grazed in early spring. Although the best nitrogen dose for seed production was determined to be 10 kg/da, that rate can be slightly increased for earlier germination and seed emergence.

References

  • Açıkgöz E, Çelik N, Bulur V ve Uzun A (1996). Değişik azot uygulamalarının bazı yeşil alan bitkilerinde tohum verimlerine ve kalitesine etkisi. Türkiye 3. Çayır-Mer’a ve Yembitkileri Kongresi, 17-19 Haziran 1996, Erzurum, s: 551- 557 (In Turkish)
  • Açıkgöz E (2001). Forage crops (Yem Bitkileri). Uludag University Foundation, Bursa. Number 182, p. 184-187 (In Turkish).
  • Avcıoğlu R., 1997, Turfgrass Practice (Çim Tekniği), Ege University Press, Bornova – İzmir, p.131 (In Turkish).
  • Bahmani I, Thom ER, Matthew C, Lemaire G (2001). Productivity of grazed perennial ryegrass dairy pastures from different ecotypes under nitrogen and irrigation treatments. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 44 (2-3): 123-133.
  • Bartholomew PW (2015). Timing of nitrogen fertilizer application for annual ryegrass overseeded into unimproved perennial warm-season pasture. Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management, DOI: 10.2134/cftm2013.0018.
  • Cookson WR, Rowarth JS, Cameron KC (2000). The response of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed crop to nitrogen fertilizer application in the absence of moisture stress. Grass and Forage Science, 55 (4): 314-325.
  • Davis JH, Griffith SM, Horwath WR, Steiner JJ, Myrold DD (2006). Fate of nitrogen-15 in a perennial ryegrass seed field and herbaceous riparian area. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70 (3): 909-919.
  • DeFilippi JM, Hampton JG, Rolston MP, Rowarth JS (1996). Effect of nitrogen and irrigation on blind seed disease in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv. Grasslands Nui. Journal of Applied Seed Production, 14: 81-83.
  • Ellis RH and Roberts EH (1980). Towards a rational basis for testing seed quality. In: Seed Production (ed: P.D. Hebblethwaite). But-terworths, London. p: 605-635.
  • Fairey NA and Lefkovitch LP (2001). Effect of seeding rate on seed production of perennial ryegrass after establishment with a grain companion crop in the Peace River region of north-western Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 81 (2): 265-271.
  • Griffith SM (1992). Changes in post-anthesis assimilates in stem and spike components of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). I. Water soluble carbohydrates. Annals of Botany, 69 (3): 243–248.
  • Gültekin R and Tansı V (2009). Çiftlik gübresinin farklı form ve dozlarının Çukurova bölgesi koşullarında Tek Yıllık Çim (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)’in ot ve tohum verimi ile ot kalitesine etkisi. Ç.Ü Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 20 (2): 122-131 (In Turkish).
  • Hampton JG (1987). Effect of nitrogen rate and time of application on seed yield in perennial ryegrass cv. Grasslands Nui. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 15 (1): 9-16.
  • Han KJ, Alison MW, Pitman WD and Mccormick ME (2013). Contribution of field pea to winter forage production and nutritive value in the South-Central United States. Crop Science, 53: 315–321.
  • Hara Y and Toriyama K (1998), Seed nitrogen accelerates the rates of germination, emergence, and establishment of rice plants, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 44 (3): 359-366.
  • Hart JM, Mellbye ME, Young WC, Silberstein TB (2011). Annual Ryegrass grown for seed, OSU Extension Catalog. https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8854 (Accessed to web: 07.11.2019).
  • Herron GR (1975). Influence of grazing and nitrogen fertilization on winter growth, seed and straw production of Lolium multiflorum Lam., Master thesis, Oregon State University, Master of Science in Agronomic Crop Science, 60 p.
  • ISTA (2018). International Rules for Seed Testing, International Seed Testing Association, Basserdorf, Switzerland.
  • İnce İ (2000). Research on the effect of different nitrogen and row spacing, on seed and fresh yields of italian rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) grown under conditions in Şanlıurfa. Harran University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Master Thesis, p.45. (In Turkish, Unpublished).
  • Kesiktaş M (2010). Effects of sowing time and nitrogen doses on forage yield of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum westerwoldicum-Caramba) in Karaman. Cukurova University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Master Thesis, p.48 (In Turkish, Unpublished).
  • Kuşvuran A and Tansı V (2005). Çukurova koşullarında farklı biçim sayısı ve azot dozunun tek yıllık çim (Lolium multiflorum cv. Caramba)’in ot ve tohum verimine etkisinin saptanması. Türkiye VI. Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi, 2, p. 797-802 (In Turkish).
  • Nizam İ (2009). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on seed yield and some plant characteristics of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2): 111-120 (In Turkish).
  • Pan L, Yang ZF, Wang JP, Wang PX, Ma X, Zhou M, Li J, Gang N, Feng G, Zhao J, Zhang X (2017). Comparative proteomic analyses reveal the proteome response to short-term drought in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). PLOS One, Sep 14; 12(9):e0184289. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184289.
  • Rolston MP, Archie WJ, Rumball W (2005). Branched inflorescence perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)—seed yield evaluated in field trials and response to nitrogen and trinexapac‐ethyl plant growth regulator. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 48 (1): 87-92.
  • Rolston MP, McCloy BL, Trethewey JAK, Chynoweth RJ (2010). Removing early spring emerged reproductive growing points enhances seed yield of Italian ryegrass. Agronomy New Zealand, 40: 133-139.
  • Rolston MP, Chynoweth RJ, Vreugdenhil SR, Gunnarsson AM (2018). Ryegrass seed production in New Zealand: achieving 3000+ kg/ha yields. Agronomy New Zealand, 48: 115-123.
  • Rowarth JS, Boelt B, Hampton JG, Marshall AH, Rolston MP, Sicard G, Silberstein TB, Sedcole JR, Young III WC (1998). The relationship between applied nitrogen, nitrogen concentration in herbage and seed yield in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). I. Cv. Grasslands Nui at five sites around the globe. Journal of Applied Seed Production, 16: 105-114.
  • Schuurman JJ, Knot L (1974). The effect of nitrogen on the root and shoot development of Lolium multiflorum var. Westerwoldicum, Netherlands. Journal of Agricultural Science, 22: 82-88.
  • Sokal RR and Rohlf FJ (1981). Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California.
  • Simić A, Vučković S, Sokolović D, Stanisavljević R, Mandić V, Duronić G (2012). Response of Italian ryegrass seed crop to spring nitrogen application in the first harvest year. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11 (26): 6826-6831.
  • TÜİK (2018). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Bitkisel Üretim Verileri. http://www.tuik.gov.tr (Accessed to web: 16.01.2020).
  • Uygun V (1994). A research on some important morphological and agricultural characters of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) mixtures which have different sowing ratesi row spacing and mixture rates. Thrace University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Depsrment of Agronomy, Master Thesis, p. 48 (In Turkish, Unpublished).
  • Young WC (1988). Seed yield and yield components of Pennfine perennial ryegrass as influenced by time of spring N and chemical dwarfing, Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, p. 122.
  • Young WC, Youngberg HW, Chilcote DO (1996). Spring nitrogen rate and timing influence on seed yield components of perennial ryegrass. Agronomy journal, 88 (6): 947-951.
  • Youngberg H (1980). Techniques of seed production in Oregon, In: Hebblethwaite P. D., ed., Seed production, London, Butterworth, p. 203-213.
Year 2020, Volume: 37 Issue: 1, 60 - 67, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.13002/jafag4671

Abstract

References

  • Açıkgöz E, Çelik N, Bulur V ve Uzun A (1996). Değişik azot uygulamalarının bazı yeşil alan bitkilerinde tohum verimlerine ve kalitesine etkisi. Türkiye 3. Çayır-Mer’a ve Yembitkileri Kongresi, 17-19 Haziran 1996, Erzurum, s: 551- 557 (In Turkish)
  • Açıkgöz E (2001). Forage crops (Yem Bitkileri). Uludag University Foundation, Bursa. Number 182, p. 184-187 (In Turkish).
  • Avcıoğlu R., 1997, Turfgrass Practice (Çim Tekniği), Ege University Press, Bornova – İzmir, p.131 (In Turkish).
  • Bahmani I, Thom ER, Matthew C, Lemaire G (2001). Productivity of grazed perennial ryegrass dairy pastures from different ecotypes under nitrogen and irrigation treatments. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 44 (2-3): 123-133.
  • Bartholomew PW (2015). Timing of nitrogen fertilizer application for annual ryegrass overseeded into unimproved perennial warm-season pasture. Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management, DOI: 10.2134/cftm2013.0018.
  • Cookson WR, Rowarth JS, Cameron KC (2000). The response of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed crop to nitrogen fertilizer application in the absence of moisture stress. Grass and Forage Science, 55 (4): 314-325.
  • Davis JH, Griffith SM, Horwath WR, Steiner JJ, Myrold DD (2006). Fate of nitrogen-15 in a perennial ryegrass seed field and herbaceous riparian area. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70 (3): 909-919.
  • DeFilippi JM, Hampton JG, Rolston MP, Rowarth JS (1996). Effect of nitrogen and irrigation on blind seed disease in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv. Grasslands Nui. Journal of Applied Seed Production, 14: 81-83.
  • Ellis RH and Roberts EH (1980). Towards a rational basis for testing seed quality. In: Seed Production (ed: P.D. Hebblethwaite). But-terworths, London. p: 605-635.
  • Fairey NA and Lefkovitch LP (2001). Effect of seeding rate on seed production of perennial ryegrass after establishment with a grain companion crop in the Peace River region of north-western Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 81 (2): 265-271.
  • Griffith SM (1992). Changes in post-anthesis assimilates in stem and spike components of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). I. Water soluble carbohydrates. Annals of Botany, 69 (3): 243–248.
  • Gültekin R and Tansı V (2009). Çiftlik gübresinin farklı form ve dozlarının Çukurova bölgesi koşullarında Tek Yıllık Çim (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)’in ot ve tohum verimi ile ot kalitesine etkisi. Ç.Ü Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 20 (2): 122-131 (In Turkish).
  • Hampton JG (1987). Effect of nitrogen rate and time of application on seed yield in perennial ryegrass cv. Grasslands Nui. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 15 (1): 9-16.
  • Han KJ, Alison MW, Pitman WD and Mccormick ME (2013). Contribution of field pea to winter forage production and nutritive value in the South-Central United States. Crop Science, 53: 315–321.
  • Hara Y and Toriyama K (1998), Seed nitrogen accelerates the rates of germination, emergence, and establishment of rice plants, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 44 (3): 359-366.
  • Hart JM, Mellbye ME, Young WC, Silberstein TB (2011). Annual Ryegrass grown for seed, OSU Extension Catalog. https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8854 (Accessed to web: 07.11.2019).
  • Herron GR (1975). Influence of grazing and nitrogen fertilization on winter growth, seed and straw production of Lolium multiflorum Lam., Master thesis, Oregon State University, Master of Science in Agronomic Crop Science, 60 p.
  • ISTA (2018). International Rules for Seed Testing, International Seed Testing Association, Basserdorf, Switzerland.
  • İnce İ (2000). Research on the effect of different nitrogen and row spacing, on seed and fresh yields of italian rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) grown under conditions in Şanlıurfa. Harran University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Master Thesis, p.45. (In Turkish, Unpublished).
  • Kesiktaş M (2010). Effects of sowing time and nitrogen doses on forage yield of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum westerwoldicum-Caramba) in Karaman. Cukurova University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Master Thesis, p.48 (In Turkish, Unpublished).
  • Kuşvuran A and Tansı V (2005). Çukurova koşullarında farklı biçim sayısı ve azot dozunun tek yıllık çim (Lolium multiflorum cv. Caramba)’in ot ve tohum verimine etkisinin saptanması. Türkiye VI. Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi, 2, p. 797-802 (In Turkish).
  • Nizam İ (2009). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on seed yield and some plant characteristics of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2): 111-120 (In Turkish).
  • Pan L, Yang ZF, Wang JP, Wang PX, Ma X, Zhou M, Li J, Gang N, Feng G, Zhao J, Zhang X (2017). Comparative proteomic analyses reveal the proteome response to short-term drought in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). PLOS One, Sep 14; 12(9):e0184289. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184289.
  • Rolston MP, Archie WJ, Rumball W (2005). Branched inflorescence perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)—seed yield evaluated in field trials and response to nitrogen and trinexapac‐ethyl plant growth regulator. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 48 (1): 87-92.
  • Rolston MP, McCloy BL, Trethewey JAK, Chynoweth RJ (2010). Removing early spring emerged reproductive growing points enhances seed yield of Italian ryegrass. Agronomy New Zealand, 40: 133-139.
  • Rolston MP, Chynoweth RJ, Vreugdenhil SR, Gunnarsson AM (2018). Ryegrass seed production in New Zealand: achieving 3000+ kg/ha yields. Agronomy New Zealand, 48: 115-123.
  • Rowarth JS, Boelt B, Hampton JG, Marshall AH, Rolston MP, Sicard G, Silberstein TB, Sedcole JR, Young III WC (1998). The relationship between applied nitrogen, nitrogen concentration in herbage and seed yield in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). I. Cv. Grasslands Nui at five sites around the globe. Journal of Applied Seed Production, 16: 105-114.
  • Schuurman JJ, Knot L (1974). The effect of nitrogen on the root and shoot development of Lolium multiflorum var. Westerwoldicum, Netherlands. Journal of Agricultural Science, 22: 82-88.
  • Sokal RR and Rohlf FJ (1981). Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California.
  • Simić A, Vučković S, Sokolović D, Stanisavljević R, Mandić V, Duronić G (2012). Response of Italian ryegrass seed crop to spring nitrogen application in the first harvest year. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11 (26): 6826-6831.
  • TÜİK (2018). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Bitkisel Üretim Verileri. http://www.tuik.gov.tr (Accessed to web: 16.01.2020).
  • Uygun V (1994). A research on some important morphological and agricultural characters of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) mixtures which have different sowing ratesi row spacing and mixture rates. Thrace University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Depsrment of Agronomy, Master Thesis, p. 48 (In Turkish, Unpublished).
  • Young WC (1988). Seed yield and yield components of Pennfine perennial ryegrass as influenced by time of spring N and chemical dwarfing, Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, p. 122.
  • Young WC, Youngberg HW, Chilcote DO (1996). Spring nitrogen rate and timing influence on seed yield components of perennial ryegrass. Agronomy journal, 88 (6): 947-951.
  • Youngberg H (1980). Techniques of seed production in Oregon, In: Hebblethwaite P. D., ed., Seed production, London, Butterworth, p. 203-213.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Duygu Yaman This is me

Süleyman Avcı

Publication Date April 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 37 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yaman, D., & Avcı, S. (2020). Effect of nitrogen fertilization and mowing on seed yield and germination of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.). Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University (JAFAG), 37(1), 60-67. https://doi.org/10.13002/jafag4671