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Phytochemical screening and in vitro assessments of antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of extracts from Aesculus hippocastanum L. green fruit mesocarps

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 245 - 256, 16.06.2023

Tülay Aşkın Çelik Özlem Sultan Aslantürk

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1139025

Abstract

In this study, the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of water and methanol extracts obtained from the green fruit mesocarp of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae) were investigated. Phytochemical content of the methanol extract and the water extract were determined by qualitative methods; antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging test, and total antioxidant capacity was determined by phosphomolybdate test. The effects of the extracts on proliferation and cell viability of BJ normal human foreskin fibroblasts were also evaluated by the WST-8 cell viability test.
Qualitative phytochemical screening results showed that the methanol extract contains phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins, but no alkaloids and anthraquinones. On the other hand, phenols, flavonoids, anthraquinone, and saponins were found in the water extract, tannins and alkaloids could not be detected.
In addition, an increase in antioxidant activity was also observed with each increasing concentration of methanol and water extract. When the antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activity of methanol and water extracts were compared, it was determined that the methanol extract was more effective than that the water extract. The WST-8 trial results showed that both water and methanol extracts obtained from the green fruit mesocarp of A. hippocastanum did not have cytotoxic effects on BJ cells, on the contrary, treatment concentrations of 10, 20 and, 30 µgmL-1 increased cell proliferation significantly at the 24-hour work.

Keywords

Aesculus hippocastanum L. Antioxidant capacity BJ cells Cell viability

References

  • Addis, R. Cruciani,S., Santaniello, S., Bellu, E., Sarais, G., Ventura, C., Maioli,M., Pintore, G. (2020). Fibroblast proliferation and migration in wound healing by phytochemicals: evidence for a novel synergic outcome. International Journal of Medicinal Sci., 17(8), 1030–1042. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.43986
  • Ahmed, D., Khan, M.M., Saeed, R. (2015). Comparative analysis of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant and antibacterial potential of methanolic, hexanic and aqueous extracts from Adiantum caudatum leaves. Antioxidants, 4, 394 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox4020394
  • Aksoy, H., (2020). Evaluation of the biological and wound healing activities of Centaurea virgata Lam. Clin Exp Health Sci., 10, 304-308. https://doi.org/10.33808/marusbed.789734
  • Aslantürk, Ö.S. (2018). In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability Assays: Principles, Advantages, and Disadvantages. Genotoxicity, A Predictable Risk to Our Actual World. Chapter 1. Intech-Open Access Publisher, 1-7.
  • Aslantürk, Ö.S., Aşkın Çelik, T., Karabey, B., Karabey, F. (2017) Active phytochemical detecting, antioxidant, cytotoxic, apoptotic activities of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Galium aparine L. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 15(6), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2017/32762
  • Aşkın Çelik, T., & Aslantürk, Ö.S., (2018). Phytochemical screening of Carpobrotus acinaciformis L. methanol extract and investigation of cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of the extract on the human metastatic breast cancer (MCF-7) and human colon cancer (Caco-2) cells. Marmara Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2, 179-195. https://doi.org/10.7240/marufbd.339484
  • Baytop, T. (1999). Therapy with Medicinal Plants in Turkey (Past and Present), Second Edition, Nobel Presshouse, İstanbul, 361-362.
  • Berridge, M.V., Herst, P.M., & Tan, A.S. (2005). Tetrazolium dyes as tools in cell biology: new insights into their cellular reduction. Biotechnology Annual Review, 11, 127–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-2656(05)11004-7
  • Braga, P.C., Marabini, L., Wang, Y.Y., Lattuada, N., Calo, R., Bertelli, A., Falchi, M., Dal Sasso, M., & Bianchi, T. (2012). Characterisation of the antioxidant effects of Aesculus hippocastanum L. bark extract on the basis of radical scavenging activity, the chemiluminescence of human neutrophil bursts and lipoperoxidation assay. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 16, 1–9. PMID: 22957412.
  • Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
  • Comittee on Herbal Medicinal Products. (2011). Assessment Report on Aesculus hippocastanum L. Cortex, European Medicines Agency: London, UK.
  • Curran, K. (2018). The ethno-herbalist review of phytochemicals. Retrived on August 30, 2018 from www.ethnoherbalist.com/phytochemicals-food-benefits/
  • Domínguez, X.A. (1973). Métodos de ınvestigación fitoquímibolivarca. Limusa, México D. F., México, 39-43.
  • Ertürk, E. (2017). Antibacterial and antifungal effects of the leaf, seed, seed coat and fruit capsule of Aesculus hippocastanum (Sapindaceae) extracts. Acta Botanica Turcica, 30(1), 20-23.
  • Feghhi-Najafabadi, S., Safaeian, L., & Zolfaghari, B. (2019). In vitro antioxidant effects of different extracts obtained from the leaves and seeds of Allium ampeloprasum subsp. Persicum. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 8(3), 37. https://doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2019.37
  • Geetha, R.V., Roy, A., & Sitalakshmi, T. (2013). In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic extract of Aesculus hippocastanum. International Journal of Drug Development & Research, 5(3), 403-407.
  • Halliwell, B., & Aruoma, O.I. (1991). DNA damage by oxygen derived species. Its mechanism and measurement in mammalian systems. FEBS Letters, 281, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(91)80347-6
  • Idris, S., Mishra, A., & Khushtar, M. (2020). Phytochemical, ethanomedicinal and pharmacological applications of escin from Aesculus hippocastanum L. towards future medicine. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 31(5), 2- 13. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0115
  • Kováˇc, I., Melegova, N., Coma, M., Takáˇc, P., Kováˇcová, K et al. (2020). Aesculus hippocastanum L. extract does not induce fibroblast to myofibroblast conversion but increases extracellular matrix production in vitro leading to ıncreased wound tensile strength in rats. Molecules, 25, 917. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081917
  • Makuch, M.D., & Matlawska, I. (2013). Coumarins in horse chestnut flowers: isolation and quantification by UPLC method. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 70, 517–522.
  • Miliauskas, G., Venskutonis, P.R., & Van Beek, T.A. (2004). Screening of radical scavenging activity of somemedicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chemistry, 85, 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.05.007
  • Mohapatra, M.F.D., Kumar, D., Chittoria, R., & Nandhagopal, V. (2015). Current concepts in the physiology of adult wound healing. Plastic and Aesthetic Research, 2, 250–256. https://doi.org/10.4103/2347-9264.158851
  • Molyneux, R.J., Lee, S.T., Gardner, D.R., Panter, K.E., & James, L.F. (2007). Phytochemicals: The good, the bad and the ugly?. Phytochemistry, 68, 2973 2985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.09.004
  • Oscar, S.A., Antonio, C.N., Marina, G.V., Elsa, R.S., & Gabriel, V.A. (2020). Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity and in vitro biological evaluation of leave extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) from south of Mexico. South African Journal of Botany, 128, 62-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.10.016
  • Owczarek, A., Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, J., Wo´zniak-Serwata, J., Magiera, A., Kobiela, N.W., Asowicz, K., & Olszewska, M.A. (2021). Potential activity mechanisms of Aesculus hippocastanum bark: antioxidant effects in chemical and biological ın vitro models. Antioxidants, 10, 9952. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10070995
  • Paterska, M., Bandurska, H., Wysłouch, J., Glura, M.M., & Molinski, K. (2017).Chemical composition of horse-chestnut (Aesculus L.) leaves and their susceptibility to chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella Deschka&Dimic. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 39, 105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-017-2404-y
  • Paul, A., Barma, K., Roy, K., & Ray, S., (2018). A study of antimicrobial activity and medicinal value of Adhotoda vasica, Centella asiatica, Paederia foetida, Nyctanthes abhor-tri Ocimum temiflorum. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(5), 1406-1413. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.167
  • Ravishankara, M.N., Neeta, S., Harish, P., & Rajani, M. (2002). Evaluation of antioxidant properties root bark of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. (Anantmul). Phytomedicine, 9, 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00104
  • Roy, A., Geetha, R.V., & Lakshmi, T. (2011). Evaluation of the antimycotic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Aesculus hippocastanum- An in vitro study. International Journal of Drug Development & Research, 3(3), 335-338.
  • Sagdıcoglu Celep, A.G., Yılmaz, S., & Coruh, N. (2012). Antioxidant Capacity and cytotoxicity of Aesculus hippocastanum on breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 20(3), 692-698. https://doi.org/10.6227/jfda.2012200318
  • Sirtori, C.R. (2001). Aescin: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic profile. Pharmacological Research, 44, 183-193. https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.2001.0847
  • Taşkın, A., Ulusal, H., Taşkın, S., & Tarakçıoğlu, M. (2020). Tetrazolium-based cytotoxicity tests may not always reflect accurate results. Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty, 17(1), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.600652
  • Thakur, R., Jain, N., Pathak, R., & Sandhu, S.S. (2011). Practices in wound healing studies of plants. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Article ID 438056, 17 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/438056
  • Tominaga, H., Ishiyama, M., Ohseto, F., Sasamoto, K., Hamamoto, T., Suzuki, K., & Watanabe, M. (1999). A water-soluble tetrazolium salt useful for colorimetric cell viability assay. Analytical Communications, 36, 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1039/A809656B
  • Tuzlacı, E. (2016). Türkiye Bitkileri Geleneksel İlaç Rehberi. İstanbul Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul.
  • Umamaheswari, M., & Chatterjee, T.K. (2008). In vitro antioxidant activities of the fractions of Coccinnia grandis L. leaf extract. African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 5(1), 61-73.
  • Uzunhan, S., & Aşkın Çelik, T. (2018). Phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of different extracts from the aerial parts of Heliotrophium hirsutissimum GRAUER. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(4), 441-449.
  • Vaskova, J., Fejercakova, A., Mojzisova, G., Vasko, L., & Patlevic, P. (2015). Antioxidant potential of Aesculus hippocastanum extract and escin against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 19, 879–886.
  • Wilkinson, J.A., & Brown, A.M.G. (1999). Horse Chestnut-Aesculus Hippocastanum: Potential applications in cosmetic skin care products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 21, 437-447. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2494.1999.234192.x
  • Zhang, Z., Li, S., & Lian, X.Y. (2010). An overview of genus Aesculus L.: Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. Pharmaceutical Crops, 1, 24-51. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210290601001010024

Phytochemical screening and in vitro assessments of antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of extracts from Aesculus hippocastanum L. green fruit mesocarps

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 245 - 256, 16.06.2023

Tülay Aşkın Çelik Özlem Sultan Aslantürk

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1139025

Abstract

In this study, the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of water and methanol extracts obtained from the green fruit mesocarp of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae) were investigated. Phytochemical content of the methanol extract and the water extract were determined by qualitative methods; antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging test, and total antioxidant capacity was determined by phosphomolybdate test. The effects of the extracts on proliferation and cell viability of BJ normal human foreskin fibroblasts were also evaluated by the WST-8 cell viability test.
Qualitative phytochemical screening results showed that the methanol extract contains phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins, but no alkaloids and anthraquinones. On the other hand, phenols, flavonoids, anthraquinone, and saponins were found in the water extract, tannins and alkaloids could not be detected.
In addition, an increase in antioxidant activity was also observed with each increasing concentration of methanol and water extract. When the antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activity of methanol and water extracts were compared, it was determined that the methanol extract was more effective than that the water extract. The WST-8 trial results showed that both water and methanol extracts obtained from the green fruit mesocarp of A. hippocastanum did not have cytotoxic effects on BJ cells, on the contrary, treatment concentrations of 10, 20 and, 30 µgmL-1 increased cell proliferation significantly at the 24-hour work.

Keywords

Aesculus hippocastanum L. Antioxidant capacity BJ cells Cell viability

References

  • Addis, R. Cruciani,S., Santaniello, S., Bellu, E., Sarais, G., Ventura, C., Maioli,M., Pintore, G. (2020). Fibroblast proliferation and migration in wound healing by phytochemicals: evidence for a novel synergic outcome. International Journal of Medicinal Sci., 17(8), 1030–1042. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.43986
  • Ahmed, D., Khan, M.M., Saeed, R. (2015). Comparative analysis of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant and antibacterial potential of methanolic, hexanic and aqueous extracts from Adiantum caudatum leaves. Antioxidants, 4, 394 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox4020394
  • Aksoy, H., (2020). Evaluation of the biological and wound healing activities of Centaurea virgata Lam. Clin Exp Health Sci., 10, 304-308. https://doi.org/10.33808/marusbed.789734
  • Aslantürk, Ö.S. (2018). In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability Assays: Principles, Advantages, and Disadvantages. Genotoxicity, A Predictable Risk to Our Actual World. Chapter 1. Intech-Open Access Publisher, 1-7.
  • Aslantürk, Ö.S., Aşkın Çelik, T., Karabey, B., Karabey, F. (2017) Active phytochemical detecting, antioxidant, cytotoxic, apoptotic activities of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Galium aparine L. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 15(6), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2017/32762
  • Aşkın Çelik, T., & Aslantürk, Ö.S., (2018). Phytochemical screening of Carpobrotus acinaciformis L. methanol extract and investigation of cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of the extract on the human metastatic breast cancer (MCF-7) and human colon cancer (Caco-2) cells. Marmara Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2, 179-195. https://doi.org/10.7240/marufbd.339484
  • Baytop, T. (1999). Therapy with Medicinal Plants in Turkey (Past and Present), Second Edition, Nobel Presshouse, İstanbul, 361-362.
  • Berridge, M.V., Herst, P.M., & Tan, A.S. (2005). Tetrazolium dyes as tools in cell biology: new insights into their cellular reduction. Biotechnology Annual Review, 11, 127–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-2656(05)11004-7
  • Braga, P.C., Marabini, L., Wang, Y.Y., Lattuada, N., Calo, R., Bertelli, A., Falchi, M., Dal Sasso, M., & Bianchi, T. (2012). Characterisation of the antioxidant effects of Aesculus hippocastanum L. bark extract on the basis of radical scavenging activity, the chemiluminescence of human neutrophil bursts and lipoperoxidation assay. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 16, 1–9. PMID: 22957412.
  • Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
  • Comittee on Herbal Medicinal Products. (2011). Assessment Report on Aesculus hippocastanum L. Cortex, European Medicines Agency: London, UK.
  • Curran, K. (2018). The ethno-herbalist review of phytochemicals. Retrived on August 30, 2018 from www.ethnoherbalist.com/phytochemicals-food-benefits/
  • Domínguez, X.A. (1973). Métodos de ınvestigación fitoquímibolivarca. Limusa, México D. F., México, 39-43.
  • Ertürk, E. (2017). Antibacterial and antifungal effects of the leaf, seed, seed coat and fruit capsule of Aesculus hippocastanum (Sapindaceae) extracts. Acta Botanica Turcica, 30(1), 20-23.
  • Feghhi-Najafabadi, S., Safaeian, L., & Zolfaghari, B. (2019). In vitro antioxidant effects of different extracts obtained from the leaves and seeds of Allium ampeloprasum subsp. Persicum. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 8(3), 37. https://doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2019.37
  • Geetha, R.V., Roy, A., & Sitalakshmi, T. (2013). In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic extract of Aesculus hippocastanum. International Journal of Drug Development & Research, 5(3), 403-407.
  • Halliwell, B., & Aruoma, O.I. (1991). DNA damage by oxygen derived species. Its mechanism and measurement in mammalian systems. FEBS Letters, 281, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(91)80347-6
  • Idris, S., Mishra, A., & Khushtar, M. (2020). Phytochemical, ethanomedicinal and pharmacological applications of escin from Aesculus hippocastanum L. towards future medicine. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 31(5), 2- 13. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0115
  • Kováˇc, I., Melegova, N., Coma, M., Takáˇc, P., Kováˇcová, K et al. (2020). Aesculus hippocastanum L. extract does not induce fibroblast to myofibroblast conversion but increases extracellular matrix production in vitro leading to ıncreased wound tensile strength in rats. Molecules, 25, 917. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081917
  • Makuch, M.D., & Matlawska, I. (2013). Coumarins in horse chestnut flowers: isolation and quantification by UPLC method. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 70, 517–522.
  • Miliauskas, G., Venskutonis, P.R., & Van Beek, T.A. (2004). Screening of radical scavenging activity of somemedicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chemistry, 85, 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.05.007
  • Mohapatra, M.F.D., Kumar, D., Chittoria, R., & Nandhagopal, V. (2015). Current concepts in the physiology of adult wound healing. Plastic and Aesthetic Research, 2, 250–256. https://doi.org/10.4103/2347-9264.158851
  • Molyneux, R.J., Lee, S.T., Gardner, D.R., Panter, K.E., & James, L.F. (2007). Phytochemicals: The good, the bad and the ugly?. Phytochemistry, 68, 2973 2985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.09.004
  • Oscar, S.A., Antonio, C.N., Marina, G.V., Elsa, R.S., & Gabriel, V.A. (2020). Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity and in vitro biological evaluation of leave extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) from south of Mexico. South African Journal of Botany, 128, 62-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.10.016
  • Owczarek, A., Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, J., Wo´zniak-Serwata, J., Magiera, A., Kobiela, N.W., Asowicz, K., & Olszewska, M.A. (2021). Potential activity mechanisms of Aesculus hippocastanum bark: antioxidant effects in chemical and biological ın vitro models. Antioxidants, 10, 9952. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10070995
  • Paterska, M., Bandurska, H., Wysłouch, J., Glura, M.M., & Molinski, K. (2017).Chemical composition of horse-chestnut (Aesculus L.) leaves and their susceptibility to chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella Deschka&Dimic. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 39, 105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-017-2404-y
  • Paul, A., Barma, K., Roy, K., & Ray, S., (2018). A study of antimicrobial activity and medicinal value of Adhotoda vasica, Centella asiatica, Paederia foetida, Nyctanthes abhor-tri Ocimum temiflorum. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(5), 1406-1413. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.167
  • Ravishankara, M.N., Neeta, S., Harish, P., & Rajani, M. (2002). Evaluation of antioxidant properties root bark of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. (Anantmul). Phytomedicine, 9, 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00104
  • Roy, A., Geetha, R.V., & Lakshmi, T. (2011). Evaluation of the antimycotic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Aesculus hippocastanum- An in vitro study. International Journal of Drug Development & Research, 3(3), 335-338.
  • Sagdıcoglu Celep, A.G., Yılmaz, S., & Coruh, N. (2012). Antioxidant Capacity and cytotoxicity of Aesculus hippocastanum on breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 20(3), 692-698. https://doi.org/10.6227/jfda.2012200318
  • Sirtori, C.R. (2001). Aescin: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic profile. Pharmacological Research, 44, 183-193. https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.2001.0847
  • Taşkın, A., Ulusal, H., Taşkın, S., & Tarakçıoğlu, M. (2020). Tetrazolium-based cytotoxicity tests may not always reflect accurate results. Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty, 17(1), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.600652
  • Thakur, R., Jain, N., Pathak, R., & Sandhu, S.S. (2011). Practices in wound healing studies of plants. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Article ID 438056, 17 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/438056
  • Tominaga, H., Ishiyama, M., Ohseto, F., Sasamoto, K., Hamamoto, T., Suzuki, K., & Watanabe, M. (1999). A water-soluble tetrazolium salt useful for colorimetric cell viability assay. Analytical Communications, 36, 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1039/A809656B
  • Tuzlacı, E. (2016). Türkiye Bitkileri Geleneksel İlaç Rehberi. İstanbul Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul.
  • Umamaheswari, M., & Chatterjee, T.K. (2008). In vitro antioxidant activities of the fractions of Coccinnia grandis L. leaf extract. African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 5(1), 61-73.
  • Uzunhan, S., & Aşkın Çelik, T. (2018). Phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of different extracts from the aerial parts of Heliotrophium hirsutissimum GRAUER. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(4), 441-449.
  • Vaskova, J., Fejercakova, A., Mojzisova, G., Vasko, L., & Patlevic, P. (2015). Antioxidant potential of Aesculus hippocastanum extract and escin against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 19, 879–886.
  • Wilkinson, J.A., & Brown, A.M.G. (1999). Horse Chestnut-Aesculus Hippocastanum: Potential applications in cosmetic skin care products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 21, 437-447. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2494.1999.234192.x
  • Zhang, Z., Li, S., & Lian, X.Y. (2010). An overview of genus Aesculus L.: Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. Pharmaceutical Crops, 1, 24-51. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210290601001010024
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tülay Aşkın Çelik 0000-0001-6891-9089

Özlem Sultan Aslantürk 0000-0002-2503-0164

Early Pub Date May 26, 2023
Publication Date June 16, 2023
Submission Date July 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aşkın Çelik, T., & Aslantürk, Ö. S. (2023). Phytochemical screening and in vitro assessments of antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of extracts from Aesculus hippocastanum L. green fruit mesocarps. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 10(2), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1139025
International Journal of Secondary Metabolite

e-ISSN: 2148-6905