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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL AND GREEN EXTRACTION METHODS ON OIL YIELD AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF APRICOT KERNEL

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 966 - 975, 28.09.2023

Muhammed Mustafa Özçelik Erdogan Küçüköner

https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1259057

Abstract

Apricot kernel is a byproduct of fruit processing that is used for nuts but has a high economic value due to its high oil content. The aim of this research was to compare the green extraction techniques microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with the traditional Soxhlet extraction method (SXHE). Time (min), amplitude (%), and temperature (°C) in the UAE method, power (W) and, time (min) in the MAE method, and time (min) in the SXHE method were used as oil extraction process parameters. The time required to achieve the oil yield similar to SXHE (43.65%) is 79% and 83% less in UAE and MAE methods, respectively. Extraction methods are ranked as UAE>MAE>SXHE when they are compared in terms of low free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and Delta-K, high antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC), fatty acid composition, and accelerated shelf-life test (up to 20 days). However, after the 20th day of the shelf-life test, this ranking changes as UAE>SXHE>MAE. The UAE method had better results than MAE and SXHE methods due to same oil yield and higher functional oil content, especially at low extraction temperatures, and should be recommended for oil extraction from different kernels in the food industry.

Keywords

Prunus Armeniaca L. Apricot Kernel Oil Green Extraction Waste Assessment Ultrasound and Microwave Assisted Extraction

References

  • Açkurt, F. 1998. "Saglikli Beslenmede Kayisinin Önemi ve Yeni Kayisi Ürünleri. 1". Kayisi Surasi Sonuç Raporu, 21-29.
  • Akhone, M. A., Bains, A., Tosif, M. M., Chawla, P., Fogarasi, M., Fogarasi, S. 2022. "Apricot kernel: bioactivity, characterization, applications, and health attributes". Foods, 11(15), 2184.
  • Al Juhaimi, F., Özcan, M. M., Ghafoor, K., Babiker, E. E., Hussain, S. 2018. "Comparison of cold-pressing and soxhlet extraction systems for bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties, polyphenols, fatty acids and tocopherols in eight nut oils". Journal of food science and technology, 55, 3163-3173.
  • Anonymous, 2001. Codex standard for olive oil, virgin and refined, and for refined olive-pomace oil. Codex stan, 8, 25-39. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXS%2B234-1999%252FCXS_234e.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2023).
  • Anonymous, 2015. FAO statistical database, http://apps.fao.org/page/collections?subset=agriculture (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2015).
  • AOCS, 1997a. AOCS (Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society). American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, 5th ed. Methods Ca 5a-40.
  • AOCS 1997b. AOCS (Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society). Fatty acid composition by gas chromatography, Method, Ce 1-62.
  • AOCS, 1999. AOCS (Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society). 5th ed. Method Cg 5-97.
  • AOCS, 2003. Peroxide Value, Acetic Acid- Chloroform Method, AOCS Offical Method, Cd 8-53.
  • Bhanger, M. I., Anwar, F., Memon, N., Qadir, R. 2020. "Cold pressed apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernel oil". Cold pressed oils (ss. 725-730). Elsevier.
  • Caponio, F., Pasqualone, A. and Gomes, T. (2003), Changes in the fatty acid composition of vegetable oils in model doughs submitted to conventional or microwave heating. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 38: 481-486. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2003.00703.x
  • Davis, P. H. 1975. "Flora Of Turkey And The East Aegean Islands, Vol. 5, Edinburgh Univ". Pres, Edinburgh.
  • Dorman, H. J. D., Peltoketo, A., Hiltunen, R., Tikkanen, M. J. 2003. "Characterisation of the antioxidant properties of de-odourised aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae herbs". Food chemistry, 83(2), 255-262.
  • Durmaz, G. 2002. Kayısı Meyvesinin ve Kavrulmuş Kayısı Çekirdeğinin Antioksidan Özellikleri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi, Malatya.
  • Femenia, A., Rossello, C., Mulet, A., Canellas, J. 1995. "Chemical composition of bitter and sweet apricot kernels". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43(2), 356-361.
  • Frankel, E. N. 2012. "Chapter 9 - Antioxidants". Içinde E. N. Frankel (Ed.), Lipid Oxidation (Second Edition) (ss. 209-258). Woodhead Publishing.
  • Gezer, İ., Pektekin, T., Aygül, H., Polat, İ. 2009. "Malatya Kayısı Raporu". B lg Yolu Eğ tm, Kültür ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkez Yayınları, Malatya.
  • Górnaś, P., Picron, J., Perkons, I., Mišina, I., Rudzińska, M., Sobieszczańska, N., … Patel, K. S. 2019. "Profiling of the beneficial and potentially harmful components of Trichodesma indicum seed and seed oil obtained by ultrasound‐assisted extraction". Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 96(3), 249-259.
  • Güner, M., Vatandaş, M., Dursun, E. 1999. "Bazı kayısı çeşitlerinde çekirdek kırılma karakteristiklerinin belirlenmesi". Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(01), 95-103.
  • Hao, G., Lin, S., Jiang, Y., Cao, W., Liu, Y., Chen, Z. 2022. "Enhancing processed quality of roasted eel with ultrasound treatment: Effect on texture, taste, and flavor". Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(7), e16641.
  • Huber AH, Kleinfeld AM. Unbound free fatty acid profiles in human plasma and the unexpected absence of unbound palmitoleate. J Lipid Res. 2017 Mar;58(3):578-585. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M074260.
  • amel, B. S., Kakuda, Y. 1992. "Characterization of the seed oil and meal from apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach and plum". Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 69, 492-494.
  • Özkal, S. G., Yener, M. E., Bayındırlı, L. 2005. "Mass transfer modeling of apricot kernel oil extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide". The Journal of supercritical fluids, 35(2), 119-127.
  • Pavlović, N., Vidović, S., Vladić, J., Popović, L., Moslavac, T., Jakobović, S., Jokić, S. 2018. "Recovery of tocopherols, amygdalin, and fatty acids from apricot kernel oil: Cold pressing versus supercritical carbon dioxide". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 120(11), 1800043.
  • Shariatifar, N., Pourfard, I. M., Khaniki, G. J., Nabizadeh, R., Akbarzadeh, A., Nejad, A. S. M. 2017. "Mineral Composition, Physico-chemical Properties and Fatty Acids Profile of Prunus armeniaca Apricot Seed Oil.". Asian Journal of Chemistry, 29(9).
  • Singleton, V. L., Rossi, J. A. 1965. "Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents". American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3), 144-158.
  • Stryjecka, M., Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz, A., Michalak, M., Rachoń, L., Głowacka, A. 2019. "Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of oils from the seeds of five apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars". Journal of oleo science, 68(8), 729-738.
  • Şeran, E.B. 2011. Yağlı Tohumlara Uygulanan Ultrasonik Destekli Ön İşlem ile Soğuk Pres Yağlarında Verim ve Kalitenin Arttırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Kimya Mühendisliği A.B.D.
  • Tareen, A. K., Panezai, M. A., Sajjad, A., Achakzai, J. K., Kakar, A. M., Khan, N. Y. 2021. "Comparative analysis of antioxidant activity, toxicity, and mineral composition of kernel and pomace of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) grown in Balochistan, Pakistan". Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(5), 2830-2839.
  • Tunç, İ. , Çalışkan, F. , Özkan, G. & Karacabey, E. (2014). Mikrodalga Destekli Soxhlet Cihazı ile Fındık Yağı Ekstraksiyonunun Yanıt Yüzey Yöntemi ile Optimizasyonu . Akademik Gıda, 12 (1) , 20-28 . https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/akademik-gida/issue/55791/763724
  • Turan, S., Topcu, A., Karabulut, I., Vural, H., Hayaloglu, A. A. 2007. "Fatty acid, triacylglycerol, phytosterol, and tocopherol variations in kernel oil of Malatya apricots from Turkey". Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 55(26), 10787-10794.
  • Ünal, M. R. 2010. "Kayısı Araştırma Raporu". Fırat Kalkınma Ajansı, Malatya, 4.
  • Yilmaz, İ. 2010. "Antioksidan içeren bazı gıdalar ve oksidatif stres". Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 17(2), 143-154.
  • Yoshida, H., Tatsumi, M., Kajimoto, G. 1992. "Influence of fatty acids on the tocopherol stability in vegetable oils during microwave heating". Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 69(2), 119-125.
  • Zhang, J., Gu, H.-D., Zhang, L., Tian, Z.-J., Zhang, Z.-Q., Shi, X.-C., Ma, W.-H. 2011. "Protective effects of apricot kernel oil on myocardium against ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats". Food and chemical toxicology, 49(12), 3136-3141.

KAYISI ÇEKİRDEĞİNİN YAĞ VERİMİ VE FİZİKOKİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNDE GELENEKSEL VE YEŞİL EKSTRAKSİYON YÖNTEMLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI İNCELENMESİ

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 966 - 975, 28.09.2023

Muhammed Mustafa Özçelik Erdogan Küçüköner

https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1259057

Abstract

Kayısı çekirdeği, kuruyemiş olarak tüketilen ancak yüksek yağ içeriği nedeniyle ekonomik değeri yüksek olan bir meyve işleme yan ürünüdür. Bu araştırmanın amacı kayısı çekirdeklerinden yağ eldesinde, yeşil ekstraksiyon teknikleri olan mikrodalga destekli ekstraksiyon (MDE) ve ultrason destekli ekstraksiyon (UDE) ile geleneksel Soxhlet ekstraksiyon yönteminin (SXHE) karşılaştırılmasıdır. Yağ ekstraksiyonu proses parametreleri olarak UDE yönteminde zaman (dak), genlik (%) ve sıcaklık (°C), MDE yönteminde güç (W) ve zaman (dak), SXHE yönteminde ise zaman (dak) kullanılmıştır. SXHE ile aynı yağ verimini (%43.65) elde etmek için gereken süre, UDE ve MDE yöntemlerinde sırasıyla %79 ve %83 oranında daha kısadır. Ekstraksiyon yöntemleri, düşük FFA, PV ve Delta-K, yüksek antioksidan aktivite ve TPC, yağ asidi kompozisyonu ve hızlandırılmış raf ömrü testi (20. güne kadar) bakımından kıyaslandığında UDE>MDE>SXHE olarak sıralanmaktadır. Ancak raf ömrü testinin 20. günden sonra bu sıralama UDE>SXHE>MDE şeklinde değişmektedir. UDE yöntemi, özellikle düşük ekstraksiyon sıcaklıklarında daha yüksek yağ verimi ve daha yüksek fonksiyonel yağ içeriği nedeniyle MDE ve SXHE yöntemlerinden daha iyi sonuçlar vermiştir ve gıda endüstrisinde farklı çekirdeklerden yağ ekstraksiyonu için tavsiye edilmektedir.

Keywords

Prunus Armeniaca L. Kayısı Çekirdeği Yağı Yeşil Ekstraksiyon Atık Değerlendirme Ultrason ve Mikrodalga Destekli Ekstraksiyon

References

  • Açkurt, F. 1998. "Saglikli Beslenmede Kayisinin Önemi ve Yeni Kayisi Ürünleri. 1". Kayisi Surasi Sonuç Raporu, 21-29.
  • Akhone, M. A., Bains, A., Tosif, M. M., Chawla, P., Fogarasi, M., Fogarasi, S. 2022. "Apricot kernel: bioactivity, characterization, applications, and health attributes". Foods, 11(15), 2184.
  • Al Juhaimi, F., Özcan, M. M., Ghafoor, K., Babiker, E. E., Hussain, S. 2018. "Comparison of cold-pressing and soxhlet extraction systems for bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties, polyphenols, fatty acids and tocopherols in eight nut oils". Journal of food science and technology, 55, 3163-3173.
  • Anonymous, 2001. Codex standard for olive oil, virgin and refined, and for refined olive-pomace oil. Codex stan, 8, 25-39. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXS%2B234-1999%252FCXS_234e.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2023).
  • Anonymous, 2015. FAO statistical database, http://apps.fao.org/page/collections?subset=agriculture (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2015).
  • AOCS, 1997a. AOCS (Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society). American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, 5th ed. Methods Ca 5a-40.
  • AOCS 1997b. AOCS (Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society). Fatty acid composition by gas chromatography, Method, Ce 1-62.
  • AOCS, 1999. AOCS (Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society). 5th ed. Method Cg 5-97.
  • AOCS, 2003. Peroxide Value, Acetic Acid- Chloroform Method, AOCS Offical Method, Cd 8-53.
  • Bhanger, M. I., Anwar, F., Memon, N., Qadir, R. 2020. "Cold pressed apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernel oil". Cold pressed oils (ss. 725-730). Elsevier.
  • Caponio, F., Pasqualone, A. and Gomes, T. (2003), Changes in the fatty acid composition of vegetable oils in model doughs submitted to conventional or microwave heating. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 38: 481-486. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2003.00703.x
  • Davis, P. H. 1975. "Flora Of Turkey And The East Aegean Islands, Vol. 5, Edinburgh Univ". Pres, Edinburgh.
  • Dorman, H. J. D., Peltoketo, A., Hiltunen, R., Tikkanen, M. J. 2003. "Characterisation of the antioxidant properties of de-odourised aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae herbs". Food chemistry, 83(2), 255-262.
  • Durmaz, G. 2002. Kayısı Meyvesinin ve Kavrulmuş Kayısı Çekirdeğinin Antioksidan Özellikleri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi, Malatya.
  • Femenia, A., Rossello, C., Mulet, A., Canellas, J. 1995. "Chemical composition of bitter and sweet apricot kernels". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43(2), 356-361.
  • Frankel, E. N. 2012. "Chapter 9 - Antioxidants". Içinde E. N. Frankel (Ed.), Lipid Oxidation (Second Edition) (ss. 209-258). Woodhead Publishing.
  • Gezer, İ., Pektekin, T., Aygül, H., Polat, İ. 2009. "Malatya Kayısı Raporu". B lg Yolu Eğ tm, Kültür ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkez Yayınları, Malatya.
  • Górnaś, P., Picron, J., Perkons, I., Mišina, I., Rudzińska, M., Sobieszczańska, N., … Patel, K. S. 2019. "Profiling of the beneficial and potentially harmful components of Trichodesma indicum seed and seed oil obtained by ultrasound‐assisted extraction". Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 96(3), 249-259.
  • Güner, M., Vatandaş, M., Dursun, E. 1999. "Bazı kayısı çeşitlerinde çekirdek kırılma karakteristiklerinin belirlenmesi". Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(01), 95-103.
  • Hao, G., Lin, S., Jiang, Y., Cao, W., Liu, Y., Chen, Z. 2022. "Enhancing processed quality of roasted eel with ultrasound treatment: Effect on texture, taste, and flavor". Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(7), e16641.
  • Huber AH, Kleinfeld AM. Unbound free fatty acid profiles in human plasma and the unexpected absence of unbound palmitoleate. J Lipid Res. 2017 Mar;58(3):578-585. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M074260.
  • amel, B. S., Kakuda, Y. 1992. "Characterization of the seed oil and meal from apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach and plum". Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 69, 492-494.
  • Özkal, S. G., Yener, M. E., Bayındırlı, L. 2005. "Mass transfer modeling of apricot kernel oil extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide". The Journal of supercritical fluids, 35(2), 119-127.
  • Pavlović, N., Vidović, S., Vladić, J., Popović, L., Moslavac, T., Jakobović, S., Jokić, S. 2018. "Recovery of tocopherols, amygdalin, and fatty acids from apricot kernel oil: Cold pressing versus supercritical carbon dioxide". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 120(11), 1800043.
  • Shariatifar, N., Pourfard, I. M., Khaniki, G. J., Nabizadeh, R., Akbarzadeh, A., Nejad, A. S. M. 2017. "Mineral Composition, Physico-chemical Properties and Fatty Acids Profile of Prunus armeniaca Apricot Seed Oil.". Asian Journal of Chemistry, 29(9).
  • Singleton, V. L., Rossi, J. A. 1965. "Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents". American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3), 144-158.
  • Stryjecka, M., Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz, A., Michalak, M., Rachoń, L., Głowacka, A. 2019. "Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of oils from the seeds of five apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars". Journal of oleo science, 68(8), 729-738.
  • Şeran, E.B. 2011. Yağlı Tohumlara Uygulanan Ultrasonik Destekli Ön İşlem ile Soğuk Pres Yağlarında Verim ve Kalitenin Arttırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Kimya Mühendisliği A.B.D.
  • Tareen, A. K., Panezai, M. A., Sajjad, A., Achakzai, J. K., Kakar, A. M., Khan, N. Y. 2021. "Comparative analysis of antioxidant activity, toxicity, and mineral composition of kernel and pomace of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) grown in Balochistan, Pakistan". Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(5), 2830-2839.
  • Tunç, İ. , Çalışkan, F. , Özkan, G. & Karacabey, E. (2014). Mikrodalga Destekli Soxhlet Cihazı ile Fındık Yağı Ekstraksiyonunun Yanıt Yüzey Yöntemi ile Optimizasyonu . Akademik Gıda, 12 (1) , 20-28 . https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/akademik-gida/issue/55791/763724
  • Turan, S., Topcu, A., Karabulut, I., Vural, H., Hayaloglu, A. A. 2007. "Fatty acid, triacylglycerol, phytosterol, and tocopherol variations in kernel oil of Malatya apricots from Turkey". Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 55(26), 10787-10794.
  • Ünal, M. R. 2010. "Kayısı Araştırma Raporu". Fırat Kalkınma Ajansı, Malatya, 4.
  • Yilmaz, İ. 2010. "Antioksidan içeren bazı gıdalar ve oksidatif stres". Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 17(2), 143-154.
  • Yoshida, H., Tatsumi, M., Kajimoto, G. 1992. "Influence of fatty acids on the tocopherol stability in vegetable oils during microwave heating". Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 69(2), 119-125.
  • Zhang, J., Gu, H.-D., Zhang, L., Tian, Z.-J., Zhang, Z.-Q., Shi, X.-C., Ma, W.-H. 2011. "Protective effects of apricot kernel oil on myocardium against ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats". Food and chemical toxicology, 49(12), 3136-3141.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Muhammed Mustafa Özçelik 0000-0002-1933-1737

Erdogan Küçüköner 0000-0001-9259-4800

Publication Date September 28, 2023
Submission Date March 2, 2023
Acceptance Date May 16, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özçelik, M. M., & Küçüköner, E. (2023). A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL AND GREEN EXTRACTION METHODS ON OIL YIELD AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF APRICOT KERNEL. Mühendislik Bilimleri Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 11(3), 966-975. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1259057
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