Research Article
Determination of Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Naturally Growing Chenopodium album subsp. iranicum Aellen
Abstract
Chenopodium album has been used as folk medicine and nutrition for years by local people. This study aimed to investigate the phenolic compounds by Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (RP-HPLC-DAD), total phenolic content (TPC), and biological activities of the plant extracts prepared with three solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, and water) for the first time. Also, the chemical composition of essential oil and mineral content of the plant were determined by Gas Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Inductively Coupled PlasmaOptical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), respectively. The extracts of the plant were analyzed for the in vitro inhibitory activities against carbonic anhydrase (CA) and urease enzymes. The most abundant compound in methanol extract was catechin (157.666 mg L-1). Moreover, depending on the solvent used in the extracts, varied levels of phenolic acids such as gallic, protocatechuic, p-OH benzoic, ferulic, and syringic acids were identified. Thirty-four components were identified and methyl linolenate was found to be the main constituents of the essential oil (11.28 %). The methanol extract of the plant exhibited the best antioxidant value given as TPC 65.41±5.20 µg mL-1 GAE, FRAP 113.54±1.57 µM TEAC, DPPH• 191.1±3.55 µg mL-1 SC50, and ABTS•+ 74.7±1.55 µg mL-1 SC50, respectively. According to the mineral analyses, it was conducted that potassium and sodium were the most abundant minerals. The extracts were found as inactive against CA and showed a moderate urease inhibition effect (IC50:28.380±0.742 mg mL-1). The obtained results indicated that the plant extract could be used as an easily available natural antioxidants source for the food and pharmaceutical industry.
Supporting Institution
Giresun University Research Fund, Scientific Research Projects (BAP)
Project Number
Project No: FEN-BAP-A-150219-17
Thanks
This study was supported by Giresun University Research Fund, Scientific Research Projects (BAP), Project No: FEN-BAP-A-150219-17. The authors would like to acknowledge Giresun University, which allows the use of research laboratories at Espiye Vocational School for testing and analysis as well as HÜBTUAM for the mineral, phenolics and the essential oil analyses.
References
- Adedapo A, Jımoh F, Afolayan A, 2011. Comparison of the nutritive value and biological activities of the acetone, methanol and water extracts of the leaves of Bıdens pılosa and Chenopodıum album. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica- Drug Research, 68 (1): 83-92.
- Adams RP, 2007. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, 4th Edition. Allured Publ., Carol Stream, IL.
- Afolayan AJ, Jimoh FO, 2009. Nutritional quality of some wild leafy vegetables in South Africa. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 60 (5): 424-431.
- Akpanyung EO, 2005. Proximate and mineral composition of bouillon cubes produces in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 4 (5): 327-329.
- Amic D, Davidovic-Amic D, Beslo D, Trinajstic N, 2003. Structure-radical scavenging activity relationship of flavonoids. Croatica Chemica Acta, 76 (1): 55-61.
- Benzie IFF, Strain JJ, 1999. Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Methods in Enzymology, 299: 15-27.
- Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C, 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28 (1): 25-30.
- Che CT, Zhang H, 2019. Plant natural products for human health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(4): 830.
- Chigayo K, Mojapelo PEL, Mnyakeni-Moleele S, Misihairabgwi JM, 2016. Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of different solvent extracts of Kirkia wilmsii tubers. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6 (12): 1037-1043.
- Cutillo F, Dellagreca M, Gionti M, Previtera L, Zarrelli A, 2006. Phenols and lignans from Chenopodium album. Phytochemical Analysis, 17 (5): 344–349.
- Daur I, 2015. Chemical composition of selected Saudi medicinal plants. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8 (3): 329-332.
- Efe D, 2020. Carbonic anhydrase enzyme inhibition and biological activities of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 156: 112849.
- El-Sayed NH, Awaad AS, Hifnawy MS, Mabry TJ, 1999. A flavonol triglycoside from Chenopodium murale. Phytochemistry, 51 (4): 591-593.
- Guerrero JLG, Torija IME, 2009. Nutritional composition of leaves of Chenopodium species (C. album L., C. murale L. and C. opulifolium Shraeder). International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 48 (5): 321–327.
- Guil JL, Torija ME, Giménez JJ, Rodríguez-García I, Giménez A,1996. Oxalic acid and calcium determination in wild edible plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44 (7): 1821–1823.
- Karaçelik AA, Küçük M, Iskefiyeli Z, Aydemir S, De Smet S, Miserez B, Sandra P, 2015. Antioxidant components of Viburnum Opulus L. determined by on-line HPLC-UV-ABTS radical scavenging and LC-UV-ESI-MS methods. Food Chemistry, 175: 106-114.
- Khomarlou N, Aberoomand-Azar P, Lashgari AP, Hakakian A, Ranjbar R, Ayatollahi SA, 2017. Evaluation of antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistance (mdr) bacteria and antioxidant effects of the ethanolic extract and fractions of Chenopodium album (subsp striatum). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 8 (9): 3696–3708.
- Khomarlou N, Aberoomand-Azar P, Lashgari AP, Tebyanian H, Hakakian A, Ranjbar R, Ayatollahi SA, 2018. Essential oil composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of Chenopodium album subsp. striatum. Acta Biologica Hungarica, 69 (2): 144-155.
- Kokanova-Nedialkova Z, Nedialkov PT, Nikolov SD, 2009. The genus Chenopodium: Phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and pharmacology. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 3 (6): 280-306.
- Konieczna I, Zarnowiec P, Kwinkowski M, Kolesinska B, Fraczyk J, Kaminski Z, Kaca W, 2012. Bacterial urease and its role in long-lasting human diseases. Current protein and peptide science, 13 (8): 789-806.
- Koutnik P, Shcherbakova EG, Gozem S, Caglayan MG, Minami T, Anzenbacher P, 2017. Fluorescence-based assay for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Chem, 2 (2): 271-282.
- Külcü DB, Gökışık CD, Aydın S, 2019. An Investigation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Nettle (Urtica dioica L.), Mint (Mentha piperita), Thyme (Thyme serpyllum) and Chenopodium album L. Plants from Yaylacık Plateau, Giresun, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 7 (1): 73-80.
- Lim S, Choi AH, Kwon M, Joung EJ, Shin T, Lee SG, Kim NG, Kim HR, 2019. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of various solvent extract from Sargassum serratifolium and its major antioxidant components. Food Chemistry, 278: 178-184.
- Laghari AH, Memon S, Nelofar A, Khan KM, Yasmin A, 2011. Determination of free phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts obtained from fruits and leaves of Chenopodium album. Food Chemistry. 126 (4): 1850-1855.
- Lourenço SC, Moldão-Martins M, Alves VD, 2019. Antioxidants of natural plant origins: from sources to food industry applications. Molecules, 24 (22): 4132.
- Nahar L, Sarker SD, 2005. Chenoalbuside: an antioxidant phenolic glycoside from the seeds of Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae). Revista Brasileira De Farmacognosia,15 (4): 279-282.
- Nowak R, Szewczyk K, Gawlik-Dziki U, Rzymowska J, Komsta Ł, 2016. Antioxidative and cytotoxic potential of some Chenopodium L. species growing in Poland. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 23 (1): 15-23.
- Penarrieta JM, Alvarado JA, Akesson B, Bergenstahl B, 2008. Total antioxidant capacity and content of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in Canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule): an Andean pseudocereal. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 52 (6): 708-717.
- Pradhan S, Manivannan S, Tamang JP, 2015. Proximate, mineral composition and antioxidant properties of some wild leafy vegetables. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 74 (3): 155-159.
- Re R, Pellegrini N, Protrggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C, 1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26 (9): 1231-1237.
- Samancioglu A, Sat IG, Yildirim E, Ercişli S, Jurikova T, Mlcek J, 2016. Total phenolic and vitamin C content and antiradical activity evaluation of traditionally consumed wild edible vegetables from Turkey. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 15 (2): 208-213.
- Sezer B, Apaydin H, Bilge G, Boyaci IH, 2018. Coffee arabica adulteration: Detection of wheat, corn and chickpea, 264 (2018): 142-148.
- Slinkard K, Singleton VL, 1977. Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28: 49-55.
- Supuran CT, 2008. Carbonic anhydrases: novel therapeutic applications for inhibitors and activators. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 7 (2): 168-181.
- Supuran CT, Di Fiore A, De Simone G, 2008. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as emerging drugs for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 13 (2): 383-392.
- Upadhyay L, 2012. Urease inhibitors: A review. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 11 (4): 381-388.
- Weatherburn MW, 1967. Phenol hipochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Analytical Chemistry, 39: 971-974.
- Verpoorte JA, Mehta S, Edsall JT, 1967. Esterase activities of human carbonic anhydrases B and C. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 242 (18): 4221-4229.
- Yılmaz PK, Ertaş A, Akdeniz M, Avcı MK, Kolak U, 2019. Chemical compositions by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS and biological activities of Chenopodium album subsp. album var. Microphyllum. Industrial Crops and Products, 141: 111755.
Determination of Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Naturally Growing Chenopodium album subsp. iranicum Aellen
Abstract
Chenopodium album has been used as folk medicine and nutrition for years by local people. This study aimed to investigate the phenolic compounds by Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (RP-HPLC-DAD), total phenolic content (TPC), and biological activities of the plant extracts prepared with three solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, and water) for the first time. Also, the chemical composition of essential oil and mineral content of the plant were determined by Gas Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Inductively Coupled PlasmaOptical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), respectively. The extracts of the plant were analyzed for the in vitro inhibitory activities against carbonic anhydrase (CA) and urease enzymes. The most abundant compound in methanol extract was catechin (157.666 mg L-1). Moreover, depending on the solvent used in the extracts, varied levels of phenolic acids such as gallic, protocatechuic, p-OH benzoic, ferulic, and syringic acids were identified. Thirty-four components were identified and methyl linolenate was found to be the main constituents of the essential oil (11.28 %). The methanol extract of the plant exhibited the best antioxidant value given as TPC 65.41±5.20 µg mL-1 GAE, FRAP 113.54±1.57 µM TEAC, DPPH• 191.1±3.55 µg mL-1 SC50, and ABTS•+ 74.7±1.55 µg mL-1 SC50, respectively. According to the mineral analyses, it was conducted that potassium and sodium were the most abundant minerals. The extracts were found as inactive against CA and showed a moderate urease inhibition effect (IC50:28.380±0.742 mg mL-1). The obtained results indicated that the plant extract could be used as an easily available natural antioxidants source for the food and pharmaceutical industry.
Project Number
Project No: FEN-BAP-A-150219-17
References
- Adedapo A, Jımoh F, Afolayan A, 2011. Comparison of the nutritive value and biological activities of the acetone, methanol and water extracts of the leaves of Bıdens pılosa and Chenopodıum album. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica- Drug Research, 68 (1): 83-92.
- Adams RP, 2007. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, 4th Edition. Allured Publ., Carol Stream, IL.
- Afolayan AJ, Jimoh FO, 2009. Nutritional quality of some wild leafy vegetables in South Africa. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 60 (5): 424-431.
- Akpanyung EO, 2005. Proximate and mineral composition of bouillon cubes produces in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 4 (5): 327-329.
- Amic D, Davidovic-Amic D, Beslo D, Trinajstic N, 2003. Structure-radical scavenging activity relationship of flavonoids. Croatica Chemica Acta, 76 (1): 55-61.
- Benzie IFF, Strain JJ, 1999. Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Methods in Enzymology, 299: 15-27.
- Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C, 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28 (1): 25-30.
- Che CT, Zhang H, 2019. Plant natural products for human health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(4): 830.
- Chigayo K, Mojapelo PEL, Mnyakeni-Moleele S, Misihairabgwi JM, 2016. Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of different solvent extracts of Kirkia wilmsii tubers. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6 (12): 1037-1043.
- Cutillo F, Dellagreca M, Gionti M, Previtera L, Zarrelli A, 2006. Phenols and lignans from Chenopodium album. Phytochemical Analysis, 17 (5): 344–349.
- Daur I, 2015. Chemical composition of selected Saudi medicinal plants. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8 (3): 329-332.
- Efe D, 2020. Carbonic anhydrase enzyme inhibition and biological activities of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 156: 112849.
- El-Sayed NH, Awaad AS, Hifnawy MS, Mabry TJ, 1999. A flavonol triglycoside from Chenopodium murale. Phytochemistry, 51 (4): 591-593.
- Guerrero JLG, Torija IME, 2009. Nutritional composition of leaves of Chenopodium species (C. album L., C. murale L. and C. opulifolium Shraeder). International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 48 (5): 321–327.
- Guil JL, Torija ME, Giménez JJ, Rodríguez-García I, Giménez A,1996. Oxalic acid and calcium determination in wild edible plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44 (7): 1821–1823.
- Karaçelik AA, Küçük M, Iskefiyeli Z, Aydemir S, De Smet S, Miserez B, Sandra P, 2015. Antioxidant components of Viburnum Opulus L. determined by on-line HPLC-UV-ABTS radical scavenging and LC-UV-ESI-MS methods. Food Chemistry, 175: 106-114.
- Khomarlou N, Aberoomand-Azar P, Lashgari AP, Hakakian A, Ranjbar R, Ayatollahi SA, 2017. Evaluation of antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistance (mdr) bacteria and antioxidant effects of the ethanolic extract and fractions of Chenopodium album (subsp striatum). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 8 (9): 3696–3708.
- Khomarlou N, Aberoomand-Azar P, Lashgari AP, Tebyanian H, Hakakian A, Ranjbar R, Ayatollahi SA, 2018. Essential oil composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of Chenopodium album subsp. striatum. Acta Biologica Hungarica, 69 (2): 144-155.
- Kokanova-Nedialkova Z, Nedialkov PT, Nikolov SD, 2009. The genus Chenopodium: Phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and pharmacology. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 3 (6): 280-306.
- Konieczna I, Zarnowiec P, Kwinkowski M, Kolesinska B, Fraczyk J, Kaminski Z, Kaca W, 2012. Bacterial urease and its role in long-lasting human diseases. Current protein and peptide science, 13 (8): 789-806.
- Koutnik P, Shcherbakova EG, Gozem S, Caglayan MG, Minami T, Anzenbacher P, 2017. Fluorescence-based assay for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Chem, 2 (2): 271-282.
- Külcü DB, Gökışık CD, Aydın S, 2019. An Investigation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Nettle (Urtica dioica L.), Mint (Mentha piperita), Thyme (Thyme serpyllum) and Chenopodium album L. Plants from Yaylacık Plateau, Giresun, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 7 (1): 73-80.
- Lim S, Choi AH, Kwon M, Joung EJ, Shin T, Lee SG, Kim NG, Kim HR, 2019. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of various solvent extract from Sargassum serratifolium and its major antioxidant components. Food Chemistry, 278: 178-184.
- Laghari AH, Memon S, Nelofar A, Khan KM, Yasmin A, 2011. Determination of free phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts obtained from fruits and leaves of Chenopodium album. Food Chemistry. 126 (4): 1850-1855.
- Lourenço SC, Moldão-Martins M, Alves VD, 2019. Antioxidants of natural plant origins: from sources to food industry applications. Molecules, 24 (22): 4132.
- Nahar L, Sarker SD, 2005. Chenoalbuside: an antioxidant phenolic glycoside from the seeds of Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae). Revista Brasileira De Farmacognosia,15 (4): 279-282.
- Nowak R, Szewczyk K, Gawlik-Dziki U, Rzymowska J, Komsta Ł, 2016. Antioxidative and cytotoxic potential of some Chenopodium L. species growing in Poland. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 23 (1): 15-23.
- Penarrieta JM, Alvarado JA, Akesson B, Bergenstahl B, 2008. Total antioxidant capacity and content of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in Canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule): an Andean pseudocereal. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 52 (6): 708-717.
- Pradhan S, Manivannan S, Tamang JP, 2015. Proximate, mineral composition and antioxidant properties of some wild leafy vegetables. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 74 (3): 155-159.
- Re R, Pellegrini N, Protrggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C, 1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26 (9): 1231-1237.
- Samancioglu A, Sat IG, Yildirim E, Ercişli S, Jurikova T, Mlcek J, 2016. Total phenolic and vitamin C content and antiradical activity evaluation of traditionally consumed wild edible vegetables from Turkey. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 15 (2): 208-213.
- Sezer B, Apaydin H, Bilge G, Boyaci IH, 2018. Coffee arabica adulteration: Detection of wheat, corn and chickpea, 264 (2018): 142-148.
- Slinkard K, Singleton VL, 1977. Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28: 49-55.
- Supuran CT, 2008. Carbonic anhydrases: novel therapeutic applications for inhibitors and activators. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 7 (2): 168-181.
- Supuran CT, Di Fiore A, De Simone G, 2008. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as emerging drugs for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 13 (2): 383-392.
- Upadhyay L, 2012. Urease inhibitors: A review. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 11 (4): 381-388.
- Weatherburn MW, 1967. Phenol hipochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Analytical Chemistry, 39: 971-974.
- Verpoorte JA, Mehta S, Edsall JT, 1967. Esterase activities of human carbonic anhydrases B and C. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 242 (18): 4221-4229.
- Yılmaz PK, Ertaş A, Akdeniz M, Avcı MK, Kolak U, 2019. Chemical compositions by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS and biological activities of Chenopodium album subsp. album var. Microphyllum. Industrial Crops and Products, 141: 111755.
There are 39 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Chemical Engineering |
| Journal Section | Kimya / Chemistry |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | Project No: FEN-BAP-A-150219-17 |
| Publication Date | September 1, 2021 |
| Submission Date | November 19, 2020 |
| Acceptance Date | March 10, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 3 |