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Farklı Sıcaklık ve Sürelerde Bekletilen Kasımpatı Polenlerinde Polen Kalitesinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 2303 - 2314, 01.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1290665

Abstract

Polen kalitesi, tohum oluşumu üzerindeki etkilerinden dolayı ıslah programlarında en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Etkili bir ıslah programı için ıslahçılar, polenin canlılığını, çimlenme oranını ve polenlerin canlılığını koruma süresini mutlaka bilmelidir. Bu çalışma, farklı sıcaklık ve sürelerde bekletilen 'Chic' ve 'Barolo' sprey kasımpatı çeşitlerinin polen canlılığı ve çimlenme oranlarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Her iki çeşide ait polenler, tam otomasyonlu bir ıslah serasında yetiştirilen bitkilerden elde edilmiştir. Polenler, +24°C’de ve +4°C’de 7 gün boyunca bekletilmiştir. 0. gün dahil olmak üzere 8 gün boyunca günlük olarak TTC yöntemi ile polen canlılıkları, modifiye ME3-m ortamı ile asılı damla yönteminde ise çimlenme oranları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, 'Chic' çeşidinin 'Barolo' çeşidinden daha fazla canlı polene sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Canlı polen ve çimlenme oranları, bekletme sürelerinin artmasıyla sürekli olarak azalma eğilimi göstermiştir. 7. günde çimlenme oranı 'Barolo' ve 'Chic' çeşitlerinde sırasıyla %93.44 ve %71.64 oranında azalmıştır. Ancak +4°C’de tutulan polenin canlılığını koruma kapasitesi her iki çeşitte de daha iyi bulunmuştur. Çalışmada, polenlerin öncelikle taze olarak uygulanması, gerektiğinde +4°C’de saklanarak kullanılması, +24°C'de bekletilen polenlerin ise 2 güne kadar kullanılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. +4°C’de bu süre çeşide göre 4 güne kadar uzayabilir.

References

  • Almeida, C., Amaral, A.L., Neto, J.F.B. & Sereno, M.J.C.M. (2011). Conservação e germinação in vitro de pólen de milho (Zea mays subsp. mays). Revista Brasileira de Botanica, 34(4), 493-497.
  • AIPH (2021). International statistics flowers and plants 2021. Volume 69, ISSN: 2313-7126, ISBN: 978-1-9164807-9-7, Access address: www.aiph.org/statistical-yearbook (Access date: August 23, 2023).
  • Bolat, İ. & Güleryüz, M. 2010. A study on the determination of pollen viability and germination and their interaction of some apricot cultivars. Atatürk University Journal of Agricultural Faculty 25(3), 3344-353.
  • Chen, F., Feng-Tong, L., Su-Mei, C., Zhi-Yong, G. & Wei-Min, F. (2009). Meiosis and pollen germinability in small-flowered anemone type chrysanthemum cultivars. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 280(3-4), 143-151.
  • Erbaş, S., Alagöz, M. & Baydar, H. (2015). A research on flower morphology and pollen viability of oil-bearing rose (Rosa damascena Mill.). Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 10(2), 40-50.
  • Eti, S. (1990). A practical method for the determination of pollen production. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Cukurova University, 5(4), 49-58.
  • Eti, S. (1991). Determination of pollen viability and germination capability of some fruit species and cultivars by different in vitro tests. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Cukurova University, 6(1), 69-80.
  • Fragallah, S.A.D.A., Lin, S., Li, N., Ligat, E.J. & Chen, Y. (2019). Effects of sucrose, boric acid, pH, and incubation time on in vitro germination of pollen and tube growth of Chinese fir (Cunnighamial lanceolata L.). MDPI Forests, 10(2), 1-16.
  • Giovannini, A., Macovei, A., Donà, M., Valassi, A., Caser, M., Mansuino, A., Ghione, G., Carbonera, D., Scariot, V. & Balestrazzi, A. (2015). Pollen grain preservation at low temperatures in valuable commercial rose cultivars. VI International Symposium on Rose Research and Cultivation. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1064, Germany (Hannover) Jan 25. pp: 63-66.
  • Güçlü, S.F., Kaçal, E. & Koyuncu, F. (2021). Determination of pollen performance of some blackberry varieties during different incubation temperatures and incubation periods. ANADOLU Journal of Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, 31(1), 74-83.
  • Güneş, M., Çekiç, Ç. & Edizer, Y. (2005). Determination of pollen quantity, pollen viability and pollen germination in some dogrose species (Rosa caninae). I International Rose Hip Conference ISHS Acta Horticulturae 690, Turkey (Gümüşhane), Sept 30. pp: 211-216.
  • Ibitoye, D. & Akin-Idowu, P. (2011). Marker-assisted-selection (MAS): a fast track to increase genetic gain in horticultural crop breeding. African Journal of Biotechnology, (10), 11333-11339.
  • Jie, Y., Ziran, S., Mingfang, Y., Deying, L. & Yubin, N. (1995). The breeding of early-blossoming cut Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema morifolium Tzvcl). International Symposium on Cultivar Improvement of Horticultural Crops. Part 3: Flowers Acta Horticulturae, 404, China (Beijing), July 1. pp: 131-138.
  • Kalyoncu, İ.H., Ersoy, N. & Yılmaz, M. (2013). Determination of pollen viability germination and production of selected K-3 cornellian cherry (Cornus mas L.) type. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 3(1), 39-45.
  • Kattera, S. Panchbhai, D.M., Reddy, M.P. & Reddy, B.R. (2013). Study on crossing ability of annual chrysanthemum genotypes. International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(1), 17-22.
  • Kharkwal, M.C., Pandey, R.N. & Pawar, S.E. (2004). Mutation breeding for crop improvement. Jain, H.K., Kharkwal, M.C. (ed), in Plant breeding (pp. 601-645). Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
  • Macovei, A., Caser, M., Dona, M., Valassi, A., Giovannini, A., Carbonera, D., Scariot, V. & Balestrazzi A, (2016). Prolonged cold storage affects pollen viability and germination along with hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide content in Rosa hybrida. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 44(1), 6-10.
  • Martins, E.S., Davide, L.M.C., Miranda, G.J., Barizon, J.O., Souza Junior, F., Carvalho, R.P. & Gonçalves, M.C. (2017). In vitro pollen viability of maize cultivars at different times of collection. Ciencial Rural, 47(2), 1-8.
  • Mert, C. & Soylu, A. (2006). Studies on the fertilisation biology of some cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Bursa Uludag University, 2(21), 45-49.
  • Miler, N. & Kulus, D. (2018). Microwave treatment can induce chrysanthemum phenotypic and genetic changes. Scientia Horticulturae, 227, 223-233.
  • Miler, N. & Wozny, A. (2021). Effect of pollen genotype, temperature and period of storage on in vitro germinability and in vivo seed set in chrysanthemum preliminary study. MDPI Agronomy, 11(12), 1-10.
  • Nadeem, M., Akond, M., Riaz, A., Qasim, M., Younis, A. & Farooq, A. (2013). Pollen morphology and viability relates to seed production in hybrid roses. Breeding and Seed Sciences, 68(1), 25-38.
  • Pacini, E. & Dolferus, R. (2019). Pollen developmental arrest: maintaining pollen fertility in a world with a changing climate. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1-15.
  • Parfitt, D.E. & Ganeshan, S. (1989). Comparison of procedures for estimating viability of Prunus pollen, HortScience, 24(2), 354-356.
  • Paupıe`re, M.J., Van Haperen, P., Rıeu, I., Visser, R.G.F., Tıkunov, Y.M. & Bovy, A.G. (2017). Screening for pollen tolerance to high temperatures in tomato. Euphytica, 213(6), 1-8.
  • Perveen, A. & Sarwar, G.R. (2011). Pollen germination capacity of two cultivated species (Jasmınum sambuc (l.) Ait. and Nycanthes arbor-tristis l.) of family Oleaceae. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(4), 2109-2112.
  • Richer, C., Poulin, M. & Rioux, J.A. (2007). Factor influencing pollen germination in three ExplorerTM roses. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 87, 115-119.
  • Royal FloraHolland (2022). Annual reports. Access address: https://www.royalfloraholland.com/en/about-us/annual-reports (Access date: August 23, 2023)
  • Sulusoglu M. & Cavusoglu, A. (2014). In vitro pollen viability and pollen germination in cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.), The Scientific World Journal, 657123, 1-7.
  • Sun, C.Q., Chen, F.D., Teng, N.J., Liu, Z.L., Fang, W. & Hou, X.L. (2010). Factors affecting seed set in the crosses between Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura and its wild species. Euphytica, 171(2), 181-192.
  • Şensoy, S., Ercan, N., Ayar, F. and Temirkaynak, M. (2003). The evaluation of pollen viability and the determine some pollen characteristics in some species of Cucurbitaceae family. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 16(1), 1-6.
  • Wang, F., Zhong, X., Wang, H., Song, A., Chen, F., Fang, W., Jiang, J. & Teng, N. (2018). Investigation of differences in fertility among progenies from self-pollinated chrysanthemum. MDPI International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(832), 1-22.
  • Xu, L., Liu, C.L., Wang, H.D. & Chen, K.L. (2012). Study on the pollen viability and stigma receptivity of Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Fubaiju'. Zhong Yao Cai 35(10): 1546-1550.
  • Yang, J. & Endo, M. (2005). In vitro germination and viability of Dendranthema pollen. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 4(6), 673-677.
  • Zhang, M., Huang, H., Wang, Q. & Dai, S. (2018). Cross breeding new cultivars of early- flowering multiflora chrysanthemum based on mathematical analysis. HortScience, 53(4), 421-426.
  • Zhao, H., Chen, F. & Fang, W. (2005). Pollen germination in vitro of chrysanthemum cultivars with small inflorescences and several species of Dendranthema. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 28(2), 22-27.
  • Zhao, H., Chen, F. & Fang, W. (2006). Detection methods of pollen viability of Dendranthema. J Journal of Zhejiang University, 23(4), 406-409.
  • Zhao, H., Chen, F., Wang, Y., Chen, S., Fang, W. & Guo, W. (2008). Study on pollen viability, longevity, and pistil receptivity of self-compatible Chrysanthemum with small inflorescences. XXVII International Horticultural Congress - IHC2006: International Symposium on Ornamentals, ISHS Acta Horticulturae 766, Korea (Seoul), March 31, pp: 402-415.
  • Zlesak, D.C. (2007). Rose: Rosa x hybrida. Anderson, N.O. (ed.), in Flower breeding and genetics (pp. 695-740), Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Pollen Quality of Some Spray Chrysanthemum Varieties at Different Holding Time and Temperature

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 2303 - 2314, 01.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1290665

Abstract

Pollen quality is one of the most important factors in breeding programs because of its effects on seed formation. For an effective breeding program, breeders must know pollen viability, germination rate, and the duration of maintaining pollen viability. This study was carried out to determine pollen viability and germination rates of 'Chic' and 'Barolo' spray chrysanthemum varieties kept at different temperatures and times. Pollen from both varieties was obtained from plants grown in a fully automated greenhouse. Pollens were stored at +24°C and +4°C for 7 days. Pollen viability was determined by the TTC method and germination rates were determined by the hanging drop method with modified ME3-m medium, daily for 8 days, including day 0. The 'Chic' varieties had more viable pollen than the 'Barolo' variety. Viable pollen and germination rates tended to decrease continuously with time. On the 7th day, the germination rate decreased by 93.44% and 71.64% in the 'Barolo' and 'Chic' varieties, respectively. However, the capacity to maintain the viability of pollen kept at +4°C was found to be better in both varieties. In the study, it was concluded that the pollen should be applied freshly but stored at +4°C when necessary. The pollen kept at +24°C can be used for up to 2 days. This period can be extended up to 4 days at +4°C, depending on the variety.

References

  • Almeida, C., Amaral, A.L., Neto, J.F.B. & Sereno, M.J.C.M. (2011). Conservação e germinação in vitro de pólen de milho (Zea mays subsp. mays). Revista Brasileira de Botanica, 34(4), 493-497.
  • AIPH (2021). International statistics flowers and plants 2021. Volume 69, ISSN: 2313-7126, ISBN: 978-1-9164807-9-7, Access address: www.aiph.org/statistical-yearbook (Access date: August 23, 2023).
  • Bolat, İ. & Güleryüz, M. 2010. A study on the determination of pollen viability and germination and their interaction of some apricot cultivars. Atatürk University Journal of Agricultural Faculty 25(3), 3344-353.
  • Chen, F., Feng-Tong, L., Su-Mei, C., Zhi-Yong, G. & Wei-Min, F. (2009). Meiosis and pollen germinability in small-flowered anemone type chrysanthemum cultivars. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 280(3-4), 143-151.
  • Erbaş, S., Alagöz, M. & Baydar, H. (2015). A research on flower morphology and pollen viability of oil-bearing rose (Rosa damascena Mill.). Isparta University of Applied Sciences, 10(2), 40-50.
  • Eti, S. (1990). A practical method for the determination of pollen production. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Cukurova University, 5(4), 49-58.
  • Eti, S. (1991). Determination of pollen viability and germination capability of some fruit species and cultivars by different in vitro tests. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Cukurova University, 6(1), 69-80.
  • Fragallah, S.A.D.A., Lin, S., Li, N., Ligat, E.J. & Chen, Y. (2019). Effects of sucrose, boric acid, pH, and incubation time on in vitro germination of pollen and tube growth of Chinese fir (Cunnighamial lanceolata L.). MDPI Forests, 10(2), 1-16.
  • Giovannini, A., Macovei, A., Donà, M., Valassi, A., Caser, M., Mansuino, A., Ghione, G., Carbonera, D., Scariot, V. & Balestrazzi, A. (2015). Pollen grain preservation at low temperatures in valuable commercial rose cultivars. VI International Symposium on Rose Research and Cultivation. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1064, Germany (Hannover) Jan 25. pp: 63-66.
  • Güçlü, S.F., Kaçal, E. & Koyuncu, F. (2021). Determination of pollen performance of some blackberry varieties during different incubation temperatures and incubation periods. ANADOLU Journal of Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, 31(1), 74-83.
  • Güneş, M., Çekiç, Ç. & Edizer, Y. (2005). Determination of pollen quantity, pollen viability and pollen germination in some dogrose species (Rosa caninae). I International Rose Hip Conference ISHS Acta Horticulturae 690, Turkey (Gümüşhane), Sept 30. pp: 211-216.
  • Ibitoye, D. & Akin-Idowu, P. (2011). Marker-assisted-selection (MAS): a fast track to increase genetic gain in horticultural crop breeding. African Journal of Biotechnology, (10), 11333-11339.
  • Jie, Y., Ziran, S., Mingfang, Y., Deying, L. & Yubin, N. (1995). The breeding of early-blossoming cut Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema morifolium Tzvcl). International Symposium on Cultivar Improvement of Horticultural Crops. Part 3: Flowers Acta Horticulturae, 404, China (Beijing), July 1. pp: 131-138.
  • Kalyoncu, İ.H., Ersoy, N. & Yılmaz, M. (2013). Determination of pollen viability germination and production of selected K-3 cornellian cherry (Cornus mas L.) type. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 3(1), 39-45.
  • Kattera, S. Panchbhai, D.M., Reddy, M.P. & Reddy, B.R. (2013). Study on crossing ability of annual chrysanthemum genotypes. International Journal of Applied Biology, 5(1), 17-22.
  • Kharkwal, M.C., Pandey, R.N. & Pawar, S.E. (2004). Mutation breeding for crop improvement. Jain, H.K., Kharkwal, M.C. (ed), in Plant breeding (pp. 601-645). Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
  • Macovei, A., Caser, M., Dona, M., Valassi, A., Giovannini, A., Carbonera, D., Scariot, V. & Balestrazzi A, (2016). Prolonged cold storage affects pollen viability and germination along with hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide content in Rosa hybrida. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 44(1), 6-10.
  • Martins, E.S., Davide, L.M.C., Miranda, G.J., Barizon, J.O., Souza Junior, F., Carvalho, R.P. & Gonçalves, M.C. (2017). In vitro pollen viability of maize cultivars at different times of collection. Ciencial Rural, 47(2), 1-8.
  • Mert, C. & Soylu, A. (2006). Studies on the fertilisation biology of some cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Bursa Uludag University, 2(21), 45-49.
  • Miler, N. & Kulus, D. (2018). Microwave treatment can induce chrysanthemum phenotypic and genetic changes. Scientia Horticulturae, 227, 223-233.
  • Miler, N. & Wozny, A. (2021). Effect of pollen genotype, temperature and period of storage on in vitro germinability and in vivo seed set in chrysanthemum preliminary study. MDPI Agronomy, 11(12), 1-10.
  • Nadeem, M., Akond, M., Riaz, A., Qasim, M., Younis, A. & Farooq, A. (2013). Pollen morphology and viability relates to seed production in hybrid roses. Breeding and Seed Sciences, 68(1), 25-38.
  • Pacini, E. & Dolferus, R. (2019). Pollen developmental arrest: maintaining pollen fertility in a world with a changing climate. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1-15.
  • Parfitt, D.E. & Ganeshan, S. (1989). Comparison of procedures for estimating viability of Prunus pollen, HortScience, 24(2), 354-356.
  • Paupıe`re, M.J., Van Haperen, P., Rıeu, I., Visser, R.G.F., Tıkunov, Y.M. & Bovy, A.G. (2017). Screening for pollen tolerance to high temperatures in tomato. Euphytica, 213(6), 1-8.
  • Perveen, A. & Sarwar, G.R. (2011). Pollen germination capacity of two cultivated species (Jasmınum sambuc (l.) Ait. and Nycanthes arbor-tristis l.) of family Oleaceae. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(4), 2109-2112.
  • Richer, C., Poulin, M. & Rioux, J.A. (2007). Factor influencing pollen germination in three ExplorerTM roses. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 87, 115-119.
  • Royal FloraHolland (2022). Annual reports. Access address: https://www.royalfloraholland.com/en/about-us/annual-reports (Access date: August 23, 2023)
  • Sulusoglu M. & Cavusoglu, A. (2014). In vitro pollen viability and pollen germination in cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.), The Scientific World Journal, 657123, 1-7.
  • Sun, C.Q., Chen, F.D., Teng, N.J., Liu, Z.L., Fang, W. & Hou, X.L. (2010). Factors affecting seed set in the crosses between Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura and its wild species. Euphytica, 171(2), 181-192.
  • Şensoy, S., Ercan, N., Ayar, F. and Temirkaynak, M. (2003). The evaluation of pollen viability and the determine some pollen characteristics in some species of Cucurbitaceae family. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 16(1), 1-6.
  • Wang, F., Zhong, X., Wang, H., Song, A., Chen, F., Fang, W., Jiang, J. & Teng, N. (2018). Investigation of differences in fertility among progenies from self-pollinated chrysanthemum. MDPI International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(832), 1-22.
  • Xu, L., Liu, C.L., Wang, H.D. & Chen, K.L. (2012). Study on the pollen viability and stigma receptivity of Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Fubaiju'. Zhong Yao Cai 35(10): 1546-1550.
  • Yang, J. & Endo, M. (2005). In vitro germination and viability of Dendranthema pollen. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 4(6), 673-677.
  • Zhang, M., Huang, H., Wang, Q. & Dai, S. (2018). Cross breeding new cultivars of early- flowering multiflora chrysanthemum based on mathematical analysis. HortScience, 53(4), 421-426.
  • Zhao, H., Chen, F. & Fang, W. (2005). Pollen germination in vitro of chrysanthemum cultivars with small inflorescences and several species of Dendranthema. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 28(2), 22-27.
  • Zhao, H., Chen, F. & Fang, W. (2006). Detection methods of pollen viability of Dendranthema. J Journal of Zhejiang University, 23(4), 406-409.
  • Zhao, H., Chen, F., Wang, Y., Chen, S., Fang, W. & Guo, W. (2008). Study on pollen viability, longevity, and pistil receptivity of self-compatible Chrysanthemum with small inflorescences. XXVII International Horticultural Congress - IHC2006: International Symposium on Ornamentals, ISHS Acta Horticulturae 766, Korea (Seoul), March 31, pp: 402-415.
  • Zlesak, D.C. (2007). Rose: Rosa x hybrida. Anderson, N.O. (ed.), in Flower breeding and genetics (pp. 695-740), Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Horticultural Production
Journal Section Bahçe Bitkileri / Horticulture
Authors

Hilal Dursun 0000-0002-7869-655X

Soner Kazaz 0000-0002-6644-9690

Tuğba Kılıç 0000-0002-0528-7552

Early Pub Date November 30, 2023
Publication Date December 1, 2023
Submission Date May 1, 2023
Acceptance Date August 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Dursun, H., Kazaz, S., & Kılıç, T. (2023). Pollen Quality of Some Spray Chrysanthemum Varieties at Different Holding Time and Temperature. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 13(4), 2303-2314. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1290665
AMA Dursun H, Kazaz S, Kılıç T. Pollen Quality of Some Spray Chrysanthemum Varieties at Different Holding Time and Temperature. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. December 2023;13(4):2303-2314. doi:10.21597/jist.1290665
Chicago Dursun, Hilal, Soner Kazaz, and Tuğba Kılıç. “Pollen Quality of Some Spray Chrysanthemum Varieties at Different Holding Time and Temperature”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 13, no. 4 (December 2023): 2303-14. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1290665.
EndNote Dursun H, Kazaz S, Kılıç T (December 1, 2023) Pollen Quality of Some Spray Chrysanthemum Varieties at Different Holding Time and Temperature. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 13 4 2303–2314.
IEEE H. Dursun, S. Kazaz, and T. Kılıç, “Pollen Quality of Some Spray Chrysanthemum Varieties at Different Holding Time and Temperature”, J. Inst. Sci. and Tech., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 2303–2314, 2023, doi: 10.21597/jist.1290665.
ISNAD Dursun, Hilal et al. “Pollen Quality of Some Spray Chrysanthemum Varieties at Different Holding Time and Temperature”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 13/4 (December 2023), 2303-2314. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1290665.
JAMA Dursun H, Kazaz S, Kılıç T. Pollen Quality of Some Spray Chrysanthemum Varieties at Different Holding Time and Temperature. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2023;13:2303–2314.
MLA Dursun, Hilal et al. “Pollen Quality of Some Spray Chrysanthemum Varieties at Different Holding Time and Temperature”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, vol. 13, no. 4, 2023, pp. 2303-14, doi:10.21597/jist.1290665.
Vancouver Dursun H, Kazaz S, Kılıç T. Pollen Quality of Some Spray Chrysanthemum Varieties at Different Holding Time and Temperature. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2023;13(4):2303-14.