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Nijmegen Tıpta Cinsiyet Farkındalığı Ölçeğinin Türkçe Uyarlaması ve Psikometrik Özellikleri: Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirliğin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 429 - 437, 20.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1294869

Abstract

Amaç: Cinsiyet, nasıl hizmet verdiğimizi ve nasıl tıbbi bakım aldığımızı etkiler. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, cinsiyeti sağlığın sosyal bir belirleyicisi olarak değerlendirmektedir. Ancak, doktorlar arasında cinsiyet konusunda yeterli farkındalık bulunmayabilir. Bu çalışma, Nijmegen Tıpta Cinsiyet Farkındalığı Ölçeği'nin (N-GAMS) Türkçe'ye uyarlanması ve Türkiye’deki tıp öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet farkındalık düzeylerinin ve ilgili faktörlerin tanımlanmasını amaçlamaktadır.
Gereç ve yöntem: İki yüz yetmiş iki tıp öğrencisi bu kesitsel çalışmaya katıldı. Veri toplamak için sosyodemografik forma ek olarak Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Ölçeği, Jefferson Doktor Empati Ölçeği-Öğrenci Versiyonu ve N-GAMS kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, ölçeğin daha önce gösterilen üç faktörlü yapısını tekrarladı. Türkçe N-GAMS'in Cronbach alfa değeri 0.887 idi. Kriterlere bağlı geçerlilik analizi şu şekilde sonuçlanmıştır: Cinsiyet duyarlılığı, daha yüksek empati ve daha yüksek korumacı cinsiyetçilik ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Hastalara yönelik cinsiyet rolü ideolojisi puanları, erkek cinsiyet, daha düşük empati ve hem düşmanca hem de korumacı cinsiyetçi tutumlarla ilişkiliydi. Doktorlara yönelik toplumsal cinsiyet rolü ideolojisi, erkek öğrencilerde, empati düzeyi düşük olanlarda ve çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilikte daha yüksekti. Örneğimizdeki Türk tıp öğrencileri, Avrupalı meslektaşlarına göre toplumsal cinsiyete daha az duyarlıydı.
Sonuç: N-GAMS Türk tıp öğrencileri arasında geçerli ve güvenilirdir. Tıp fakültelerinde toplumsal cinsiyet farkındalığı konusunda eğitime ihtiyaç vardır.

Project Number

None

References

  • Mauvais-Jarvis F, Bairey Merz N, Barnes PJ, Brinton RD, Carrero JJ, DeMeo DL, et al. Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020 Sep 5;396(10252):668]. Lancet. 2020;396(10250):565-82.
  • 2. Lam CSP, Arnott C, Beale AL, Chandramouli C, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Kaye DM, et al. Sex differences in heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(47):3859-68c.
  • 3. Blanton HL, Barnes RC, McHann MC, Bilbrey JA, Wilkerson JL, Guindon J. Sex differences and the endocannabinoid system in pain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2021;202:173107.
  • 4. Christiansen DM, Berke ET. Gender- and Sex-Based Contributors to Sex Differences in PTSD. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2020;22(4):19.
  • 5. World Health Organization. (‎2011)‎. Gender mainstreaming for health managers: a practical approach. Geneva : World Health Organisation.
  • 6. Rodríguez-Burbano AY, Cepeda I, Vargas-Martínez AM, De-Diego-Cordero R. Assessment of Ambivalent Sexism in University Students in Colombia and Spain: A Comparative Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(3):1009.
  • 7. Glick P, Fiske ST. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Sexism. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996;70(3):491–512.
  • 8. Yasin Y, Aydemir E, Şevik İ, Özyalçın E. Hâlâ Göremediklerimiz: Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Temelli Tıp Yaklaşımı. Turk J Public Health. 2019;17(3):350-61.
  • 9. Biskup E, Marra AM, Ambrosino I, Barbagelata E, Basili S, de Graaf J, et al. Awareness of sex and gender dimensions among physicians: the European federation of internal medicine assessment of gender differences in Europe (EFIM-IMAGINE) survey. Intern Emerg Med. 2022;17(5):1395-404.
  • 10. Gattino S, De Piccoli N, Grosso M, Miozzo S, Tanturri G, Rollero C. Awareness of gender medicine among family doctors. A field investigation. J Prev Interv Community. 2020;48(2):147-60.
  • 11. Arda B. Is There Any Room for Women in Medical Research? Bioethical Concerns. Balkan Med J. 2020;37(2):58-9.
  • 12. Gonullu I, Oztuna D. Turkish Adaptation Of The Student Version Of Jefferson Scale Of Physician Empathy. MMJ. 2012
  • 13. Whitford DK, Emerson AM. Empathy intervention to reduce implicit bias in pre-service teachers. Psychol Rep. 2019;122:670–88
  • 14. Morais R, Bernardes SF, Verdonk P. Gender awareness in medicine: adaptation and validation of the Nijmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale to the Portuguese population (N-GAMS). Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2020;25(2):457-77.
  • 15. Verdonk P, Benschop YWM, De Haes HCJM, Lagro-Janssen TLM. Medical Students’ Gender Awareness. Sex Roles. 2008;58(3–4):222–34.
  • 16. Rrustemi I, Locatelli I, Schwarz J, Lagro-Janssen T, Fauvel A, Clair C. Gender awareness among medical students in a Swiss University. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):156.
  • 17. Aliri J, Prego-Jimenez S, Goñi-Balentziaga O, Pereda-Pereda E, Perez-Tejada J, Labaka Etxeberria A. Gender awareness is also nurses' business: Measuring sensitivity and role ideology towards patients. J Nurs Manag. 2022;30(8):4409-18.
  • 18. Andersson J, Verdonk P, Johansson EE, Lagro-Janssen T, Hamberg K. Comparing gender awareness in Dutch and Swedish first-year medical students--results from a questionaire. BMC Med Educ. 2012;12:3. 19. Chung YC, Lin CY, Huang CN, Yang JH. Perceptions on gender awareness and considerations in career choices of medical students in a medical school in Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2013;29(11):629-35.
  • 20. Bert F, Boietti E, Rousset S, Pompili E, Franzini Tibaldeo E, Gea M, et al. Gender sensitivity and stereotypes in medical university students: An Italian cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0262324.
  • 21. Akşehirli Seyfeli MY, Baykan Z, Naçar M, Şafak ED, Çetinkaya F. Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of “Nijmegen-Gender Awareness in Medicine scale”. İstanbul Med J. 2019;20(5):382-8.
  • 22. Sakallı Uğurlu N. Çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 2002;17:47-58.
  • 23. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Nasca TJ, Mangione S, Veloksi JJ, Magee M. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: further psychometric data and differences by gender and specialty at item level. Acad Med. 2002;77(10 Suppl):S58-S60.
  • 24. Byrne BM. Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Taylor and Francis Group Publication. 2010.
  • 25. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. Prentice Hall. 2010. 26. Markus KA. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling by Rex B. Kline. Struct Equ Model A Multidiscip J. 2012;19:509–12.
  • 27. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Convention criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6:1–55.
  • 28. Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Muller H. Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures. Meth Psychol Res 2003;8(2):233–74.
  • 29. Gattino S, De Piccoli N, Grosso M, Miozzo S, Tanturri G. Gender awareness in medicine, sexism and empathy. A comparison between professionals and general practitioners in training [Consapevolezza di genere in medicina, sessismo ed empatia. Confronto tra professionisti e medici di medicina generale in formazione], Psicologia della Salute. 2019;3:7–27.
  • 30. World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2022, ISBN-13: 978-2-940631-36-0, Last accessed 07.01.2023 https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2022.pdf
  • 31. Midik O, Aytuğ Koşan AM, Coskun O, Baykan Z, Karabilgin Öztürkçü ÖS, Şenol Y. Gender in Medical Education in Turkey: The Intern Perspective. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2020;8(4):149-57.
  • 32. Altınöz AE, Günal N, Tosun Altınöz Ş, Köşger F, Eşsizoğlu A. Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumları: kesitsel bir çalışma. Klinik Psikiyatri. 2018;21: 271-7.
  • 33. Andersson J, Salander P, Hamberg K. Using patients' narratives to reveal gender stereotypes among medical students. Acad Med. 2013;88(7):1015-21.

Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Nıjmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale: Assessment of Validity and Relıability

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 429 - 437, 20.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1294869

Abstract

Objective: Gender affects how we serve and receive medical care. World Health Organization evaluates gender as a social determinant of health. However, a knowledge gap exists among physicians. The present study aims to adapt Nijmegen Gender in Medicine Awareness Scale (N-GAMS) in the Turkish language and define Turkish medical students’ gender awareness level and related factors.
Methods: Two hundred seventy-two medical students participated. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy- Student Version, and N-GAMS were utilized to collect data; in addition to sociodemographic form.
Results: Confirmatory factor analysis repeated a three-factor structure, as previously demonstrated. The Cronbach’s alpha of the Turkish N-GAMS was 0.887. Criteria-related validity analysis resulted as follows: Gender sensitivity was associated with higher empathy and higher benevolent sexism. Gender role ideology toward patients scores were related to the male sex, lower empathy, and higher levels of sexist attitudes regarding both hostile and benevolent types. Gender role ideology toward doctors was higher in male students, in those with lower empathy, and in ambivalent sexism. Turkish medical students in our sample were less gender-sensitive than their European counterparts.
Conclusion: N-GAMS is valid and reliable among Turkish medical students. There is a need for training in gender awareness in medical faculties.

Supporting Institution

None

Project Number

None

Thanks

None

References

  • Mauvais-Jarvis F, Bairey Merz N, Barnes PJ, Brinton RD, Carrero JJ, DeMeo DL, et al. Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020 Sep 5;396(10252):668]. Lancet. 2020;396(10250):565-82.
  • 2. Lam CSP, Arnott C, Beale AL, Chandramouli C, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Kaye DM, et al. Sex differences in heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(47):3859-68c.
  • 3. Blanton HL, Barnes RC, McHann MC, Bilbrey JA, Wilkerson JL, Guindon J. Sex differences and the endocannabinoid system in pain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2021;202:173107.
  • 4. Christiansen DM, Berke ET. Gender- and Sex-Based Contributors to Sex Differences in PTSD. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2020;22(4):19.
  • 5. World Health Organization. (‎2011)‎. Gender mainstreaming for health managers: a practical approach. Geneva : World Health Organisation.
  • 6. Rodríguez-Burbano AY, Cepeda I, Vargas-Martínez AM, De-Diego-Cordero R. Assessment of Ambivalent Sexism in University Students in Colombia and Spain: A Comparative Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(3):1009.
  • 7. Glick P, Fiske ST. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Sexism. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996;70(3):491–512.
  • 8. Yasin Y, Aydemir E, Şevik İ, Özyalçın E. Hâlâ Göremediklerimiz: Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Temelli Tıp Yaklaşımı. Turk J Public Health. 2019;17(3):350-61.
  • 9. Biskup E, Marra AM, Ambrosino I, Barbagelata E, Basili S, de Graaf J, et al. Awareness of sex and gender dimensions among physicians: the European federation of internal medicine assessment of gender differences in Europe (EFIM-IMAGINE) survey. Intern Emerg Med. 2022;17(5):1395-404.
  • 10. Gattino S, De Piccoli N, Grosso M, Miozzo S, Tanturri G, Rollero C. Awareness of gender medicine among family doctors. A field investigation. J Prev Interv Community. 2020;48(2):147-60.
  • 11. Arda B. Is There Any Room for Women in Medical Research? Bioethical Concerns. Balkan Med J. 2020;37(2):58-9.
  • 12. Gonullu I, Oztuna D. Turkish Adaptation Of The Student Version Of Jefferson Scale Of Physician Empathy. MMJ. 2012
  • 13. Whitford DK, Emerson AM. Empathy intervention to reduce implicit bias in pre-service teachers. Psychol Rep. 2019;122:670–88
  • 14. Morais R, Bernardes SF, Verdonk P. Gender awareness in medicine: adaptation and validation of the Nijmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale to the Portuguese population (N-GAMS). Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2020;25(2):457-77.
  • 15. Verdonk P, Benschop YWM, De Haes HCJM, Lagro-Janssen TLM. Medical Students’ Gender Awareness. Sex Roles. 2008;58(3–4):222–34.
  • 16. Rrustemi I, Locatelli I, Schwarz J, Lagro-Janssen T, Fauvel A, Clair C. Gender awareness among medical students in a Swiss University. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):156.
  • 17. Aliri J, Prego-Jimenez S, Goñi-Balentziaga O, Pereda-Pereda E, Perez-Tejada J, Labaka Etxeberria A. Gender awareness is also nurses' business: Measuring sensitivity and role ideology towards patients. J Nurs Manag. 2022;30(8):4409-18.
  • 18. Andersson J, Verdonk P, Johansson EE, Lagro-Janssen T, Hamberg K. Comparing gender awareness in Dutch and Swedish first-year medical students--results from a questionaire. BMC Med Educ. 2012;12:3. 19. Chung YC, Lin CY, Huang CN, Yang JH. Perceptions on gender awareness and considerations in career choices of medical students in a medical school in Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2013;29(11):629-35.
  • 20. Bert F, Boietti E, Rousset S, Pompili E, Franzini Tibaldeo E, Gea M, et al. Gender sensitivity and stereotypes in medical university students: An Italian cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0262324.
  • 21. Akşehirli Seyfeli MY, Baykan Z, Naçar M, Şafak ED, Çetinkaya F. Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of “Nijmegen-Gender Awareness in Medicine scale”. İstanbul Med J. 2019;20(5):382-8.
  • 22. Sakallı Uğurlu N. Çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 2002;17:47-58.
  • 23. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Nasca TJ, Mangione S, Veloksi JJ, Magee M. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: further psychometric data and differences by gender and specialty at item level. Acad Med. 2002;77(10 Suppl):S58-S60.
  • 24. Byrne BM. Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Taylor and Francis Group Publication. 2010.
  • 25. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. Prentice Hall. 2010. 26. Markus KA. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling by Rex B. Kline. Struct Equ Model A Multidiscip J. 2012;19:509–12.
  • 27. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Convention criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6:1–55.
  • 28. Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Muller H. Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures. Meth Psychol Res 2003;8(2):233–74.
  • 29. Gattino S, De Piccoli N, Grosso M, Miozzo S, Tanturri G. Gender awareness in medicine, sexism and empathy. A comparison between professionals and general practitioners in training [Consapevolezza di genere in medicina, sessismo ed empatia. Confronto tra professionisti e medici di medicina generale in formazione], Psicologia della Salute. 2019;3:7–27.
  • 30. World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2022, ISBN-13: 978-2-940631-36-0, Last accessed 07.01.2023 https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2022.pdf
  • 31. Midik O, Aytuğ Koşan AM, Coskun O, Baykan Z, Karabilgin Öztürkçü ÖS, Şenol Y. Gender in Medical Education in Turkey: The Intern Perspective. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2020;8(4):149-57.
  • 32. Altınöz AE, Günal N, Tosun Altınöz Ş, Köşger F, Eşsizoğlu A. Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumları: kesitsel bir çalışma. Klinik Psikiyatri. 2018;21: 271-7.
  • 33. Andersson J, Salander P, Hamberg K. Using patients' narratives to reveal gender stereotypes among medical students. Acad Med. 2013;88(7):1015-21.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İmran Gökçen Yılmaz Karaman 0000-0003-2821-7749

Cennet Yastıbaş 0000-0002-8871-3245

Ali Ercan Altınöz 0000-0003-2233-2105

İrem Naz Örnekel 0000-0001-6622-6625

Muzaffer Bilgin 0000-0002-6072-6466

Gulcan Gulec 0000-0002-3159-5372

Project Number None
Publication Date October 20, 2023
Acceptance Date October 17, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yılmaz Karaman, İ. G., Yastıbaş, C., Altınöz, A. E., Örnekel, İ. N., et al. (2023). Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Nıjmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale: Assessment of Validity and Relıability. Konuralp Medical Journal, 15(3), 429-437. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1294869
AMA Yılmaz Karaman İG, Yastıbaş C, Altınöz AE, Örnekel İN, Bilgin M, Gulec G. Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Nıjmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale: Assessment of Validity and Relıability. Konuralp Medical Journal. October 2023;15(3):429-437. doi:10.18521/ktd.1294869
Chicago Yılmaz Karaman, İmran Gökçen, Cennet Yastıbaş, Ali Ercan Altınöz, İrem Naz Örnekel, Muzaffer Bilgin, and Gulcan Gulec. “Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Nıjmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale: Assessment of Validity and Relıability”. Konuralp Medical Journal 15, no. 3 (October 2023): 429-37. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1294869.
EndNote Yılmaz Karaman İG, Yastıbaş C, Altınöz AE, Örnekel İN, Bilgin M, Gulec G (October 1, 2023) Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Nıjmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale: Assessment of Validity and Relıability. Konuralp Medical Journal 15 3 429–437.
IEEE İ. G. Yılmaz Karaman, C. Yastıbaş, A. E. Altınöz, İ. N. Örnekel, M. Bilgin, and G. Gulec, “Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Nıjmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale: Assessment of Validity and Relıability”, Konuralp Medical Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 429–437, 2023, doi: 10.18521/ktd.1294869.
ISNAD Yılmaz Karaman, İmran Gökçen et al. “Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Nıjmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale: Assessment of Validity and Relıability”. Konuralp Medical Journal 15/3 (October 2023), 429-437. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1294869.
JAMA Yılmaz Karaman İG, Yastıbaş C, Altınöz AE, Örnekel İN, Bilgin M, Gulec G. Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Nıjmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale: Assessment of Validity and Relıability. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2023;15:429–437.
MLA Yılmaz Karaman, İmran Gökçen et al. “Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Nıjmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale: Assessment of Validity and Relıability”. Konuralp Medical Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, 2023, pp. 429-37, doi:10.18521/ktd.1294869.
Vancouver Yılmaz Karaman İG, Yastıbaş C, Altınöz AE, Örnekel İN, Bilgin M, Gulec G. Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Nıjmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale: Assessment of Validity and Relıability. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2023;15(3):429-37.