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Parasitic Diseases of Urinary Tract

Year 2016, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 13 - 20, 26.12.2016

Abstract

Urinary tract infections are among frequent health problems, but parasitic infections are taken no notice. Of urinary system diseases, parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) and trichomoniasis effect lots of people and often give rise to renal and lower urinary tract diseases. Echinocoocosis and filariasis rarely effect urinary system. Schistosomiasis gives rise to the disease by finding its way into bladder veins in human who is final host. It leads to unintended consequences such as permanent urogenital problems, renal failure and malignancy because of its chronicity and tissue damage in the part of body it locates. Symptomatic involvement in urogenital system is more common in females compared to males. Trichomoniasis is the most frequent parasitic disease in the world which occurs because of Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites’ involvement in urogenital system sexually. This disease underlies vaginitis which is frequent in females, but it gives rise to urethritis and prostatitis in male. Echinococcosis is known as an endemic zoonotic parasitic disease which infects to humans from animals and grows up in humans evolved in agriculture and stock rising and it may involve in kidney sporadically. Filariasis involves lymphatic system. Obstruction give rise to elephantiasis which may involve in stratum and legs. In this review was presented general information about morphological, biological characteristics of urinary system parasites, diseases they give rise to, clinical symptoms and their prevalence in Turkey. Therefore, helpful information for diagnosis and treatment in humans has been presented by reviewing information in literature about S. haematobium, E. granulosus, T. vaginalis, W. bancrofti, urogenital myiasis and scabies which are among urogenital system parasites.

References

  • Adayener C, Akyol I, Berber U, Senkul T, Baykal K, Iseri C. A multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma mimicking hydatid cyst. Turk J Urol 2008;34:266-8.
  • Altıntas K. Medical Parasitology. Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, 2002. p. 234.
  • Alver O, Kılıçarslan E, Helvacı S, Töre O. A Nigerian patient with Schistosoma haematobium in Turkey. Turk Parazitol Derg’s 2004; 28(4): 197-8.
  • Angulo JC, Sanchez-Chapodo M, Diego A, Eseribano J, Tamayo JC, Martin L. Renal echinococcosis: clinical study of 34 cases. J Urol 1997; 157: 787-94.
  • Avcıoglu H. Urinary system helmints and prevalence in Turkey. Atatürk Univ Vet Bil Derg 2007;2(2):44-49.
  • Ay S, Yalçın O, Ilhan F, Tahmaz L, Yılmaz M. Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Trichomonas vaginalis in cases of Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). Infek Derg 1999; 13(1): 55-57.
  • Bozdağ Z, Turkmen E, Dogan M, Guzel Z, Kırımlıoglu H. Isolated renal hydatid cyst: case report. Inönü Univ Saslık Bil Derg 2012;1:55-7.
  • Chandy A, Thakur AS, Singh MP, Manigauha A. A review of neglected tropical diseases: filariasis. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011; 4(7): 581-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60150-8
  • Culha G, Gorur S, Helli A, Akcin S, Kiper AN. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in male patients with urethritis who referred to Mustafa Kemal University Hospital Urology Clinic. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2008;65(1): 37-41.
  • Degerli S, Salk S, Malatyalı E. Incidence in Sivas of Trichomonas vaginalis in patients with vaginitis. Turk Parazitol Derg. 2011;35:145-7.
  • Dincer S, Tanyuksel M, Kucuk T. Human myiasis caused by Psychoda albipennis (Diptera: Nematocera) and Sarcophaga spp. (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) larvae: report of two cases. Turk Parazitol Derg 1995;19(3):402-8.
  • Dincer S. Myiasis in humans and animals. Ozcel MA, Daldal N, editors. Arthropod Diseases and Vectors. İzmir: Turk Parazitol Dern Public 1997. p. 169-233.
  • Dogru U. Hydatid cysts. Güncel Pediatri Derg 2008;3:60-1.
  • Eckert J, Deplazes P. Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004;17:107-135
  • Filippou D, Tselepis D, Filippou G, Papadopoulos V. Advances in liver echinococcosis: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Gastroenterol and Hepatol 2007;5:152-9.
  • Gögüs C, Safak M, Baltaci S, Turkolmez K. Isolated renal hydatidosis: experience with 20 cases. J Urol, 2003; 169: 186-9.
  • Gryseels B. Schistosomiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2012;26(2):383–397.
  • Guven E, Kar S, Doğan N, Karaer Z. Urogenital myiasis caused by Psychoda albipennis in a woman. Turk Parazitol Derg 2008; 32(2):174-6.
  • Hams E, Aviello G, Fallon PG. The schistosoma granuloma: friend or foe? Front Immunol 2013;4:89.
  • Inobaya MT, Olveda RM, Chau TNP, Olveda DU, Ross AGP. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective. Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine 2014;5:65–75.
  • Kilimcioglu A, Ok UZ. Human, epidemiology of echinococcus species, geographic prevalence and condition of Turkey. Izmir. Altıntas N, Tınar R, Coker A, editors. Echinococcosis. Izmir: Hidatidoloji Dern 2004.p.129-40
  • Koonrungsesomboon N, Wadagni AC, Mbanefo EC. Molecular markers and Schistosoma-associated bladder carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer epidemiol 2015;39(4):487-496.
  • Koksal AS, Arhan M, Oguz D. Hydatid cysts. Güncel Gastroenteroloji 2004; 61-67.
  • Kuman HA, Altıntaş N. Protozoan diseases. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi; 1996.p. 71-78.
  • Kuman HA. Filariosis. Özcel A, Özbel Y, Ak M, editors. Ozcel's Medical Parasitic Diseases. İzmir: Turkiye Parazitoloji Derneği; 2007. p. 601-627.
  • McManus DP, Zhang W, Li J, Bartley PB. Echinococcosis. Lancet 2003; 362: 1295-304.
  • Melrose Wd. Lymphatic filariasis: new insights into an old disease. Int J Parasitol, 2002;32(8):947-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00062-0
  • Mendoza N, li A, Gill A, Tyring S. Filariasis: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Ther 2009; 22(6): 475-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01271.x PMid:19889133.
  • Merdin A, Ogur E, Cicek Kolak C, Avcı Merdin F, Gunseren F, Inan D, et al. Renal cyst hydatid. Turk Parazitol Derg 2014;38:190-3.
  • Mumcuoglu I, Akarsu GA, Balaban N, Keles I. Eristalis tenax as a cause of urinary myiasis. Scand J Infect Dis 2005;37(11-12):942-3.
  • Ozbilgin A, Kilimcioglu AA. Cystic Echinococcosis. Ozcel A, Ozbel Y, Ak M, editors. Ozcel's Medical Parasitic Diseases. İzmir: Turkiye Parazitol Dern 2007. p. 541-61.
  • Ozbilgin A, Nazlı O, Ozbel Y, Tuzcuoglu Y, Ozcel MA, Mulazımoglu N. Trichomoniasis in nongonococcal urethritis in males. Turk Parazitol Derg 1992;16:43-48.
  • Ozcel MA. Schistosomiosis. Özcel A, Özbel Y, Ak M, editors. Ozcel's Medical Parasitic Diseases. İzmir: Turkiye Parazitol Dern 2007. p. 475-97.
  • Ozcel MA, Zeyrek FY. Trichomoniosis, Özcel A, Özbel Y, Ak M, editors. Ozcel's Medical Parasitic Diseases. İzmir: Turkiye Parazitol Dern 2007. p. 431-45.
  • Ozvatan TS, Kocak C, Alver O, Mistik R, Aslan E. Travel related urinary schistosomiasis: case report. Turk Parazitol Derg 2011;35:175-7.
  • Palumbo E. Filariasis: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Acta Biomed 2008; 79(2): 106-9. PMid:18788504
  • Pawlowski ZS, Eckert J, Vuitton DA, Ammann RW, Kern P, Craig PS. Echinococcosis in humans: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment. Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Melsin FX, Pawlowski ZS, editors. WHO/OIE manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals: a public health problem of global concern. Paris; France: World Organization for Animal Health 2001. p.20-68.
  • Remoue F, Mani JC, Pugniere M, Schacht AM, Capron A, Riveau G. Functional specific binding of testosterone to Schistosoma haematobium 28-kilodalton glutathione S-transferase. Infect Immun 2002;70:601-5.
  • Ross AG, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC, Olds GR, Li Y, Williams GM, et al. Schistosomiasis. N Engl J Med 2002;346(16):1212–1220.
  • Safi Z, Demirezen Ş, Beksaç MS. Biological characteristics and clinically important of Trichomonas vaginalis. Klinik Bilimler ve Doktor 2000;6 (4):531-8.
  • Simonsen PE, Bernhard P, Jaoko WG, Meyrowitsch dW, Malecela-lazaro MN, Magnussen P, et al. Filaria dance sign and subclinical hydrocoele in two east African communities with bancroftianfilariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96(6): 649-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90342-1
  • Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Markovinovic L, Beus A, Kuzmanovic NS, et al. Aetiology of chronic prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002;19(6):471-474.
  • Stolk WA, VAN Oortmarssen GJ, Pani SP, dE Vlas SJ, Subramanian S, dAS PK, et al. Effects of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine on microfilariae and overall microfilaria production in bancroftian filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005;73(5):881-7. PMid:16282298
  • Suay A, Yayla M, Mete Ö, Elçi S. Investigation of trichomoniasis due to Trichomonas vaginalis with direct Microscopy and cultural methods in 300 Life Woman. Turk Parazitol Derg’s 1995;19(2):170-173.
  • Şahin İ, Yazar S, Yaman O. Schistosomiasis. Doğanay M, Altıntaş N, editors. Zoonoses. Ankara: Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi 2009.p. 869-77.
  • Tamer GS, Dündar D, Çalışkan Ş, Doğer E. Comparison of direct microscopy and in-vitro cultures in detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2008;65(2):75-80.
  • Taylan-Özkan A, Babür C, Kiliç S, Nalbantoğlu S, Dalkılıç I, Mumcuoğlu KY. Urogenital myiasis caused by Psychoda albipennis (Diptera: Nematocera) in Turkey. Int J Dermatol 2004;43(12):904-5
  • Unat EK, Yücel A, Atlaş K, Samastı M. Unat's Medical Parasitology (5. printing). İstanbul: Cer Tıp Fak Vakfı Yayın No:15, 1995. p. 19-49.
  • Vargas-Serrano B, Ferreiro-Argüelles C, Rodríguez-Romero R, Marcos del Río N. Imaging findings in renal hydatid disease. Eur Radiolb1997;7:548-51.
  • WHO Information schistosomiasis. http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en/ Erişim tarihi 21.12.2010.
  • Yazar S, Kuk S, Miman Ö, Saygı G. Saygı’s Basic Medical Parasitology. Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi Yayınları Yayın No:206, 2016.
  • Yazar S, Sipahioğlu M, Ünal A, Yaman O, Şahin İ, Utaş C, et al. Schistosoma haematobium infection in a Ghanaian patient residing for a period in Turkey. Turk Parazitol Derg 2008;32(2):161-3.
  • Yılmaz GR, Babür C. Diagnosis of echinococcosis. Türk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2007;67(3):35-44.
  • Zmerli S, Ayed M, Horchani A, Chami I, El Quakti M, Ben Slama MR. Hydatid cyst of the kidney: diagnosis and treatment. World J Surg 2001;25:68-74.
  • Zumpt F. Myiasis in Man and Animals in the World, Butterworths; London: 1965. pp: 1-247.Zmerli S, Ayed M, Horchani A, Chami I, El Quakti M, Ben Slama MR. Hydatid cyst of the kidney: diagnosis and treatment. World J Surg 2001; 25:68-74.
  • Zumpt F. Myiasis in Man and Animals in the World, Butterworths, London. 1965; pp: 1-247
Year 2016, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 13 - 20, 26.12.2016

Abstract

References

  • Adayener C, Akyol I, Berber U, Senkul T, Baykal K, Iseri C. A multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma mimicking hydatid cyst. Turk J Urol 2008;34:266-8.
  • Altıntas K. Medical Parasitology. Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, 2002. p. 234.
  • Alver O, Kılıçarslan E, Helvacı S, Töre O. A Nigerian patient with Schistosoma haematobium in Turkey. Turk Parazitol Derg’s 2004; 28(4): 197-8.
  • Angulo JC, Sanchez-Chapodo M, Diego A, Eseribano J, Tamayo JC, Martin L. Renal echinococcosis: clinical study of 34 cases. J Urol 1997; 157: 787-94.
  • Avcıoglu H. Urinary system helmints and prevalence in Turkey. Atatürk Univ Vet Bil Derg 2007;2(2):44-49.
  • Ay S, Yalçın O, Ilhan F, Tahmaz L, Yılmaz M. Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Trichomonas vaginalis in cases of Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). Infek Derg 1999; 13(1): 55-57.
  • Bozdağ Z, Turkmen E, Dogan M, Guzel Z, Kırımlıoglu H. Isolated renal hydatid cyst: case report. Inönü Univ Saslık Bil Derg 2012;1:55-7.
  • Chandy A, Thakur AS, Singh MP, Manigauha A. A review of neglected tropical diseases: filariasis. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011; 4(7): 581-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60150-8
  • Culha G, Gorur S, Helli A, Akcin S, Kiper AN. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in male patients with urethritis who referred to Mustafa Kemal University Hospital Urology Clinic. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2008;65(1): 37-41.
  • Degerli S, Salk S, Malatyalı E. Incidence in Sivas of Trichomonas vaginalis in patients with vaginitis. Turk Parazitol Derg. 2011;35:145-7.
  • Dincer S, Tanyuksel M, Kucuk T. Human myiasis caused by Psychoda albipennis (Diptera: Nematocera) and Sarcophaga spp. (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) larvae: report of two cases. Turk Parazitol Derg 1995;19(3):402-8.
  • Dincer S. Myiasis in humans and animals. Ozcel MA, Daldal N, editors. Arthropod Diseases and Vectors. İzmir: Turk Parazitol Dern Public 1997. p. 169-233.
  • Dogru U. Hydatid cysts. Güncel Pediatri Derg 2008;3:60-1.
  • Eckert J, Deplazes P. Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004;17:107-135
  • Filippou D, Tselepis D, Filippou G, Papadopoulos V. Advances in liver echinococcosis: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Gastroenterol and Hepatol 2007;5:152-9.
  • Gögüs C, Safak M, Baltaci S, Turkolmez K. Isolated renal hydatidosis: experience with 20 cases. J Urol, 2003; 169: 186-9.
  • Gryseels B. Schistosomiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2012;26(2):383–397.
  • Guven E, Kar S, Doğan N, Karaer Z. Urogenital myiasis caused by Psychoda albipennis in a woman. Turk Parazitol Derg 2008; 32(2):174-6.
  • Hams E, Aviello G, Fallon PG. The schistosoma granuloma: friend or foe? Front Immunol 2013;4:89.
  • Inobaya MT, Olveda RM, Chau TNP, Olveda DU, Ross AGP. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective. Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine 2014;5:65–75.
  • Kilimcioglu A, Ok UZ. Human, epidemiology of echinococcus species, geographic prevalence and condition of Turkey. Izmir. Altıntas N, Tınar R, Coker A, editors. Echinococcosis. Izmir: Hidatidoloji Dern 2004.p.129-40
  • Koonrungsesomboon N, Wadagni AC, Mbanefo EC. Molecular markers and Schistosoma-associated bladder carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer epidemiol 2015;39(4):487-496.
  • Koksal AS, Arhan M, Oguz D. Hydatid cysts. Güncel Gastroenteroloji 2004; 61-67.
  • Kuman HA, Altıntaş N. Protozoan diseases. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi; 1996.p. 71-78.
  • Kuman HA. Filariosis. Özcel A, Özbel Y, Ak M, editors. Ozcel's Medical Parasitic Diseases. İzmir: Turkiye Parazitoloji Derneği; 2007. p. 601-627.
  • McManus DP, Zhang W, Li J, Bartley PB. Echinococcosis. Lancet 2003; 362: 1295-304.
  • Melrose Wd. Lymphatic filariasis: new insights into an old disease. Int J Parasitol, 2002;32(8):947-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00062-0
  • Mendoza N, li A, Gill A, Tyring S. Filariasis: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Ther 2009; 22(6): 475-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01271.x PMid:19889133.
  • Merdin A, Ogur E, Cicek Kolak C, Avcı Merdin F, Gunseren F, Inan D, et al. Renal cyst hydatid. Turk Parazitol Derg 2014;38:190-3.
  • Mumcuoglu I, Akarsu GA, Balaban N, Keles I. Eristalis tenax as a cause of urinary myiasis. Scand J Infect Dis 2005;37(11-12):942-3.
  • Ozbilgin A, Kilimcioglu AA. Cystic Echinococcosis. Ozcel A, Ozbel Y, Ak M, editors. Ozcel's Medical Parasitic Diseases. İzmir: Turkiye Parazitol Dern 2007. p. 541-61.
  • Ozbilgin A, Nazlı O, Ozbel Y, Tuzcuoglu Y, Ozcel MA, Mulazımoglu N. Trichomoniasis in nongonococcal urethritis in males. Turk Parazitol Derg 1992;16:43-48.
  • Ozcel MA. Schistosomiosis. Özcel A, Özbel Y, Ak M, editors. Ozcel's Medical Parasitic Diseases. İzmir: Turkiye Parazitol Dern 2007. p. 475-97.
  • Ozcel MA, Zeyrek FY. Trichomoniosis, Özcel A, Özbel Y, Ak M, editors. Ozcel's Medical Parasitic Diseases. İzmir: Turkiye Parazitol Dern 2007. p. 431-45.
  • Ozvatan TS, Kocak C, Alver O, Mistik R, Aslan E. Travel related urinary schistosomiasis: case report. Turk Parazitol Derg 2011;35:175-7.
  • Palumbo E. Filariasis: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Acta Biomed 2008; 79(2): 106-9. PMid:18788504
  • Pawlowski ZS, Eckert J, Vuitton DA, Ammann RW, Kern P, Craig PS. Echinococcosis in humans: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment. Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Melsin FX, Pawlowski ZS, editors. WHO/OIE manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals: a public health problem of global concern. Paris; France: World Organization for Animal Health 2001. p.20-68.
  • Remoue F, Mani JC, Pugniere M, Schacht AM, Capron A, Riveau G. Functional specific binding of testosterone to Schistosoma haematobium 28-kilodalton glutathione S-transferase. Infect Immun 2002;70:601-5.
  • Ross AG, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC, Olds GR, Li Y, Williams GM, et al. Schistosomiasis. N Engl J Med 2002;346(16):1212–1220.
  • Safi Z, Demirezen Ş, Beksaç MS. Biological characteristics and clinically important of Trichomonas vaginalis. Klinik Bilimler ve Doktor 2000;6 (4):531-8.
  • Simonsen PE, Bernhard P, Jaoko WG, Meyrowitsch dW, Malecela-lazaro MN, Magnussen P, et al. Filaria dance sign and subclinical hydrocoele in two east African communities with bancroftianfilariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96(6): 649-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90342-1
  • Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Markovinovic L, Beus A, Kuzmanovic NS, et al. Aetiology of chronic prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002;19(6):471-474.
  • Stolk WA, VAN Oortmarssen GJ, Pani SP, dE Vlas SJ, Subramanian S, dAS PK, et al. Effects of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine on microfilariae and overall microfilaria production in bancroftian filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005;73(5):881-7. PMid:16282298
  • Suay A, Yayla M, Mete Ö, Elçi S. Investigation of trichomoniasis due to Trichomonas vaginalis with direct Microscopy and cultural methods in 300 Life Woman. Turk Parazitol Derg’s 1995;19(2):170-173.
  • Şahin İ, Yazar S, Yaman O. Schistosomiasis. Doğanay M, Altıntaş N, editors. Zoonoses. Ankara: Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi 2009.p. 869-77.
  • Tamer GS, Dündar D, Çalışkan Ş, Doğer E. Comparison of direct microscopy and in-vitro cultures in detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2008;65(2):75-80.
  • Taylan-Özkan A, Babür C, Kiliç S, Nalbantoğlu S, Dalkılıç I, Mumcuoğlu KY. Urogenital myiasis caused by Psychoda albipennis (Diptera: Nematocera) in Turkey. Int J Dermatol 2004;43(12):904-5
  • Unat EK, Yücel A, Atlaş K, Samastı M. Unat's Medical Parasitology (5. printing). İstanbul: Cer Tıp Fak Vakfı Yayın No:15, 1995. p. 19-49.
  • Vargas-Serrano B, Ferreiro-Argüelles C, Rodríguez-Romero R, Marcos del Río N. Imaging findings in renal hydatid disease. Eur Radiolb1997;7:548-51.
  • WHO Information schistosomiasis. http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en/ Erişim tarihi 21.12.2010.
  • Yazar S, Kuk S, Miman Ö, Saygı G. Saygı’s Basic Medical Parasitology. Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi Yayınları Yayın No:206, 2016.
  • Yazar S, Sipahioğlu M, Ünal A, Yaman O, Şahin İ, Utaş C, et al. Schistosoma haematobium infection in a Ghanaian patient residing for a period in Turkey. Turk Parazitol Derg 2008;32(2):161-3.
  • Yılmaz GR, Babür C. Diagnosis of echinococcosis. Türk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2007;67(3):35-44.
  • Zmerli S, Ayed M, Horchani A, Chami I, El Quakti M, Ben Slama MR. Hydatid cyst of the kidney: diagnosis and treatment. World J Surg 2001;25:68-74.
  • Zumpt F. Myiasis in Man and Animals in the World, Butterworths; London: 1965. pp: 1-247.Zmerli S, Ayed M, Horchani A, Chami I, El Quakti M, Ben Slama MR. Hydatid cyst of the kidney: diagnosis and treatment. World J Surg 2001; 25:68-74.
  • Zumpt F. Myiasis in Man and Animals in the World, Butterworths, London. 1965; pp: 1-247
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Review
Authors

Neriman Mor

Ümit Yener Tekdoğan This is me

Murat Bağcıoğlu

Publication Date December 26, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Mor N, Tekdoğan ÜY, Bağcıoğlu M. Parasitic Diseases of Urinary Tract. Mid Blac Sea J Health Sci. 2016;2(3):13-20.

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