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Meyve Üretiminde Soliter Arıların Önemi

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 48 - 52, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.51532/meyve.1198301

Abstract

Arılar (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes), tarımsal ekosistemlerin en temel bitki tozlaştırıcılarıdır ve pek çok tarımsal üründen alınan verimin arttırılması noktasında anahtar rol oynarlar. Modern meyve yetiştiriciliğinin en önemli amacı kaliteli ve yüksek kantitede ürün elde etmektir. Yabancı tozlanan bitkilerin hemen hemen hepsinde, kendine tozlanan bitkilerin ise pek çoğunda arıların yapmış olduğu tozlaşma, verim artışına neden olurken, ürünün kalitesini de artırmaktadır. Tozlaşmanın hiç olmaması kadar yetersiz olması da ürün kalitesini etkilemektedir.
Palaearktik coğrafyada, Türkiye arı faunası zenginliğine yakın başka bir ülke bulunmamaktadır. Dünya üzerinde bilinen arı türlerinin neredeyse %10’u Türkiye'de yayılış göstermektedir. Bilinenin aksine bu arı türlerinin %95’ı soliterdir, yani bireysel yaşarlar, koloni oluşturmazlar.
Uygulamada bal arısı, meyve ağaçlarının ana tozlaştırıcısı olarak ele alınmakla birlikte, Türkiye’de bugüne kadar ılıman iklim meyve ağaçlarının çiçeklerini ziyaret eden ve büyük bir kısmı soliter olan 151 arı türü tespit edilmiştir. Meyve bahçelerinde diğer arı türlerinin polinasyon etkinliğinden faydalanmak, bal arısının etkinliğine ilave bir destek sağlamaktadır. Özellikle birbirine uyumlu çeşitler arasında faaliyet gösteren, daha az sayıda bireyle temsil edilmesine rağmen daha fazla çiçek ziyaret eden, günün daha erken saatlerinde uçuş aktivitesine başlayıp geç saatlere kadar devam ettiren soliter arı türlerinin varlığı, verimi arttırmada kilit rol oynamaktadır. Soliterleri meyvecilikte önemli kılan bir diğer husus, badem ve kiraz gibi erken ilkbaharda çiçeklenen meyve çeşitlerinin tozlaşmasında özellikle bal arısının tozlaştırıcı aktivitesinin sınırlandığı olumsuz hava koşullarında dahi aktivitelerini sürdürebilen türleri barındırmasıdır.

References

  • Ascher JS, Pickering J, 2020. Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Available online: <http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species>
  • Bosch J, Kemp WP, 2000. Development and emergence of the orchard pollinator Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environmental Entomology 29(1), 8-13.
  • Christmann S, Aw-Hassan A, 2012. Farming with Alternative Pollinators (FAP) – an overlooked win-win-strategy for climate change adaptation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 161, 161-164. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2012.07.030
  • Christmann S, Aw-Hassan A, Rajabov T, Khamraev AS, Tsivelikas A, 2017. Farming with Alternative Pollinators increases yields and incomes of cucumber and sour cherry. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 37, article 24. doi:10.1007/s13593-017-0433-y
  • Christmann S, 2019. Under which conditions would a wide support be likely for a multilateral environmental agreement for pollinator protection? Environ. Sci. Policy 91(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.10.004
  • Christmann S, Bencharki Y, Anougmar S, Rasmont P, Smaili MC, 2021. Farming with alternative pollinators benefits pollinators, natural enemies, and yields, and offers transformative change to agriculture. Sci. Rep. 11:18206. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97695-5
  • Dikmen F, 2018. Two Model Genera to Demonstrate the Pollinator Bee Diversity of Turkey: Evylaeus Robertson and Halictus Latreille (Halictidae: Hymenoptera). Mellifera 18(2), 27-32.
  • Greer L, 1999. Alternative Pollinators: Native Bees. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas, August, 1- 10.
  • Güler Y, 2012. Sultandağı (Afyonkarahisar) kiraz bahçelerinde Osmia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) türlerine yönelik yürütülen yapay yuva çalışmaları. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 52(4), 336-325.
  • Güler Y, 2020. The status of the red mason bee in the orchards of Ankara and Çankırı Provinces, Turkey. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi 44 (2), 249-258.
  • Güler Y, Dikmen F, 2013. Potential bee pollinators of sweet cherry in inclement weather conditions. Journal of the Entomological Research Society 15(3), 9-19.
  • Güler Y, Dikmen F, Özdem A, 2015. Evaluation of bee diversity within different sweet cherry orchards in Sultandağı Reservoir (Turkey). Journal of Apicultural Science 0017, 1-13.
  • Güler Y, Özkök A, 2016. Encountered pollen in nests two Osmia species (Hym.: Megachilidae) from sweet cherry orchards in Sultandağı town (Afyonkarahisar, Turkey). Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry 44 (1), 15-19.
  • Huang Z, 2003. The Other Bees: Alternative Pollinators for Tree and Small Fruits. Fruit Crop Advisory Team Alert, Michigan State University, Vol.18, No.6.
  • Klein A-M, Vaissière BE, Cane JH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Tscharntke T, 2007. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274, 303-313.
  • Maeta Y, 1990. Utilization of wild bees. Farming Japan 24:13-19.
  • Maeta Y., Kıtamura T, 1981. Pollinating efficienty of Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowski in relation to required number of nesting bees for economic fruit production. Honey-bee Sci. 2(2): 65- 72.
  • Michener CD, 2007. Bees of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 953 pp.
  • Neff JL, Simpson BB, 1993. Hymenoptera and Biodiversity, eds LaSalle J. Gauld ID (CAB International, Wallingford, UK), 143-167.
  • Özbek H, 1978. Doğu Anadolunun bazı yörelerinde elma ağaçlarında tozlaşma yapan arılar (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 9 (4), 73.
  • Özbek H, 1997. Importance of bees in pollination of apple and bees (Apoidae) visiting apple flowers. In: Yılmaz, M. B. and Burak, M., Proc. Pome fruit symposium 1997 in Yalova, Contribution: 107-114, Atatürk Horticulture Research Institute, Yalova.
  • Özbek H, 2008. Türkiye’de iliman iklim meyve türlerini ziyaret eden böcek türleri. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi 8(3), 92-103.
  • Potts SG, Imperatriz-Fonseca V, Ngo HT, Aizen MA, Biesmeijer JC, Breeze TD, Dicks LV, Garibaldi LA, Hill R, Settele J, Vanbergen AJ, 2016. Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being. Nature 540 (7632), 220-229.
  • Rieckenberg R, 1994. The busiest of bees. Buzz Words, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Feb. 25., 1- 4, New York, U.S.A.
  • Sentil A, Lhomme P, Michez D, Reverté S, Rasmont P, Christmann S, 2021. “Farming with alternative pollinators” approach increases pollinator abundance and diversity in faba bean fields. Journal of Insect Conservation 26: 401–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1084-021-003
  • Sentil A, Wood T J, Lhomme P, Hamroud L, El Abdouni I, Ihsane O, Bencharki Y, Rasmont P, Christmann S, Michez D, 2022. Impact of the “farming with alternative pollinators” approach on crop pollinator pollen diet. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 824474. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.824474
  • Springmann M, Clark M, Mason-D’Croz D, Wiebe K, Bodirsky BL vd., 2018. Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits. Nature 562: 519–525.
  • Vicens N, Bosch J, 2000. Weather-dependent pollinator activity in an apple orchard, with special reference to Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae and Apidae). Environmental Entomology 29(3), 413-420.
  • Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, Springmann M, Lang T vd., 2019. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. The Lancet 393(10170), 447-492.
Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 48 - 52, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.51532/meyve.1198301

Abstract

References

  • Ascher JS, Pickering J, 2020. Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Available online: <http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species>
  • Bosch J, Kemp WP, 2000. Development and emergence of the orchard pollinator Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environmental Entomology 29(1), 8-13.
  • Christmann S, Aw-Hassan A, 2012. Farming with Alternative Pollinators (FAP) – an overlooked win-win-strategy for climate change adaptation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 161, 161-164. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2012.07.030
  • Christmann S, Aw-Hassan A, Rajabov T, Khamraev AS, Tsivelikas A, 2017. Farming with Alternative Pollinators increases yields and incomes of cucumber and sour cherry. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 37, article 24. doi:10.1007/s13593-017-0433-y
  • Christmann S, 2019. Under which conditions would a wide support be likely for a multilateral environmental agreement for pollinator protection? Environ. Sci. Policy 91(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.10.004
  • Christmann S, Bencharki Y, Anougmar S, Rasmont P, Smaili MC, 2021. Farming with alternative pollinators benefits pollinators, natural enemies, and yields, and offers transformative change to agriculture. Sci. Rep. 11:18206. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97695-5
  • Dikmen F, 2018. Two Model Genera to Demonstrate the Pollinator Bee Diversity of Turkey: Evylaeus Robertson and Halictus Latreille (Halictidae: Hymenoptera). Mellifera 18(2), 27-32.
  • Greer L, 1999. Alternative Pollinators: Native Bees. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas, August, 1- 10.
  • Güler Y, 2012. Sultandağı (Afyonkarahisar) kiraz bahçelerinde Osmia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) türlerine yönelik yürütülen yapay yuva çalışmaları. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 52(4), 336-325.
  • Güler Y, 2020. The status of the red mason bee in the orchards of Ankara and Çankırı Provinces, Turkey. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi 44 (2), 249-258.
  • Güler Y, Dikmen F, 2013. Potential bee pollinators of sweet cherry in inclement weather conditions. Journal of the Entomological Research Society 15(3), 9-19.
  • Güler Y, Dikmen F, Özdem A, 2015. Evaluation of bee diversity within different sweet cherry orchards in Sultandağı Reservoir (Turkey). Journal of Apicultural Science 0017, 1-13.
  • Güler Y, Özkök A, 2016. Encountered pollen in nests two Osmia species (Hym.: Megachilidae) from sweet cherry orchards in Sultandağı town (Afyonkarahisar, Turkey). Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry 44 (1), 15-19.
  • Huang Z, 2003. The Other Bees: Alternative Pollinators for Tree and Small Fruits. Fruit Crop Advisory Team Alert, Michigan State University, Vol.18, No.6.
  • Klein A-M, Vaissière BE, Cane JH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Tscharntke T, 2007. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274, 303-313.
  • Maeta Y, 1990. Utilization of wild bees. Farming Japan 24:13-19.
  • Maeta Y., Kıtamura T, 1981. Pollinating efficienty of Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowski in relation to required number of nesting bees for economic fruit production. Honey-bee Sci. 2(2): 65- 72.
  • Michener CD, 2007. Bees of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 953 pp.
  • Neff JL, Simpson BB, 1993. Hymenoptera and Biodiversity, eds LaSalle J. Gauld ID (CAB International, Wallingford, UK), 143-167.
  • Özbek H, 1978. Doğu Anadolunun bazı yörelerinde elma ağaçlarında tozlaşma yapan arılar (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 9 (4), 73.
  • Özbek H, 1997. Importance of bees in pollination of apple and bees (Apoidae) visiting apple flowers. In: Yılmaz, M. B. and Burak, M., Proc. Pome fruit symposium 1997 in Yalova, Contribution: 107-114, Atatürk Horticulture Research Institute, Yalova.
  • Özbek H, 2008. Türkiye’de iliman iklim meyve türlerini ziyaret eden böcek türleri. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi 8(3), 92-103.
  • Potts SG, Imperatriz-Fonseca V, Ngo HT, Aizen MA, Biesmeijer JC, Breeze TD, Dicks LV, Garibaldi LA, Hill R, Settele J, Vanbergen AJ, 2016. Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being. Nature 540 (7632), 220-229.
  • Rieckenberg R, 1994. The busiest of bees. Buzz Words, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Feb. 25., 1- 4, New York, U.S.A.
  • Sentil A, Lhomme P, Michez D, Reverté S, Rasmont P, Christmann S, 2021. “Farming with alternative pollinators” approach increases pollinator abundance and diversity in faba bean fields. Journal of Insect Conservation 26: 401–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1084-021-003
  • Sentil A, Wood T J, Lhomme P, Hamroud L, El Abdouni I, Ihsane O, Bencharki Y, Rasmont P, Christmann S, Michez D, 2022. Impact of the “farming with alternative pollinators” approach on crop pollinator pollen diet. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 824474. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.824474
  • Springmann M, Clark M, Mason-D’Croz D, Wiebe K, Bodirsky BL vd., 2018. Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits. Nature 562: 519–525.
  • Vicens N, Bosch J, 2000. Weather-dependent pollinator activity in an apple orchard, with special reference to Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae and Apidae). Environmental Entomology 29(3), 413-420.
  • Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, Springmann M, Lang T vd., 2019. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. The Lancet 393(10170), 447-492.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Botany
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Yasemin Güler 0000-0002-7431-1341

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

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