Ceviz gövde kanseri hastalığı etmeni Botryosphaeria dothidea’nın tanılanması ve bazı fungisitlerin hastalık etmenine karşı in vitro antifungal etkinliklerinin belirlenmesi
Abstract
Amaç: Çalışmada
Hatay’ın İskenderun ilçesinde Mayıs 2019 tarihinde ceviz bahçelerdeki ceviz
ağaçlarında, iletim dokularında kahverengi-koyu kahverengi renk değişikliği,
odun dokusu nekrozu ve dallarda geriye doğru ölüm hastalık belirtilerine neden
olan fungal etmenin tanılanması ve etmenin bazı fungisitlere karşı duyarlılık
düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem ve Bulgular: Hastalıklı dallardan, kanserlerden ve belirti göstermeyen ceviz örneklerinden yapılan izolasyonlar sonucunda elde edilen fungal izolat morfolojik ve moleküler çalışmalara göre Botryosphaeria dothidea olarak tanılanmıştır. Patojenisite denemeleri, fungal izolatın bölgede yetiştirilen Chandler çeşidi ceviz ağacı sürgünlerinde oldukça virülent olduğunu göstermiştir. Mevcut bilgilerimize göre bu çalışma, Türkiye’de cevizi enfekte eden Botryosphaeria dothidea’nın ilk raporudur. Fluazinam (0.001-0.015 µg/ml), thiophanate-methyl (0.1-10.0 µg/ml), boscalid + pyraclostrobin (1.0-50.0 µg/ml), trifloxystrobin (0.5-50.0 µg/ml), kresoxim-methyl (0.1-50.0 µg/ml) ve tebuconazole (0.5-50.0 µg/ml) gibi 6 farklı fungisitin farklı konsantrasyonlarının, fungal etmene karşı in vitro antifungal etkileri belirlenmiştir. Fungisitlerin ortalama etkili konsantrasyon (EC50) değerleri, Probit analiziyle belirlenmiştir. Hesaplanan EC50 değerlerine göre hastalık etmenine karşı en etkili fungisit fluazinam (0.002 µg/ml) olarak kaydedilmiş olup, bu fungisiti thiophanate-methyl (0.275 µg/ml), tebuconazole (0.994 µg/ml), boscalid + pyraclostrobin (3.993 µg/ml) ve trifloxystrobin (4.262 µg/ml) izlemiştir. En düşük antifungal etkinlik fungisitler arasında misel gelişimini %37.5 oranında engelleyen kresoxim-methyl tarafından gösterilmiştir.
Genel Yorum: Bu çalışma fungal etmen Botryosphaeria dothidea’nın Türkiye’de
yetiştirilen ceviz ağaçlarında gövde kanseri hastalığa neden olduğunun ilk
kayıdıdır. Elde edilen sonuçlar ayrıca Botryosphaeria
dothidea’nın sebep olduğu ceviz kanser hastalığının seçilen fungisitlerin
uygulanmasıyla ağaçların hastalıktan korunabileceğini önermektedir.
Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Sonuç olarak, fluazinam,
thiophanate-methyl ve tebuconazole’ün fungal patojen B. dothidea’nın kontrolünde kullanım potansiyeli bulunduğunu ortaya
koymaktadır.
References
- Arzanlou M, Moshari S, Bakhshi M, Khodaie S (2012) Botryosphaeria dothidea associated with grapevine decline disease in Iran. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 7: 197-200.
- Anonim (2018) TUİK Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2019)
- Anonymous (2017) FAOSTAT, Word Production Data. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2019)
- Barr ME (1987) Prodromus to Class Loculoascomycetes. Hamilton I. Newell, Inc., Amherst, MA.
- Boratyn GM, Camacho C, Cooper PS, Coulouris G, Fong A, Ma N, Madden TL, Matten WT, McGinnis SD, Merezhuk Y, Raytselis Y, Sayers EW, Tao T, Ye J, Zaretskaya I (2013) BLAST: a more efficient report with usability improvements. Nucleic Acids Res. 41: 29–33.
- Boriss H, Brunke H, Kreith M (2006) Commodity profile: English walnuts. Agricultural Issues Center, University of California, Davis.
- Chen SF, Morgan D, Hasey JK, Anderson K, Michailides T (2014) Phylogeny, morphology, distribution, and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae from English walnut in California. Plant Dis. 98: 636–652.
- Damm U, Crous PW, Fourie PH (2007) Botryosphaeriaceae as potential pathogens of Prunus species in South Africa, with descriptions of Diplodia africana and Lasiodiplodia plurivora sp. nov. Mycologia 99(5): 664–680.
- Derviş S, Türkölmez Ş, Çiftçi O, Ulubaş Serçe Ç, Dikilitaş M (2019) First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing black canker and root rot of walnut in Turkey. Plant Dis. 103(8): 2129.
- Farr DF, Rossman AY (2020) Fungal databases. Systematic mycology and microbiology laboratory, USDA ARS. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.01.2020)
- Glass NL, Donaldson GC (1995) Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1323–1330.
- Inderbitzin P, Bostock RM, Trouillas FP, Michailides TJ (2010) A six locus phylogeny reveals high species diversity in Botryosphaeriaceae from California almond. Mycologia 102: 1350-1368.
- Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis 33(7): 1870–1874.
- Li GQ, Liu FF, Li JQ, Liu QL, Chen SF (2016) Characterization of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae from English walnut in China. J. Phytopathol. 164(5): 348-353.
- Luo Y, Gu S, Felts D, Puckett RD, Morgan DP, Michailides TJ (2017) Development of qPCR systems to quantify shoot infections by canker-causing pathogens in stone fruits and nut crops. J. Appl. Microbiol. 122(2): 416-428.
- Luo Y, Lichtemberg PSF, Niederholzer FJA, Lightle DM, Felts DG, Michailides TJ (2019) Understanding the process of latent infection of canker-causing pathogens in stone fruit and nut crops in California. Plant Dis. 103(9): 2374-2384.
- Ma Z, Michailides TJ (2002) Characterization of Botryosphaeria dothidea isolates collected from pistachio and other plant hosts in California. Phytopathology 92: 519-526.
- McDonald V, Lynch S, Eskalen A (2009) First report of Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum and N. parvum associated with avocado branch canker in California. Plant Dis. 93: 967.
- McDonald V, Eskalen A (2011) Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with avocado branch cankers in California. Plant Dis. 95: 1465-1473.
- Michailides TJ (1991) Pathogenicity, distribution, sources of inoculum, and infection courts of Botryosphaeria dothidea on pistachio. Phytopathology 81: 566-573.
- Moral J, Muñoz-Díez C, González N, Trapero A, Michailides TJ (2010) Characterization and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species collected from olive and other hosts in Spain and California. Phytopathology 100: 1340-1351.
- Nouri MT, Lawrence DP, Holland LA, Doll DA, Kallsen CE, Culumber CM, Trouillas FP (2019) Identification and pathogenicity of fungal species associated with canker diseases of pistachio in California. Plant Dis. 103(9): 2397-2411.
- Pitt WM, Sosnowski MR, Huang R, Qiu Y, Steel CC, Savocchia S (2012) Evaluation of fungicides for the management of Botryosphaeria canker of grapevines. Plant Dis. 96: 1303-1308.
- Qiu Y, Savocchia S, Steel CC, Ash GJ (2008) Botryosphaeria dothidea associated with grapevine trunk disease in south-eastern Australia. Australas. Plant Pathol. 37: 482–485.
- Slippers B, Wingfield MJ (2007) Botryosphaeriaceae as endophytes and latent pathogens of woody plants: diversity, ecology and impact. Fung. Biol. Rev. 21: 90-106.
- Torres C, Latorre BA, Undurraga P, Besoain X (2013) Evaluation of DMI fungicides against species of Diplodia and Neofusicoccum associated with Botryosphaeria canker of grapevine. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria 40(1): 131-138.
- Úrbez-Torres JR, Leavitt GM, Voegel TM, Gubler WD (2006) Identification and distribution of Botryosphaeria spp. associated with grapevine cankers in California. Plant Dis. 90: 1490-1503.
- Uysal A, Kurt Ş (2019) Limonda antraknoz hastalığı etmeni Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.’in bazı fungisitlere karşı in vitro duyarlılığı. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 59(1): 53-62.
- Úrbez-Torres JR, Gubler WD (2009) Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species isolated from grapevine cankers in California. Plant Dis. 93: 584-592.
- Úrbez-Torres JR, Peduto F, Vossen PM, Krueger WH, Gubler WD (2013) Olive twig and branch dieback: etiology, incidence, and distribution in California. Plant Dis. 97: 231-244.
- White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) In: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315-322.
Identification of walnut stem canker disease agent Botryosphaeria dothidea and determination of in vitro antifungal efficiencies of some fungicides against the disease agent
Abstract
Aims:
Symptoms of canker disease on walnut
trees included brown to dark brown discoloration of vascular tissues, wood
necrosis, and branch dieback were observed in several orchards in İskenderun
City of Hatay Province in May 2018. The aims of this study were to identify the
fungal pathogen and to determine its sensitivities against some fungicides.
Methods and Results:
Isolations were made from diseased
branches, cankers and asymptomatic walnut samples and causal disease agent was
identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea
based on morphological characteristics and molecular techniques. Pathogenicity
tests showed that fungal isolate were highly virulent on shoots of walnut (cv.
Chandler) trees commonly grown in the region. To our knowledge, this is the
first report of Botryosphaeria dothidea
infecting walnut in Turkey. In vitro antifungal
effect of different concentrations of six fungicides, fluazinam (0.001-0.015
µg/ml), thiophanate-methyl (0.1-10.0), boscalid + pyraclostrobin (1.0-50.0
µg/ml), trifloxystrobin (0.5-50.0 µg/ml), kresoxim-methyl (0.1-50.0), and
tebuconazole (0.5-50.0 µg/ml) were also evaluated against the pathogen. The
mean effective concentration (EC50) values were determined by Probit
analysis. According to EC50 values, fluazinam (0.002 µg/ml) was
recorded as the most effective fungicide and it was followed by thiophanate-methyl
(0.275 µg/ml), tebuconazole (0.994 µg/ml), boscalid + pyraclostrobin (3.993
µg/ml) and trifloxystrobin (4.262 µg/ml). The lowest antifungal efficacy was
followed by kresoxim-methly inhibiting mycelial growth by 37.5% at the highest
concentration used.
Conclusions:
To our knowledge, this is the first
report of Botryosphaeria dothidea
causing stem canker diseases on walnut trees grown in Turkey. Our results also
suggest that the walnut canker disease caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea could be reduced effectively with the
application of selected fungicides.
Significance and Impact of
the Study: In
conclusion, our results suggest that fluazinam, thiophanate-methyl and
tebuconazole have the potential effects to control Botryosphaeria dothidea.
References
- Arzanlou M, Moshari S, Bakhshi M, Khodaie S (2012) Botryosphaeria dothidea associated with grapevine decline disease in Iran. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 7: 197-200.
- Anonim (2018) TUİK Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2019)
- Anonymous (2017) FAOSTAT, Word Production Data. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2019)
- Barr ME (1987) Prodromus to Class Loculoascomycetes. Hamilton I. Newell, Inc., Amherst, MA.
- Boratyn GM, Camacho C, Cooper PS, Coulouris G, Fong A, Ma N, Madden TL, Matten WT, McGinnis SD, Merezhuk Y, Raytselis Y, Sayers EW, Tao T, Ye J, Zaretskaya I (2013) BLAST: a more efficient report with usability improvements. Nucleic Acids Res. 41: 29–33.
- Boriss H, Brunke H, Kreith M (2006) Commodity profile: English walnuts. Agricultural Issues Center, University of California, Davis.
- Chen SF, Morgan D, Hasey JK, Anderson K, Michailides T (2014) Phylogeny, morphology, distribution, and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae from English walnut in California. Plant Dis. 98: 636–652.
- Damm U, Crous PW, Fourie PH (2007) Botryosphaeriaceae as potential pathogens of Prunus species in South Africa, with descriptions of Diplodia africana and Lasiodiplodia plurivora sp. nov. Mycologia 99(5): 664–680.
- Derviş S, Türkölmez Ş, Çiftçi O, Ulubaş Serçe Ç, Dikilitaş M (2019) First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing black canker and root rot of walnut in Turkey. Plant Dis. 103(8): 2129.
- Farr DF, Rossman AY (2020) Fungal databases. Systematic mycology and microbiology laboratory, USDA ARS. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.01.2020)
- Glass NL, Donaldson GC (1995) Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1323–1330.
- Inderbitzin P, Bostock RM, Trouillas FP, Michailides TJ (2010) A six locus phylogeny reveals high species diversity in Botryosphaeriaceae from California almond. Mycologia 102: 1350-1368.
- Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis 33(7): 1870–1874.
- Li GQ, Liu FF, Li JQ, Liu QL, Chen SF (2016) Characterization of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae from English walnut in China. J. Phytopathol. 164(5): 348-353.
- Luo Y, Gu S, Felts D, Puckett RD, Morgan DP, Michailides TJ (2017) Development of qPCR systems to quantify shoot infections by canker-causing pathogens in stone fruits and nut crops. J. Appl. Microbiol. 122(2): 416-428.
- Luo Y, Lichtemberg PSF, Niederholzer FJA, Lightle DM, Felts DG, Michailides TJ (2019) Understanding the process of latent infection of canker-causing pathogens in stone fruit and nut crops in California. Plant Dis. 103(9): 2374-2384.
- Ma Z, Michailides TJ (2002) Characterization of Botryosphaeria dothidea isolates collected from pistachio and other plant hosts in California. Phytopathology 92: 519-526.
- McDonald V, Lynch S, Eskalen A (2009) First report of Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum and N. parvum associated with avocado branch canker in California. Plant Dis. 93: 967.
- McDonald V, Eskalen A (2011) Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with avocado branch cankers in California. Plant Dis. 95: 1465-1473.
- Michailides TJ (1991) Pathogenicity, distribution, sources of inoculum, and infection courts of Botryosphaeria dothidea on pistachio. Phytopathology 81: 566-573.
- Moral J, Muñoz-Díez C, González N, Trapero A, Michailides TJ (2010) Characterization and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species collected from olive and other hosts in Spain and California. Phytopathology 100: 1340-1351.
- Nouri MT, Lawrence DP, Holland LA, Doll DA, Kallsen CE, Culumber CM, Trouillas FP (2019) Identification and pathogenicity of fungal species associated with canker diseases of pistachio in California. Plant Dis. 103(9): 2397-2411.
- Pitt WM, Sosnowski MR, Huang R, Qiu Y, Steel CC, Savocchia S (2012) Evaluation of fungicides for the management of Botryosphaeria canker of grapevines. Plant Dis. 96: 1303-1308.
- Qiu Y, Savocchia S, Steel CC, Ash GJ (2008) Botryosphaeria dothidea associated with grapevine trunk disease in south-eastern Australia. Australas. Plant Pathol. 37: 482–485.
- Slippers B, Wingfield MJ (2007) Botryosphaeriaceae as endophytes and latent pathogens of woody plants: diversity, ecology and impact. Fung. Biol. Rev. 21: 90-106.
- Torres C, Latorre BA, Undurraga P, Besoain X (2013) Evaluation of DMI fungicides against species of Diplodia and Neofusicoccum associated with Botryosphaeria canker of grapevine. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria 40(1): 131-138.
- Úrbez-Torres JR, Leavitt GM, Voegel TM, Gubler WD (2006) Identification and distribution of Botryosphaeria spp. associated with grapevine cankers in California. Plant Dis. 90: 1490-1503.
- Uysal A, Kurt Ş (2019) Limonda antraknoz hastalığı etmeni Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.’in bazı fungisitlere karşı in vitro duyarlılığı. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 59(1): 53-62.
- Úrbez-Torres JR, Gubler WD (2009) Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species isolated from grapevine cankers in California. Plant Dis. 93: 584-592.
- Úrbez-Torres JR, Peduto F, Vossen PM, Krueger WH, Gubler WD (2013) Olive twig and branch dieback: etiology, incidence, and distribution in California. Plant Dis. 97: 231-244.
- White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) In: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315-322.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Agricultural Engineering |
| Journal Section | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 6, 2020 |
| Submission Date | February 7, 2020 |
| Acceptance Date | February 28, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 25 Issue: 1 |
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