Bazı entomopatojen fungus türlerinin Capnodis tenebrionis Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)’in belirli dönemleri üzerinde patojeniteleri
Abstract
Amaç: Kiraz Fidan dipkurdu olarak adlandırılan Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Akdeniz ülkelerinde olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de önemli sert çekirdekli meyve ağacı zararlısıdır. Bu çalışmada, C. tenebrionis’den izole edilen entomopatojen fungusların, yaşam evrelerine göre patojenisiteleri araştırılmıştır.
Yöntem ve Bulgular: Tekirdağ ili kiraz bahçelerinden toplanan C. tenebrionis erginlerinden fungus izolasyonları yapılarak morfolojik ve moleküler olarak tanılamaları yapılmıştır. İkisi ilk kez C. tenebrionis’den izole edilen üç farklı entomopatojen fungus izolatı Baeuvera bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, 1912; Lecanicillium fungicola Zare & W. Gams, 2008 ve Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everhart, 1916 olarak tanılanmıştır. Elde edilen izolatların patojenisite çalışmaları C. tenebrionis’in yumurta, ilk dönem larva ve erginleri üzerinde 26±1 °C sıcaklık, %50±5 nem ve 16:8 (A:K) uzun gün aydınlatmalı koşullarında yapılmıştır. Capnodis tenebrionis yumurtaları üzerinde yapılan patojenisite testlerinde en yüksek ölüm oranı (% 81.25±2.26) ve etki değeri (% 64.63±1.71) F. acuminatum türünün uygulandığı yumurtalardan elde edilmiştir. Larvalar iki farklı besin (suni ve doğal) üzerinde beslenmiştir. Yarı-sentetik diyette B. bassiana uygulanan larvalar üzerinde ölüm oranı % 71.5±1.32 olurken, dal kültüründe beslenen larvalarda ölüm % 100 değerine ulaşmıştır. En yüksek etkiyi erginlerde B. bassiana (% 92.5±1.63) izolatı göstermiştir.
Genel Yorum: Elde edilen sonuçlar C. tenebrionis ile mücadelede yerel entomopatojen funguslar aracılığıyla yapılacak biyolojik mücadelenin ilk adımları olabileceğini göstermiştir.
Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: C. tenebrionis’in biyolojik dönemlerinin doku içerisinde geçmesi ve erginlerinin morfolojik yapısı nedeniyle zararlının mücadelesinde kullanılan mevcut yöntemler yeterli düzeyde etkili olmamaktadır. Çalışmada elde edilen entomopatojen fungus izolatlarının etkisi göz önüne alındığında, zararlı ile mücadelede alternatif yöntemlerin geliştirilmesinin mümkün olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Keywords
Beauveria bassiana Biyolojik kontrol Capnodis tenebrionis Fusarium acuminatum Lecanicillium fungicola
Supporting Institution
Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü
Project Number
TAGEM-BS-13/08-01/01-20
Thanks
Bu çalışma birinci yazarın Doktora tezinin bir bölümü olup Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü (TAGEM) tarafından TAGEM-BS-13/08-01/01-20 numaralı proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Ayrıca fungus türlerinin tanılanmasındaki yardımlarından dolayı Prof. Dr. Nuray ÖZER’e (Bitki Koruma Bölümü, Ziraat Fakültesi, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi) teşekkür ederiz.
References
- Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 18(2): 265-267.
- Agrios GN (2005) Plant Pathology. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, Holland. 952 s.
- Alfaro Moreno A (2005) Entomología Agraria: Los Parásitos Animales de las Plantas Cultivadas. La Diputación Provincial, İspanya. 301s.
- Altube MM, Strauch O, Fernandez de Castro G, Martinez Peña AM (2008) Control of the flat-headed root borer Capnodis tenebrionis (Linné) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) in a chitosan formulation in apricot orchards. BioControl 53(3): 531-539.
- Anonim (2011) Kiraz Entegre Mücadele Teknik Talimatı. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı- Tagem Yayınları, Ankara, Türkiye. 156s.
- Balazy S, Wisniewski J, Kaczmarek S (1987) Some noteworthy fungi occurring on mites. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences- Biological Sciences 35: 197-224.
- Ben-Yehuda S, Assael F, Mendel Z (2000) Improved chemical control of Capnodis tenebrionis and C. carbonaria in stone-fruit plantation in Israel. Phytoparasitica 28(1): 1-16.
- Bidochka MJ, St Leger MJ, Stuart A, Gowanlock K (1999) Nuclear rDNA phylogeny in the fungal genus Verticillium and its relationship to insect and plant virulence, extracellular proteases and carbohydrases. Microbiology 145(4): 955-963.
- Bidochka MJ, Menzies FV, Kamp AM (2002) Genetic groups of the insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana are associated with habitat and thermal growth preferences. Archives of Microbiology 178: 531-537.
- Bonsignore CP, Manti F, Vacante V (2008a) Field and tree distribution of Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1767) (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) adults in an apricot orchard in Italy. Journal of Applied Entomology 132(3): 216-224.
- Bonsignore CP, van Achterberg C, Vacante V (2008b) First record of Braconidae as parasitoids of Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), with notes on the ecology of Spathius erythrocephalus Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Zoologische Mededelingen 82(44): 489-498.
- Brendsen RL, Baars JJ, Kalkhove SI, Lugones LG, Wösten HA, Bakker PA (2010) Lecanicillium fungicola: causal agent of dry bubble disease in white-button mushroom. Molecular Plant Pathology 11(5): 585-95.
- Dean KM, Vandenberg JD, Griggs MH, Bauer LS (2012) Susceptibility of two Hymenopteran parasitoids of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 109(3): 303-306.
- Dicenta F, Martinez-Gomez P, Grane N, Martin M, Leon A, Canovas J, Berenguer V (2002) Relationship between cyanogenic compounds in kernels, leaves, and roots of sweet and bitter kernelled almonds. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 50(7): 2149-2152.
- Gashtarov V (2006) Capnodis carbonaria, a new species for the Bulgarian fauna (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Phegea 34(2): 77.
- Gindin G, Kuznetsova T, Protasov A, Ben Yehuda S, Mendel Z (2009) Artificial diet for two flat-headed, Capnodis spp. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). European Journal of Entomology 106(4): 573-582.
- Goettel SMJ, Koike M, Kim JJ, Aiuchi D, Shinya R, Brodeur J (2008) Potential of Lecanicillium spp. for management of insects, nematodes and plant diseases. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 98(3): 256-261.
- Hourieh A, Allouf N, Musallam Z (2008) Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode isolates extracted from stone-fruit orchards in Lattakia region against neonate larvae of Capnodis carbonaria and Capnodis tenebrionis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in laboratory. Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies-Biological Sciences Series 30(4): 70-82.
- Humber RA (1992) Collection of entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures: catalog of strains, U.S. Department of Agriculture. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Washington, ABD. 177 s.
- Levey B (2006) A preliminary checklist of the Buprestidae (Coleoptera) of Lebanon. Zoology in the Middle East 37(1): 83-90.
- Liu H, Bauer LS (2006) Susceptibility of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) to Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisoplia. Journal of Economic Entomology 99(4): 1096-1103.
- Liu H, Bauer LS (2008) Microbial control of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with Beauveria bassiana strain GHA: greenhouse and field trials. Biological Control 45(1): 124-132.
- Liu W, Xie Y, Dong J, Xue J, Zhang Y, Lu Y (2014) Pathogenicity of three entomopathogenic fungi to Matsucoccus matsumurae. PLoS One 9:7.
- Lodos N, Tezcan S (1995) Türkiye Entomolojisi V. Buprestidae (Genel Uygulamalı ve Faunistik). Ege Üniversitesi Basım Evi, İzmir, Türkiye. 138s.
- Marannino P, Tarasco E, de Lillo E (2004) Biological notes on larval hatching in Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera Buprestidae) and evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes in controlling neonate larvae. Redia 86: 101-105.
- Marannino P, Santiago-Álvarez C, de Lillo E, Quesada-Moraga E (2006) A new bioassay method reveals pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against early stages of Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera; Buprestidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 93(3): 210-213.
- Marannino P, de Lillo E (2007) The peach fl atheaded rootborer, Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) and its enemies in: Papierok, B. (ed.), Working Group Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasitic Nematodes. Pro-ceedings X European Meeting IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, Bari, Italy, 197-200.
- Marannino P, Santiago-Álvarez C, de Lillo E, Quesada-Moraga E (2008) Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin to target larvae and adults of Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in soil and fiber band applications. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 97(3): 237-244.
- Marannino P, Tarasco E, Triggiani O (2010) Laboratory evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Bals-Criv.) Vuill. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin mediterranean fungi isolates against adults of Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera Buprestidae). Redia 93: 15-18.
- Mfarrej MFB, Sharaf NS (2010) Life cycle of Peach Rootborer Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on stone-fruit trees. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6(4): 579.
- Morton A, Garcia del Pino F (2008) Effectiveness of different species of entomopathogenic nematodes for biocontrol of the Mediterranean flatheaded rootborer, Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in potted peach tree. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 97(2): 128-133.
- Morton A, Garcia del Pino F (2009) Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes to different stages of the flatheaded root borer, Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Nematology 11(3): 365-373.
- Pelizza SA, Stenglein SA, Cabello MN, Dinolf MI (2011) First record of Fusarium verticillioides as an entomopathogenic fungus of grasshoppers. Journal of Insect Science 11(70): 1-8.
- Piasecka J (2010) Molecular and microbiological methods for the detection and measurement of Dry Bubble Disease caused by Lecanicillium (Verticillium) fungicola on mushroom farms. Doktora tezi, National University of Ireland, 330s.
- Rivnay E (1946a) Physiological and ecological studies on the species of Capnodis in Palestine (Col., Buprestidae) I. Studies on the eggs. Bulletin of Entomological Research 36(01): 235-242.
- Rivnay E (1946b) Physiological and ecological studies on the species of Capnodis in Palestine (Col., Buprestidae) I. Studies on the Larvae. Bulletin of Entomological Research 36(02): 103-119.
- Sakalian PV (2000) Contribution to the knowledge of the jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) of The Republic of Macedonia. Macedonian Journal of Ecology and Environment 7(1/2): 33-40.
- SPSS (2006) SPSS 15.0 Command Syntax Reference 2006, SPSS Incorporation, Chicago, Ilionis, USA, November.
- Teetor-Barsch GH, Roberts WD (1983). Fusarium species pathogens of insects. Review. Mycopathologia. 84(1): 3-16.
- Zar JH (1999). Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey 929s.
- Zobar D (2018) Tekirdağ ili kiraz bahçelerindeki Buprestidae (Coleoptera) türleri, yoğunlukları ve Capnodis tenebrionis’in doğal düşmanları ile bazı biyolojik özelliklerinin araştırılması. Doktora tezi. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, BitkiKoruma ABD. 127s.
- Zobar D, Kıvan M (2019) Tekirdağ kiraz bahçelerinde Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)’in mevsimsel yoğunluğu ve biyolojisi. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty 16(3): 339-347.
Pathogenity of some entomopathogenic fungal species on certain stages of Capnodis tenebrionis Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Abstract
Aims: Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) which is known as Mediterranean flatheaded peachborer, is an important pest of stone fruit trees in Turkey as well as Mediterranean countries. In this study, pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi isolated from C. tenebrionis was investigated according to life stages.
Methods and Results: Fungal isolations were made from adults of C. tenebrionis collected from the cherry orchards of Tekirdağ province and they were identified morphologically and molecularly. Three entomopathogenic fungi, two of which were first time isolated from C. tenebrionis were identified as Baeuveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, 1912; Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everhart, 1916 and Lecanicillium fungicola Zare & W. Gams, 2008. Pathogenicity studies with the isolates obtained were carried out on eggs, first instar larvae and adults of C. tenebrionis under 26±1 °C temperature, 50±5% humidity and 16:8 (A:N) long daylight conditions. In the pathogenicity tests, the highest mortality rate (81.25±2.26%) and effect value (64.63±1.71%) were obtained from the on C. tenebrionis eggs inoculated by the F. acuminatum isolate. Larvae were fed on two different foods (artificial and natural). While the mortality rate was 71.5±1.32% on the larvae treated with B. bassiana on the semi-synthetic diet, the mortality rate reached 100% in the larvae fed on the branch culture. B. bassiana (92.5±1.63%) isolate showed the highest effect in adults.
Conclusions: The results obtained showed that biological control by local entomopathogenic fungi could be the first steps in the fight against C. tenebrionis.
Significance and Impact of the Study: Due to the fact that the biological stages of C. tenebrionis pass within the tissue and the morphological structure of the adults, the current methods used in the control of the pest are not sufficiently effective. Considering the effect of entomopathogenic fungus isolates obtained in the study, it is thought that it may be possible to develop alternative methods for pest control.
Keywords
Beauveria bassiana Biologic control Capnodis tenebrionis Fusarium acuminatum Lecanicillium fungicola
Project Number
TAGEM-BS-13/08-01/01-20
References
- Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 18(2): 265-267.
- Agrios GN (2005) Plant Pathology. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, Holland. 952 s.
- Alfaro Moreno A (2005) Entomología Agraria: Los Parásitos Animales de las Plantas Cultivadas. La Diputación Provincial, İspanya. 301s.
- Altube MM, Strauch O, Fernandez de Castro G, Martinez Peña AM (2008) Control of the flat-headed root borer Capnodis tenebrionis (Linné) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) in a chitosan formulation in apricot orchards. BioControl 53(3): 531-539.
- Anonim (2011) Kiraz Entegre Mücadele Teknik Talimatı. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı- Tagem Yayınları, Ankara, Türkiye. 156s.
- Balazy S, Wisniewski J, Kaczmarek S (1987) Some noteworthy fungi occurring on mites. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences- Biological Sciences 35: 197-224.
- Ben-Yehuda S, Assael F, Mendel Z (2000) Improved chemical control of Capnodis tenebrionis and C. carbonaria in stone-fruit plantation in Israel. Phytoparasitica 28(1): 1-16.
- Bidochka MJ, St Leger MJ, Stuart A, Gowanlock K (1999) Nuclear rDNA phylogeny in the fungal genus Verticillium and its relationship to insect and plant virulence, extracellular proteases and carbohydrases. Microbiology 145(4): 955-963.
- Bidochka MJ, Menzies FV, Kamp AM (2002) Genetic groups of the insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana are associated with habitat and thermal growth preferences. Archives of Microbiology 178: 531-537.
- Bonsignore CP, Manti F, Vacante V (2008a) Field and tree distribution of Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1767) (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) adults in an apricot orchard in Italy. Journal of Applied Entomology 132(3): 216-224.
- Bonsignore CP, van Achterberg C, Vacante V (2008b) First record of Braconidae as parasitoids of Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), with notes on the ecology of Spathius erythrocephalus Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Zoologische Mededelingen 82(44): 489-498.
- Brendsen RL, Baars JJ, Kalkhove SI, Lugones LG, Wösten HA, Bakker PA (2010) Lecanicillium fungicola: causal agent of dry bubble disease in white-button mushroom. Molecular Plant Pathology 11(5): 585-95.
- Dean KM, Vandenberg JD, Griggs MH, Bauer LS (2012) Susceptibility of two Hymenopteran parasitoids of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 109(3): 303-306.
- Dicenta F, Martinez-Gomez P, Grane N, Martin M, Leon A, Canovas J, Berenguer V (2002) Relationship between cyanogenic compounds in kernels, leaves, and roots of sweet and bitter kernelled almonds. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 50(7): 2149-2152.
- Gashtarov V (2006) Capnodis carbonaria, a new species for the Bulgarian fauna (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Phegea 34(2): 77.
- Gindin G, Kuznetsova T, Protasov A, Ben Yehuda S, Mendel Z (2009) Artificial diet for two flat-headed, Capnodis spp. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). European Journal of Entomology 106(4): 573-582.
- Goettel SMJ, Koike M, Kim JJ, Aiuchi D, Shinya R, Brodeur J (2008) Potential of Lecanicillium spp. for management of insects, nematodes and plant diseases. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 98(3): 256-261.
- Hourieh A, Allouf N, Musallam Z (2008) Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode isolates extracted from stone-fruit orchards in Lattakia region against neonate larvae of Capnodis carbonaria and Capnodis tenebrionis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in laboratory. Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies-Biological Sciences Series 30(4): 70-82.
- Humber RA (1992) Collection of entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures: catalog of strains, U.S. Department of Agriculture. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Washington, ABD. 177 s.
- Levey B (2006) A preliminary checklist of the Buprestidae (Coleoptera) of Lebanon. Zoology in the Middle East 37(1): 83-90.
- Liu H, Bauer LS (2006) Susceptibility of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) to Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisoplia. Journal of Economic Entomology 99(4): 1096-1103.
- Liu H, Bauer LS (2008) Microbial control of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with Beauveria bassiana strain GHA: greenhouse and field trials. Biological Control 45(1): 124-132.
- Liu W, Xie Y, Dong J, Xue J, Zhang Y, Lu Y (2014) Pathogenicity of three entomopathogenic fungi to Matsucoccus matsumurae. PLoS One 9:7.
- Lodos N, Tezcan S (1995) Türkiye Entomolojisi V. Buprestidae (Genel Uygulamalı ve Faunistik). Ege Üniversitesi Basım Evi, İzmir, Türkiye. 138s.
- Marannino P, Tarasco E, de Lillo E (2004) Biological notes on larval hatching in Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera Buprestidae) and evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes in controlling neonate larvae. Redia 86: 101-105.
- Marannino P, Santiago-Álvarez C, de Lillo E, Quesada-Moraga E (2006) A new bioassay method reveals pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against early stages of Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera; Buprestidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 93(3): 210-213.
- Marannino P, de Lillo E (2007) The peach fl atheaded rootborer, Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) and its enemies in: Papierok, B. (ed.), Working Group Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasitic Nematodes. Pro-ceedings X European Meeting IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, Bari, Italy, 197-200.
- Marannino P, Santiago-Álvarez C, de Lillo E, Quesada-Moraga E (2008) Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin to target larvae and adults of Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in soil and fiber band applications. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 97(3): 237-244.
- Marannino P, Tarasco E, Triggiani O (2010) Laboratory evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Bals-Criv.) Vuill. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin mediterranean fungi isolates against adults of Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera Buprestidae). Redia 93: 15-18.
- Mfarrej MFB, Sharaf NS (2010) Life cycle of Peach Rootborer Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on stone-fruit trees. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6(4): 579.
- Morton A, Garcia del Pino F (2008) Effectiveness of different species of entomopathogenic nematodes for biocontrol of the Mediterranean flatheaded rootborer, Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in potted peach tree. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 97(2): 128-133.
- Morton A, Garcia del Pino F (2009) Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes to different stages of the flatheaded root borer, Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Nematology 11(3): 365-373.
- Pelizza SA, Stenglein SA, Cabello MN, Dinolf MI (2011) First record of Fusarium verticillioides as an entomopathogenic fungus of grasshoppers. Journal of Insect Science 11(70): 1-8.
- Piasecka J (2010) Molecular and microbiological methods for the detection and measurement of Dry Bubble Disease caused by Lecanicillium (Verticillium) fungicola on mushroom farms. Doktora tezi, National University of Ireland, 330s.
- Rivnay E (1946a) Physiological and ecological studies on the species of Capnodis in Palestine (Col., Buprestidae) I. Studies on the eggs. Bulletin of Entomological Research 36(01): 235-242.
- Rivnay E (1946b) Physiological and ecological studies on the species of Capnodis in Palestine (Col., Buprestidae) I. Studies on the Larvae. Bulletin of Entomological Research 36(02): 103-119.
- Sakalian PV (2000) Contribution to the knowledge of the jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) of The Republic of Macedonia. Macedonian Journal of Ecology and Environment 7(1/2): 33-40.
- SPSS (2006) SPSS 15.0 Command Syntax Reference 2006, SPSS Incorporation, Chicago, Ilionis, USA, November.
- Teetor-Barsch GH, Roberts WD (1983). Fusarium species pathogens of insects. Review. Mycopathologia. 84(1): 3-16.
- Zar JH (1999). Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey 929s.
- Zobar D (2018) Tekirdağ ili kiraz bahçelerindeki Buprestidae (Coleoptera) türleri, yoğunlukları ve Capnodis tenebrionis’in doğal düşmanları ile bazı biyolojik özelliklerinin araştırılması. Doktora tezi. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, BitkiKoruma ABD. 127s.
- Zobar D, Kıvan M (2019) Tekirdağ kiraz bahçelerinde Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)’in mevsimsel yoğunluğu ve biyolojisi. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty 16(3): 339-347.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Agricultural Engineering |
| Journal Section | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | TAGEM-BS-13/08-01/01-20 |
| Publication Date | December 1, 2022 |
| Submission Date | February 14, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | June 21, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Volume: 27 Issue: 3 |
