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Nutrient Content of Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) and The Utilization Possibilities in Poultry Nutrition

Year 2017, Volume:6 ICAFOF Special Issue, 226 - 232, 21.12.2017

Süleyman Çalışlar

https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.334157
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Poultry
require high amounts of protein, amino acids and energy for feather
development, meat and egg production. Herbal nutritional feeds have lower amino
acid content, protein qualities and mineral levels. Therefore, corn and soybean
meal used in feeds are sometimes not sufficient to meet the nutritional needs
of poultry. In such cases, more expensive products like fish meal are used.
However, there are feed sources that have comparable levels of nutrients to
products such as fish meal, yeast and malt. Mealworms, earth worms,
grasshoppers and houseflies are only some of the sources that can be evaluated
for the feeding of poultry. One of the important insects with potential for use
as a feed source instead of corn, soybean meal and fish meal in poultry rations
is mealworm. Easy to breed and feding Tenebrio
molitor L. (TM) is rich in protein, fat, energy, fatty acids and can be
used successfully in poultry feeding. However, EU legislation, difficulties in
production and high cost of production limit the use of mealworm in the feeding
of poultry. In this review study, the utilization possibilities of mealworm in
organic poultry feeding were examined.

Keywords

Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) Poultry Alternative feed Organic feeding

References

  • [1] S. M. Hossain, and R. Blair, Chitin utilisation by broilers and its effect on body composition and blood metabolites. Br. Poult.Sci. 48:33-38, 2007.
  • [2] V. Ravindran and R. Blair, Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 49:219–235, 1993.
  • [3] H.P.S. Makkar, G, Tran, V, Heuze, and P. Ankers, State of the art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 197,1-33, 2014.
  • [4] S.Van Broekhoven, D.G.A.B. Oonincx, A. van Huis and J.J.A. van Loon, Growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of three edible mealworm species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on diets composed of organic by-products. Journal of Insect Physiology. 73(0):1-10, 2015.
  • [5] M, De Marco., S, Martinez., F, Hernandez., J, Madrid., F, Gai., L, Rotolo., L., M, Belforti.,D, Bergero., H, Katz., S, Dabbou., A, Kovitvadhi., I. Zoccarato., L, Gasco, L. and A, Schiavone, Nutritional value of two insect meals (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) for broiler chickens: apparent nutrient digestibility, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.209: 211-218, 2015.
  • [6] W. K. Ng, F. L. Liew, L.P. Ang, K.W. Wong, Potential of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as an alternative protein source in practical diets for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Aquacult. Res., 32 (Supplement 1): 273-280, 2001.
  • [7] A. Van Huis, Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58:121-130, 2013.
  • [8] J. Ramos-Elorduy, E. Avila Gonzalez, A. Rocha Hernandez, J.M. Pino, Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. J.Econ. Entomol., 95 (1): 214-220, 2002.
  • [9] L. L. Yi, C.M.M. Sagis, L.M.C. Eisner-Schadler, V. A. van Huis, M.A.J.S. van Boekel, Extraction and characterization of protein fractions from five insect Food Chemistry, 141, pp. 3341-3348, 2013.
  • [10] D.G.A.B. Oonincx and I.J.M. de Boer, Environmental impact of the production of mealworms as a protein source for humans - a life cycle assessment. Plos one Volume 7, article number e51145, 2012.
  • [11] R.. Smith and R. Pryor, Enabling the exploitation of insects as a sustainable source of protein for animal feed and human nutrition. Proteinsect grant agreement number: 312084. Work Package 5: Pro-Insect Platform in Europe-Deliverable, 2014.
  • [12] A.E. Ghaly and F.N. Alkoaik, The yellow mealworms as a novel source of protein. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 4:319-331, 2009.
  • [13] L. Yi, M.A.J. Van Boekel, A. Boeren, and C.M.M. Lakemond, Protein identification and in vitro digestion of fractions from Tenebrio molitor. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 242: 1285-1297, 2016.
  • [14] M.D. Finke, Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores. Zoo Biology, 21 (3):269-285, 2002.
  • [15] S. Belluco, C. Losasso, M. Maggioletti, C.C. Alonzi, M.G. Paoletti, and A. Ricci, Edible insects in a food safety and nutritional perspective: a critical review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12: 296-313, 2013.
  • [16] E. Dreassi, A. Cito, A. Zanfini, L. Materozzi, M. Botta, V. Francardi, Dietary fatty acids influence the growth and fatty acid composition of the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Lipids. 52(3):285-294,2017.
  • [17] E. D. Aguilar-Miranda, M. G. López, C. Escamilla-Santana, A. P. Barba de la Rosa, Characteristics of maize flour tortilla supplemented with ground Tenebrio molitor larvae. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50 (1): 192-195, 2002.
  • [18] J. Hardouin, G. Mahoux, Zootechnie d’insectes - Elevage et utilisation au bénéfice de l'homme et de certains animaux. Bureau pour l’Echange et la Distribution de l’Information sur le Mini-élevage (BEDIM), 164 p, 2003.
  • [19] T. Veldkamp, G. van Duinkerken, A. van Huis, C. M. M. Lakemond, E. Ottevanger, G. Bosch, M. A. J. S. van Boekel, Insects as a sustainable feed ingredient in pig and poultry diets - a feasibility study. Rapport 638- Wageningen Livestock Research, 2012.
  • [20] D. S. Hill, Pests of stored foodstuffs and their control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 476 p, 2002.
  • [21] R.E. Child, Insect Damage as a Function of Climate. In: T. Padfield and K. Borchersen, eds. Museum Microclimates. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark, 2007.
  • [22] B. Heinrich, Ecological and evolutionary perspectives. In: Heinrich, B. (Ed.), Insect Thermoregulation. Wiley, New York, pp. 236-302, 1981.
  • [23] D. Jozefiak, R. M. Engberg, Insect as poultry feed. 20th European symposium on Poultry Nutrition, 24-27 August, Prague, Czech Republic, 2015.
  • [24] M.J. Zuidhof, C.L. Molnar, F.M. Morley, T.L. Wray, F.E. Robinson, B.A. Khan, L. Al-Ani, Goonewardene, L.A, Nutritive value of house fly (Musca domestica) larvae as a feed supplement for turkey poults. Animal Feed Science and Technology 105, 225-230, 2003.
  • [25] N. Ravzanaadii, S.H. Kim, W.H. Choi, S.J. Hong, and N.J. Kim, Nutritional value of mealworm, Tenebrio molitor as food source. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 93-98, 2012.
  • [26] F. Bovera, G. Piccolo, L. Gasco, S. Marono, R. Loponte, G. Vassalotti, V. Mastellone, P. Lombardi, Y.A. Attia, and A. Nizza, Yellow mealworms larvae (Tenebrio molitor, L.) as protein source for broilers: effects on growth performance and blood profiles. Br. Poult. Sci. 56: 569-575, 2015. [27] G. DeFoliart, Insect fatty acids: Similar to those of poultry and fish in their degree of unsaturation, but higher in the polyunsaturates. The Food Insects Newsletter, 4, 1-4, 1991.
  • [28] Wang Ying Chang, Chen Yun Tang, Li Xing Rui, Xia Jun Ming, Du Qin Sheng, Zhi Chang'an, Study on rearing the larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linne and the effects of its processing and utilization. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Henanensis, 30 (3): 288-292, 1996.
  • [29] G. DeFoliart, Insects as human food. Crop Protection, 11, 395-399, 1992.
  • [30] A.D. Banjo, O.A. Lawal, and E.A. Songonuga, The nutritional value of fourteen species of edible insects in South West Nigeria. Africa Journal Biotechnology. 5: 289-301, 2006.
  • [31] C. Xiaoming, F. Ying, Z. Hong, and C. Zhiyong, Review of the nutritive value of edible insects. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, 2010.
  • [32] K.C. Klasing, P. Thacker, M.A. Lopez, C.C. Calvert, Increasing the calcium content of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) to improve their nutritional value for bone mineralization of growing chicks. J. Zoo Wildlife Med., 31 (4): 512-517, 2000. [33] E. Siemianowska, A. Kosewska, M. Aljewicz, K. Skibniewska, L. Polak Juszczak, A. Jarocki, and M. Jędras, Larvae of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) as European novel food. Agricultural Sciences, 4(6), 287-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2013.46041, 2013.
  • [34] A.A. Onifade, O.O. Oduguwa, A.O. Fanimo, A.O. Abu, T.O. Olutunde, A. Arije, G.M. Babatunde, Effects of supplemental methionine and lysine on the nutritional value of housefly larvae meal (Musca domestica) fed to rats. Bioresource Technol 78:191-194, 2001.
  • [35] P.U. Rao, Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of spent silk worm pupae. J Agric Food Chem 42:2201-2203,1994.
  • [36] M. Hernández, Optimización del cutlivo de Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleóptera: Tenebrionidae) en condiciones de laboratorio en relación con la cantidad de racion empleada. Thesis. Fac. Ciencias, Univ. Nal. Autón México, 1988.
  • [37] L. A. Lagunes and L. Garcia Vázquez, Productividad obtenida de dos insectos, al reciclar de echos orgánicos de origen animal y vegetal. M.S. thesis. Fac. Ciencia Univ. Nat. Autón México, 1994.
  • [38] I. Biasato, M. De Marco, L. Rotolo, M. Renna, S. Dabbou, M.T. E. Capucchio, Biasibetti, M. Tarantola, P. Costa, F. Gai, L. Pozzo, D. Dezzutto, S. Bergagna, L. Gasco, and A. Schiavone, Effects of dietary Tenebrio molitor meal inclusion in free-range chickens. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 100: 1104-1112, 2016.
  • [39] M. Giannone, A natural supplement made of insect larvae. Rivista di Avicoltura, 72 (4): 38, 40-41, 2003.
  • [40] D. Wang, S. W. Zhai, C. X. Zhang, Y. Y. Bai, S. H. An, and Y.N. Xu, Evaluation on nutritional value of field crickets as a poultry feedstuff. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 18(5): 667-670, 2005.
  • [41] A. Schiavone, M. De Marco, L. Rotolo, M. Belforti, S. Martinez Mirò, , J. Madrid Sanchez, F. Hernandez Ruiperez, C. Bianchi, L. Sterpone, V. Malfatto, H. Katz, I. Zoccarato, F. Gai, L. Gasco, Nutrient digestibility of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor meal in broiler chickens. Abstract book Conference “Insects to Feed The World”, The Netherlands 14-17 May 2014, pp. 84,2014.
  • [42] J.B. Bernard, M.E. Allen, and D.E. Ullrey, Feeding captive insectivorous animals: Nutritional aspects of insects as food. Nutrition Advisory Group Handbook. Fact Sheet 003, August: 1-7, 1997.
  • [43] M.D, Finke, Complete nutrient content of four species of feeder insects. Zoo Biology, 32:27-36, 2012.

Un Kurdu Böceğinin Besin İçeriği ve Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Kullanım İmkânları

Year 2017, Volume:6 ICAFOF Special Issue, 226 - 232, 21.12.2017

Süleyman Çalışlar

https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.334157
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Kümes kanatlı
hayvanları, tüy gelişimi, et ve yumurta üretimi için yüksek miktarda protein,
aminoasit ve enerjiye gereksinim duyarlar. Bitkisel menşeyli yemlerin amino
asit içerikleri, protein kaliteleri ve mineral miktarları daha düşüktür. Bu
nedenle yemlerde kullanılan mısır ve soya küspesi (SK) bazen kanatlı
hayvanların besin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamada yeterli olmaz. Böyle durumlarda
daha pahalı olan balık unu gibi ürünler kullanılır. Hâlbuki balık unu, maya ve
malt gibi ürünlerle kıyaslanabilir düzeyde besin içeriğine sahip olan yem
kaynakları mevcuttur. Un kurtları, çekirgeler, solucanlar ve karasinekler
kanatlı hayvanların beslenmesinde değerlendirilebilecek kaynaklardan sadece
bazılarıdır.  Kanatlı hayvan
rasyonlarında mısır, SK ve balık unu yerine bir yem kaynağı olarak kullanım
potansiyeli olan önemli böceklerden birisi de un kurdudur. Kolay üreyen ve
beslenen un kurdunun (Tenebrio molitor
L.) protein, yağ, enerji, yağ asitleri bakımından zengin olduğu ve kanatlı
hayvan beslemede başarıyla kullanılabileceği belirtilmektedir. Bununla birlikte
AB mevzuatı, üretimindeki zorluklar ve üretim maliyetinin yüksek olması gibi
hususlar, kanatlı hayvanların beslenmesinde un kurdunun kullanımını
sınırlandırmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmada, un kurdunun organik kanatlı hayvan
beslemede kullanım imkânları incelenmiştir.

Keywords

Un kurdu (Tenebrio molitor L.) Kanatlı hayvan Alternatif yem Organik besleme

References

  • [1] S. M. Hossain, and R. Blair, Chitin utilisation by broilers and its effect on body composition and blood metabolites. Br. Poult.Sci. 48:33-38, 2007.
  • [2] V. Ravindran and R. Blair, Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 49:219–235, 1993.
  • [3] H.P.S. Makkar, G, Tran, V, Heuze, and P. Ankers, State of the art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 197,1-33, 2014.
  • [4] S.Van Broekhoven, D.G.A.B. Oonincx, A. van Huis and J.J.A. van Loon, Growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of three edible mealworm species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on diets composed of organic by-products. Journal of Insect Physiology. 73(0):1-10, 2015.
  • [5] M, De Marco., S, Martinez., F, Hernandez., J, Madrid., F, Gai., L, Rotolo., L., M, Belforti.,D, Bergero., H, Katz., S, Dabbou., A, Kovitvadhi., I. Zoccarato., L, Gasco, L. and A, Schiavone, Nutritional value of two insect meals (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) for broiler chickens: apparent nutrient digestibility, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.209: 211-218, 2015.
  • [6] W. K. Ng, F. L. Liew, L.P. Ang, K.W. Wong, Potential of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as an alternative protein source in practical diets for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Aquacult. Res., 32 (Supplement 1): 273-280, 2001.
  • [7] A. Van Huis, Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58:121-130, 2013.
  • [8] J. Ramos-Elorduy, E. Avila Gonzalez, A. Rocha Hernandez, J.M. Pino, Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. J.Econ. Entomol., 95 (1): 214-220, 2002.
  • [9] L. L. Yi, C.M.M. Sagis, L.M.C. Eisner-Schadler, V. A. van Huis, M.A.J.S. van Boekel, Extraction and characterization of protein fractions from five insect Food Chemistry, 141, pp. 3341-3348, 2013.
  • [10] D.G.A.B. Oonincx and I.J.M. de Boer, Environmental impact of the production of mealworms as a protein source for humans - a life cycle assessment. Plos one Volume 7, article number e51145, 2012.
  • [11] R.. Smith and R. Pryor, Enabling the exploitation of insects as a sustainable source of protein for animal feed and human nutrition. Proteinsect grant agreement number: 312084. Work Package 5: Pro-Insect Platform in Europe-Deliverable, 2014.
  • [12] A.E. Ghaly and F.N. Alkoaik, The yellow mealworms as a novel source of protein. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 4:319-331, 2009.
  • [13] L. Yi, M.A.J. Van Boekel, A. Boeren, and C.M.M. Lakemond, Protein identification and in vitro digestion of fractions from Tenebrio molitor. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 242: 1285-1297, 2016.
  • [14] M.D. Finke, Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores. Zoo Biology, 21 (3):269-285, 2002.
  • [15] S. Belluco, C. Losasso, M. Maggioletti, C.C. Alonzi, M.G. Paoletti, and A. Ricci, Edible insects in a food safety and nutritional perspective: a critical review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12: 296-313, 2013.
  • [16] E. Dreassi, A. Cito, A. Zanfini, L. Materozzi, M. Botta, V. Francardi, Dietary fatty acids influence the growth and fatty acid composition of the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Lipids. 52(3):285-294,2017.
  • [17] E. D. Aguilar-Miranda, M. G. López, C. Escamilla-Santana, A. P. Barba de la Rosa, Characteristics of maize flour tortilla supplemented with ground Tenebrio molitor larvae. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50 (1): 192-195, 2002.
  • [18] J. Hardouin, G. Mahoux, Zootechnie d’insectes - Elevage et utilisation au bénéfice de l'homme et de certains animaux. Bureau pour l’Echange et la Distribution de l’Information sur le Mini-élevage (BEDIM), 164 p, 2003.
  • [19] T. Veldkamp, G. van Duinkerken, A. van Huis, C. M. M. Lakemond, E. Ottevanger, G. Bosch, M. A. J. S. van Boekel, Insects as a sustainable feed ingredient in pig and poultry diets - a feasibility study. Rapport 638- Wageningen Livestock Research, 2012.
  • [20] D. S. Hill, Pests of stored foodstuffs and their control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 476 p, 2002.
  • [21] R.E. Child, Insect Damage as a Function of Climate. In: T. Padfield and K. Borchersen, eds. Museum Microclimates. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark, 2007.
  • [22] B. Heinrich, Ecological and evolutionary perspectives. In: Heinrich, B. (Ed.), Insect Thermoregulation. Wiley, New York, pp. 236-302, 1981.
  • [23] D. Jozefiak, R. M. Engberg, Insect as poultry feed. 20th European symposium on Poultry Nutrition, 24-27 August, Prague, Czech Republic, 2015.
  • [24] M.J. Zuidhof, C.L. Molnar, F.M. Morley, T.L. Wray, F.E. Robinson, B.A. Khan, L. Al-Ani, Goonewardene, L.A, Nutritive value of house fly (Musca domestica) larvae as a feed supplement for turkey poults. Animal Feed Science and Technology 105, 225-230, 2003.
  • [25] N. Ravzanaadii, S.H. Kim, W.H. Choi, S.J. Hong, and N.J. Kim, Nutritional value of mealworm, Tenebrio molitor as food source. Int. J. Indust. Entomol. Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 93-98, 2012.
  • [26] F. Bovera, G. Piccolo, L. Gasco, S. Marono, R. Loponte, G. Vassalotti, V. Mastellone, P. Lombardi, Y.A. Attia, and A. Nizza, Yellow mealworms larvae (Tenebrio molitor, L.) as protein source for broilers: effects on growth performance and blood profiles. Br. Poult. Sci. 56: 569-575, 2015. [27] G. DeFoliart, Insect fatty acids: Similar to those of poultry and fish in their degree of unsaturation, but higher in the polyunsaturates. The Food Insects Newsletter, 4, 1-4, 1991.
  • [28] Wang Ying Chang, Chen Yun Tang, Li Xing Rui, Xia Jun Ming, Du Qin Sheng, Zhi Chang'an, Study on rearing the larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linne and the effects of its processing and utilization. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Henanensis, 30 (3): 288-292, 1996.
  • [29] G. DeFoliart, Insects as human food. Crop Protection, 11, 395-399, 1992.
  • [30] A.D. Banjo, O.A. Lawal, and E.A. Songonuga, The nutritional value of fourteen species of edible insects in South West Nigeria. Africa Journal Biotechnology. 5: 289-301, 2006.
  • [31] C. Xiaoming, F. Ying, Z. Hong, and C. Zhiyong, Review of the nutritive value of edible insects. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, 2010.
  • [32] K.C. Klasing, P. Thacker, M.A. Lopez, C.C. Calvert, Increasing the calcium content of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) to improve their nutritional value for bone mineralization of growing chicks. J. Zoo Wildlife Med., 31 (4): 512-517, 2000. [33] E. Siemianowska, A. Kosewska, M. Aljewicz, K. Skibniewska, L. Polak Juszczak, A. Jarocki, and M. Jędras, Larvae of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) as European novel food. Agricultural Sciences, 4(6), 287-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2013.46041, 2013.
  • [34] A.A. Onifade, O.O. Oduguwa, A.O. Fanimo, A.O. Abu, T.O. Olutunde, A. Arije, G.M. Babatunde, Effects of supplemental methionine and lysine on the nutritional value of housefly larvae meal (Musca domestica) fed to rats. Bioresource Technol 78:191-194, 2001.
  • [35] P.U. Rao, Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of spent silk worm pupae. J Agric Food Chem 42:2201-2203,1994.
  • [36] M. Hernández, Optimización del cutlivo de Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleóptera: Tenebrionidae) en condiciones de laboratorio en relación con la cantidad de racion empleada. Thesis. Fac. Ciencias, Univ. Nal. Autón México, 1988.
  • [37] L. A. Lagunes and L. Garcia Vázquez, Productividad obtenida de dos insectos, al reciclar de echos orgánicos de origen animal y vegetal. M.S. thesis. Fac. Ciencia Univ. Nat. Autón México, 1994.
  • [38] I. Biasato, M. De Marco, L. Rotolo, M. Renna, S. Dabbou, M.T. E. Capucchio, Biasibetti, M. Tarantola, P. Costa, F. Gai, L. Pozzo, D. Dezzutto, S. Bergagna, L. Gasco, and A. Schiavone, Effects of dietary Tenebrio molitor meal inclusion in free-range chickens. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 100: 1104-1112, 2016.
  • [39] M. Giannone, A natural supplement made of insect larvae. Rivista di Avicoltura, 72 (4): 38, 40-41, 2003.
  • [40] D. Wang, S. W. Zhai, C. X. Zhang, Y. Y. Bai, S. H. An, and Y.N. Xu, Evaluation on nutritional value of field crickets as a poultry feedstuff. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 18(5): 667-670, 2005.
  • [41] A. Schiavone, M. De Marco, L. Rotolo, M. Belforti, S. Martinez Mirò, , J. Madrid Sanchez, F. Hernandez Ruiperez, C. Bianchi, L. Sterpone, V. Malfatto, H. Katz, I. Zoccarato, F. Gai, L. Gasco, Nutrient digestibility of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor meal in broiler chickens. Abstract book Conference “Insects to Feed The World”, The Netherlands 14-17 May 2014, pp. 84,2014.
  • [42] J.B. Bernard, M.E. Allen, and D.E. Ullrey, Feeding captive insectivorous animals: Nutritional aspects of insects as food. Nutrition Advisory Group Handbook. Fact Sheet 003, August: 1-7, 1997.
  • [43] M.D, Finke, Complete nutrient content of four species of feeder insects. Zoo Biology, 32:27-36, 2012.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Engineering
Journal Section ICAFOF 2017 (International Conference on Agriculture, Forest, Food Sciences and Technologies) Özel Sayısı
Authors

Süleyman Çalışlar

Publication Date December 21, 2017
Acceptance Date October 24, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume:6 ICAFOF Special Issue

Cite

APA Çalışlar, S. (2017). Un Kurdu Böceğinin Besin İçeriği ve Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Kullanım İmkânları. Nevşehir Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6, 226-232. https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.334157
AMA Çalışlar S. Un Kurdu Böceğinin Besin İçeriği ve Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Kullanım İmkânları. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. December 2017;6:226-232. doi:10.17100/nevbiltek.334157
Chicago Çalışlar, Süleyman. “Un Kurdu Böceğinin Besin İçeriği Ve Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Kullanım İmkânları”. Nevşehir Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi 6, December (December 2017): 226-32. https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.334157.
EndNote Çalışlar S (December 1, 2017) Un Kurdu Böceğinin Besin İçeriği ve Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Kullanım İmkânları. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 6 226–232.
IEEE S. Çalışlar, “Un Kurdu Böceğinin Besin İçeriği ve Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Kullanım İmkânları”, Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, vol. 6, pp. 226–232, 2017, doi: 10.17100/nevbiltek.334157.
ISNAD Çalışlar, Süleyman. “Un Kurdu Böceğinin Besin İçeriği Ve Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Kullanım İmkânları”. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 6 (December 2017), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.334157.
JAMA Çalışlar S. Un Kurdu Böceğinin Besin İçeriği ve Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Kullanım İmkânları. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2017;6:226–232.
MLA Çalışlar, Süleyman. “Un Kurdu Böceğinin Besin İçeriği Ve Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Kullanım İmkânları”. Nevşehir Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, vol. 6, 2017, pp. 226-32, doi:10.17100/nevbiltek.334157.
Vancouver Çalışlar S. Un Kurdu Böceğinin Besin İçeriği ve Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Kullanım İmkânları. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2017;6:226-32.

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