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İnek Sütü Alerjisine Güncel Yaklaşım

Year 2019, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 146 - 155, 27.08.2019

Abstract

İnek sütü alerjisi infantlarda ve çocukluk
çağında en sık görülen besin alerjilerindendir ve sıklığı farklı çalışmalarda
%1.8-7.5 olarak bildirilmektedir. Hastaların %80’inde 6 yaşında tolerans
bildirilmektedir. İnek sütü alerjisi inek süt proteinlerinin (β-laktoglobulin,
kazein v.b)  herhangi birine karşı oluşan
anormal immünolojik yanıt sonucu gelişen advers reaksiyon olarak tanımlanır.
Klinik olarak, %60 gastrointestinal sistem, %50-60 deri ve mukoza tutulumu ve
%9 anafilaksi tablosu görülür. İnek sütü alerjisi tanısında tanıyı doğru koymak
için klinik ve laboratuar bulguları birlikte değerlendirmek önemlidir. Tanıda
yardımcı laboratuar tetkikleri alerjen duyarlılaşmaya gösteren süt spesifik IgE
ölçümü ve deri testleri (prik ve atopi yama testi),  altın standart olarak ise oral besin yükleme
testidir. Klasik tedavide inek sütü proteinlerini içeren gıdaları içermeyen
eliminasyon diyeti tolerans gelişinceye kadar verilir. Kazara alımlara bağlı
anafilaksi gibi ölümcül reaksiyonlar gelişebilmesi riski nedeniyle, hasta ve ebeveynleri inek süt proteini içeren gıdalar ve alternatif besin kaynakları konusunda
bilgilendirilmeli; kişiye göre risk analizi ve acil durum planı ile
yapılmalıdır. Eliminasyon diyeti ile izlenen hastalar düzenli aralıklarla
tolerans gelişimi açısından değerlendirilmelidir. Bununla birlikte, oral
immünoterapi günümüzde IgE aracılı persistan İSA tanısı olan 4-5 yaşları
arasındaki hastalarda sadece deneyimli merkezlerde yapılabilen bir tedavi
seçeneğidir. 

References

  • 1.Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006.117; S470-5.
  • 2. Fiocchi A, Schünemann HJ, Brozek J, Restani P, Beyer K, Troncone R, et al. Diagnosis and Rationale for Action Against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA): a summary report. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010: 126; 1119-28.
  • 3.Nwaru BI, Hickstein L, Panesar SS Prevelence of common food allergies in Europe Allergy 2014: 69-62.
  • 4.Sicherer SH, Sampson HA Food allergy: epidemiologt, pathogenesis 2014:133; 291-307.
  • 5.Boyce JA, Assa'ad A, Burks AW, Jones SM, Sampson HA, Wood RA et al., Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States: Summary of the NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel Report. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 126: S8‐S9.
  • 6.Giovanni Passalacqua, Massimo Landi and Giovanni B. Pajno Oral immunotherapy for cow’s milk allergy Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 12: 271–277.
  • 7.Fiocchi A, Brozek J, Schünemann H, Bahna SL, von Berg A, Beyer K et al. Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow’s Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21; 1–125.
  • 8.Çocukluk çağında alerji astım immünoloji kitabı. Editör: Prof Dr Bülent Enis Şekerel. Ada Basın Yayın Ltd.Şti 2015: Bölüm 56.İnek sütü Alerjisi: S619-625.
  • 9.Luyt D, Ball H, Makwana N, Green MR, Bravin K, Nasser SM et al. BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of cow's milk allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2014: 44; 642-72.
  • 10.Chahine BG, Bahna SL. The role of the gut mucosal immunity in the development of tolerance versus development of allergy to food. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clin Immunol. 2010;10:394-399.
  • 11.Wal JM. Bovine milk allerginicity.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93:2-11.
  • 12.Roth-Walter F, Berin MC, Arnaboldi P, Escalante CR, Dahan S, Rauch J, Jensen-Jarolim E, Mayer L. Pasteurization of milk proteins promotes allergic sensitization by enhancing uptake through Peyer_s patches. Allergy. 63: 882–890.
  • 13.Vila L, Beyer K, Järvinen KM, Chatchatee P, Bardina L, Sampson HA. Role of conformational and linear epitopes in the achievement of tolerance in cow's milk allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 200;31:1599-606.
  • 14.Bellioni-Businco B, Paganelli R, Lucenti P, Giampietro PG, Perborn H, Businco L. Allergenicity of goat_s milk in children with cow_s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999: 103;1191–1194. 15.Restani P, Gaiaschi A, Plebani A, Beretta B, Cavagni G, et al. Cross reactivity between milk proteins from different animal species. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999: 29; 997–1004.
  • 16.Baretta B, Conti A, Fiocchi A, Gaiaschi A, Galli CL, Antigenic determinant of bovine serum albümin. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001:126;188-195.
  • 17.Sampson HA, Wijk RG, Jehnsen CB, Sicherer S, Teuber SS, Burks W, et al. Standardizing double*blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges:American Academy of Allergy, Asthma&Immunology-European Academy of Allergy nad Clinical Immunology PRACTALL consensus report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012:130;1260-1274.
  • 18.Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Bloom KA, Sicherer SH, Shreffler WG, Noone S, Wanich N, Sampson HA. Tolerance to extensively heated milk in children with cow's milk allergy.JACI 2008:122;342-7.
  • 19.Wang J, Sampson HA. Food Allergy. J Clin İnvest 2011;121(3):827-835 Sampson HA. Utility of food-spesific IgE concentration in predicting symptomatic food allergy. J Allergy Clin İmmunol 2001:107; 891-896.
  • 20. Sampson HA. Utility of food-specific IgE concentrations in predicting symptomatic food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001:107; 891-6.
  • 21.Kulis M, Wright BL, Jones SM,Diagnosis, managment and investigatioanel therapies for food allergies. Gastroenterology 2015:148;1132-1142.
  • 22.Garcia-Ara C, Boyano-Martinez T, Diaz-Pena JM, et al. Specific IgE levels in the diagnosis of immediate hypersensitivity to cows’ milk protein in the infant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001: 107; 185-190.
  • 23.Kim J, Kim HY, Park MR, Choi J, Shim JY, Kim MJ, et al. Diagnostic Decision Points of Specific IgE Concentrations in Korean Children With Egg and Cow's Milk Allergies. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2015:7;332-8.24.Hill DJ, Heine RG, Hosking CS. The diagnostic value of skin prick testing in children with food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.2004;15; 435-441.
  • 25.Burks AW, Tang M, Sicherer S, Muraro A, Eigenmann PA, Ebisawa M et al., ICON: food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:906-20.
  • 26.Codreanu F, Moneret –Vautrin DA, Morriset M, Guenard L, The risk of systemic reaction to skin prik test. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;38; 52-4.
  • 27.Calvani M, Berti I, Fiocchi A, Galli E, Giorgio V, Martelli A, et al. Oral food challenge: safety, adherence to guidelines and predictive value of skin prick testing. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012: 23; 755-61.28.Canani RB, Ruotolo S, Auricchio L, Caldore M, Porcaro F, Manguso F, Terrin G, Troncone R. Diagnostic accuracy of the atopy patch test in children with food allergy-related gastrointestinal symptoms. Allergy. 2007;62:7 38-43.
  • 29.Kattan JD, Wang J. Allergen component testing for food allergy: ready for prime time? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013;13:58-63.
  • 30.Bartuzi Z, Cocco RR, Muraro A, Nowak-Węgrzyn A. Contribution of Molecular Allergen Analysis in Diagnosis of Milk Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17:46.
  • Lidholm J, Ballmer-Weber BK, Mari A, Vieths S. Component-resolved diagnostics in food allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;6: 234-40.
  • 32.Bindslev-Jensen C, Ballmer-Weber BK, Bengtsson U, Blanco C, Ebner C, Hourihane J et al. Standardization of food challenges in patients with immediate reactions to foods--position paper from the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2004: 59; 690-7.
  • 33.Flinterman AE, Knulst AC, Meijer Y, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Pasmans SG. Acute allergic reactions in children with AEDS after prolonged cow's milk elimination diets. Allergy 2006: 61; 370-4.
  • 34.Sampson HA. Food allergy. Part 2: diagnosis and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999: 103: 981-9.
  • 35.Institute of Medicine. Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation:An Implementation Guide.2nd ed. Washington, DC:Institute of Medicine;1992.
  • 36.Ludman S, Shah N, Fox AT. Managing cows' milk allergy in children. BMJ 2013: 16;347: 424.
  • 37.Groetch M, Nowak-Wegrzyn A. Practical approach to nutrition and dietary intervention in pediatric food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013;24:212-21.
  • 38. American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations on the Effects of Early Nutritional Interventions on the Development of Atopic Disease Ananth Thygarajan’, M.D. and A. Wesley Burks, M.D Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008; 20: 698–702.41.
  • 39. Kemp, A.S.; Hill, D.J.; Allen, K.J.; Anderson, K.; Davidson, G.P.; Day, A.S.; Heine, R.G.; Peake, J.E.; Prescott, S.L.; Shugg, A.W. Guidelines for the use of infant formulas to treat cows milk protein allergy: an Australian consensus panel opinion. Med. J. Aust. 2008;188:109–112.
  • 40.Koletzko, S; Niggemann, B.; Arato, A.; Dias, J.A.; Heuschkel, R.; Husby, S.; Mearin, M.L.; Papadopoulou, A.; Ruemmele, F.M.; Staiano, A.; et al. European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and, Nutrition. Diagnostic approach and management of cow’s-milk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GI Committee practical guidelines. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr 2012, 55, 221–229.
  • 41.Zeiger RS, Sampson HA, Bock SA, et al. Soy allergy in infant and children with IgE-associated cow’s milk allergy. J Pediatr. 1999;134:614 – 622.
  • 42.Bhatia J, Greer F, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Use of soy protein-based formulas in infant feeding. Pediatrics. 2008;121: 1062-1068.
  • 43.Mousan G, Kamat D. Cow's Milk Protein Allergy Clin Pediatr 2016;55:1054-63.
  • 44. Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Roberts G, Beyer K, Bindslev-Jensen C et al., EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy 2014: 69; 1008-25.
  • 45.Hojsak, I.; Braegger, C.; Bronsky, J.; Campoy, C.; Colomb, V.; Decsi, T.; Domellöf, M.; Fewtrell, M.; Mis, N.F.;Mihatsch, W.; et al. Arsenic in rice: A cause for concern. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr 2015:60; 142–145.
  • 46. Biermé P, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Caubet JC. Non-IgE mediated gastrointestinal food allergies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2017:29; 697-703.
  • 47.Besin Alerjisi:Türk Ulusal Rehberi.Astım Allerji İmmünoloji Ek sayı; 2017: S81.
  • 48.Host A, Halken S, Jacobsen HP, Christensen AE, Herskinda M,Plesner K. Clinical course of cow's milk protein allergy,intolerance and atopic diseases in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2002: 13; 23–28.
  • 49.Sicherer S, Sampson H. Cow’s milk protein-specific IgE concentrations in two age groups of milk-allergic children and in children achieving clinical tolerance. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29; 507-12.
  • 50.Skripak JM, Matsui EC, Mudd K, Wood RA. The natural history of IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007: 120; 1172–7.
  • 51.Elizur A, Rajuan N, Goldberg MR, Leshno M, Cohen A, Katz Y. Natural course and risk factors for persistence of IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy. J Pediatr 2012:161; 482-7.
  • 52.Garcia-Ara MC, Boyano-Martinez MT, Diaz-Pena JM, Martin-Munoz MF, Martin- Esteban M. Cow’s milk-specific immunoglobulin E levels as predictors of clinical reactivity in the follow-up of the cow’s milk allergy infants. Clin Exp Allergy 2004: 34; 866–70.
  • 53.Baker MG, Sampson HA. Phenotypes and endotypes of food allergy: A path to better understanding the pathogenesis and prognosis of food allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018:120;245-253.
  • 54.Caubet JC, Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Moshier E, Godbold J, Wang J, Sampson HA. Utilitiy of casein spesific IgE levels in predicting JACI 2013: 131.
  • 55. EAACI Allergen Immunotherapy Guidelines Part 2: Recommendations. IgE Food Allergy. 2017:S50-70.
  • 56.Akdis CA, Akdis M. Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011: 127; 18–27.
  • 57.Zapatero L, Alonso E, Fuentes V, Martínez MI. Oral desensitization in children with cow's milk allergy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2008: 18; 389-96.
  • 58.Meglio P, Bartone E, Plantamura M, Arabito E,Giampietro PG. A protocol for oral desensitization in children with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy. Allergy 2004: 59; 980-7.
Year 2019, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 146 - 155, 27.08.2019

Abstract

References

  • 1.Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006.117; S470-5.
  • 2. Fiocchi A, Schünemann HJ, Brozek J, Restani P, Beyer K, Troncone R, et al. Diagnosis and Rationale for Action Against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA): a summary report. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010: 126; 1119-28.
  • 3.Nwaru BI, Hickstein L, Panesar SS Prevelence of common food allergies in Europe Allergy 2014: 69-62.
  • 4.Sicherer SH, Sampson HA Food allergy: epidemiologt, pathogenesis 2014:133; 291-307.
  • 5.Boyce JA, Assa'ad A, Burks AW, Jones SM, Sampson HA, Wood RA et al., Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States: Summary of the NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel Report. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 126: S8‐S9.
  • 6.Giovanni Passalacqua, Massimo Landi and Giovanni B. Pajno Oral immunotherapy for cow’s milk allergy Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, 12: 271–277.
  • 7.Fiocchi A, Brozek J, Schünemann H, Bahna SL, von Berg A, Beyer K et al. Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow’s Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21; 1–125.
  • 8.Çocukluk çağında alerji astım immünoloji kitabı. Editör: Prof Dr Bülent Enis Şekerel. Ada Basın Yayın Ltd.Şti 2015: Bölüm 56.İnek sütü Alerjisi: S619-625.
  • 9.Luyt D, Ball H, Makwana N, Green MR, Bravin K, Nasser SM et al. BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of cow's milk allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2014: 44; 642-72.
  • 10.Chahine BG, Bahna SL. The role of the gut mucosal immunity in the development of tolerance versus development of allergy to food. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clin Immunol. 2010;10:394-399.
  • 11.Wal JM. Bovine milk allerginicity.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93:2-11.
  • 12.Roth-Walter F, Berin MC, Arnaboldi P, Escalante CR, Dahan S, Rauch J, Jensen-Jarolim E, Mayer L. Pasteurization of milk proteins promotes allergic sensitization by enhancing uptake through Peyer_s patches. Allergy. 63: 882–890.
  • 13.Vila L, Beyer K, Järvinen KM, Chatchatee P, Bardina L, Sampson HA. Role of conformational and linear epitopes in the achievement of tolerance in cow's milk allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 200;31:1599-606.
  • 14.Bellioni-Businco B, Paganelli R, Lucenti P, Giampietro PG, Perborn H, Businco L. Allergenicity of goat_s milk in children with cow_s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999: 103;1191–1194. 15.Restani P, Gaiaschi A, Plebani A, Beretta B, Cavagni G, et al. Cross reactivity between milk proteins from different animal species. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999: 29; 997–1004.
  • 16.Baretta B, Conti A, Fiocchi A, Gaiaschi A, Galli CL, Antigenic determinant of bovine serum albümin. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001:126;188-195.
  • 17.Sampson HA, Wijk RG, Jehnsen CB, Sicherer S, Teuber SS, Burks W, et al. Standardizing double*blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges:American Academy of Allergy, Asthma&Immunology-European Academy of Allergy nad Clinical Immunology PRACTALL consensus report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012:130;1260-1274.
  • 18.Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Bloom KA, Sicherer SH, Shreffler WG, Noone S, Wanich N, Sampson HA. Tolerance to extensively heated milk in children with cow's milk allergy.JACI 2008:122;342-7.
  • 19.Wang J, Sampson HA. Food Allergy. J Clin İnvest 2011;121(3):827-835 Sampson HA. Utility of food-spesific IgE concentration in predicting symptomatic food allergy. J Allergy Clin İmmunol 2001:107; 891-896.
  • 20. Sampson HA. Utility of food-specific IgE concentrations in predicting symptomatic food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001:107; 891-6.
  • 21.Kulis M, Wright BL, Jones SM,Diagnosis, managment and investigatioanel therapies for food allergies. Gastroenterology 2015:148;1132-1142.
  • 22.Garcia-Ara C, Boyano-Martinez T, Diaz-Pena JM, et al. Specific IgE levels in the diagnosis of immediate hypersensitivity to cows’ milk protein in the infant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001: 107; 185-190.
  • 23.Kim J, Kim HY, Park MR, Choi J, Shim JY, Kim MJ, et al. Diagnostic Decision Points of Specific IgE Concentrations in Korean Children With Egg and Cow's Milk Allergies. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2015:7;332-8.24.Hill DJ, Heine RG, Hosking CS. The diagnostic value of skin prick testing in children with food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.2004;15; 435-441.
  • 25.Burks AW, Tang M, Sicherer S, Muraro A, Eigenmann PA, Ebisawa M et al., ICON: food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:906-20.
  • 26.Codreanu F, Moneret –Vautrin DA, Morriset M, Guenard L, The risk of systemic reaction to skin prik test. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;38; 52-4.
  • 27.Calvani M, Berti I, Fiocchi A, Galli E, Giorgio V, Martelli A, et al. Oral food challenge: safety, adherence to guidelines and predictive value of skin prick testing. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012: 23; 755-61.28.Canani RB, Ruotolo S, Auricchio L, Caldore M, Porcaro F, Manguso F, Terrin G, Troncone R. Diagnostic accuracy of the atopy patch test in children with food allergy-related gastrointestinal symptoms. Allergy. 2007;62:7 38-43.
  • 29.Kattan JD, Wang J. Allergen component testing for food allergy: ready for prime time? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013;13:58-63.
  • 30.Bartuzi Z, Cocco RR, Muraro A, Nowak-Węgrzyn A. Contribution of Molecular Allergen Analysis in Diagnosis of Milk Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17:46.
  • Lidholm J, Ballmer-Weber BK, Mari A, Vieths S. Component-resolved diagnostics in food allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;6: 234-40.
  • 32.Bindslev-Jensen C, Ballmer-Weber BK, Bengtsson U, Blanco C, Ebner C, Hourihane J et al. Standardization of food challenges in patients with immediate reactions to foods--position paper from the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2004: 59; 690-7.
  • 33.Flinterman AE, Knulst AC, Meijer Y, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Pasmans SG. Acute allergic reactions in children with AEDS after prolonged cow's milk elimination diets. Allergy 2006: 61; 370-4.
  • 34.Sampson HA. Food allergy. Part 2: diagnosis and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999: 103: 981-9.
  • 35.Institute of Medicine. Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation:An Implementation Guide.2nd ed. Washington, DC:Institute of Medicine;1992.
  • 36.Ludman S, Shah N, Fox AT. Managing cows' milk allergy in children. BMJ 2013: 16;347: 424.
  • 37.Groetch M, Nowak-Wegrzyn A. Practical approach to nutrition and dietary intervention in pediatric food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013;24:212-21.
  • 38. American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations on the Effects of Early Nutritional Interventions on the Development of Atopic Disease Ananth Thygarajan’, M.D. and A. Wesley Burks, M.D Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008; 20: 698–702.41.
  • 39. Kemp, A.S.; Hill, D.J.; Allen, K.J.; Anderson, K.; Davidson, G.P.; Day, A.S.; Heine, R.G.; Peake, J.E.; Prescott, S.L.; Shugg, A.W. Guidelines for the use of infant formulas to treat cows milk protein allergy: an Australian consensus panel opinion. Med. J. Aust. 2008;188:109–112.
  • 40.Koletzko, S; Niggemann, B.; Arato, A.; Dias, J.A.; Heuschkel, R.; Husby, S.; Mearin, M.L.; Papadopoulou, A.; Ruemmele, F.M.; Staiano, A.; et al. European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and, Nutrition. Diagnostic approach and management of cow’s-milk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GI Committee practical guidelines. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr 2012, 55, 221–229.
  • 41.Zeiger RS, Sampson HA, Bock SA, et al. Soy allergy in infant and children with IgE-associated cow’s milk allergy. J Pediatr. 1999;134:614 – 622.
  • 42.Bhatia J, Greer F, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Use of soy protein-based formulas in infant feeding. Pediatrics. 2008;121: 1062-1068.
  • 43.Mousan G, Kamat D. Cow's Milk Protein Allergy Clin Pediatr 2016;55:1054-63.
  • 44. Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Roberts G, Beyer K, Bindslev-Jensen C et al., EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy 2014: 69; 1008-25.
  • 45.Hojsak, I.; Braegger, C.; Bronsky, J.; Campoy, C.; Colomb, V.; Decsi, T.; Domellöf, M.; Fewtrell, M.; Mis, N.F.;Mihatsch, W.; et al. Arsenic in rice: A cause for concern. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr 2015:60; 142–145.
  • 46. Biermé P, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Caubet JC. Non-IgE mediated gastrointestinal food allergies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2017:29; 697-703.
  • 47.Besin Alerjisi:Türk Ulusal Rehberi.Astım Allerji İmmünoloji Ek sayı; 2017: S81.
  • 48.Host A, Halken S, Jacobsen HP, Christensen AE, Herskinda M,Plesner K. Clinical course of cow's milk protein allergy,intolerance and atopic diseases in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2002: 13; 23–28.
  • 49.Sicherer S, Sampson H. Cow’s milk protein-specific IgE concentrations in two age groups of milk-allergic children and in children achieving clinical tolerance. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29; 507-12.
  • 50.Skripak JM, Matsui EC, Mudd K, Wood RA. The natural history of IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007: 120; 1172–7.
  • 51.Elizur A, Rajuan N, Goldberg MR, Leshno M, Cohen A, Katz Y. Natural course and risk factors for persistence of IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy. J Pediatr 2012:161; 482-7.
  • 52.Garcia-Ara MC, Boyano-Martinez MT, Diaz-Pena JM, Martin-Munoz MF, Martin- Esteban M. Cow’s milk-specific immunoglobulin E levels as predictors of clinical reactivity in the follow-up of the cow’s milk allergy infants. Clin Exp Allergy 2004: 34; 866–70.
  • 53.Baker MG, Sampson HA. Phenotypes and endotypes of food allergy: A path to better understanding the pathogenesis and prognosis of food allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018:120;245-253.
  • 54.Caubet JC, Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Moshier E, Godbold J, Wang J, Sampson HA. Utilitiy of casein spesific IgE levels in predicting JACI 2013: 131.
  • 55. EAACI Allergen Immunotherapy Guidelines Part 2: Recommendations. IgE Food Allergy. 2017:S50-70.
  • 56.Akdis CA, Akdis M. Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011: 127; 18–27.
  • 57.Zapatero L, Alonso E, Fuentes V, Martínez MI. Oral desensitization in children with cow's milk allergy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2008: 18; 389-96.
  • 58.Meglio P, Bartone E, Plantamura M, Arabito E,Giampietro PG. A protocol for oral desensitization in children with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy. Allergy 2004: 59; 980-7.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Nurşen Ciğerci Günaydın 0000-0003-4059-829X

Publication Date August 27, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ciğerci Günaydın, N. (2019). İnek Sütü Alerjisine Güncel Yaklaşım. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi, 7(2), 146-155.
AMA Ciğerci Günaydın N. İnek Sütü Alerjisine Güncel Yaklaşım. NKMJ. August 2019;7(2):146-155.
Chicago Ciğerci Günaydın, Nurşen. “İnek Sütü Alerjisine Güncel Yaklaşım”. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi 7, no. 2 (August 2019): 146-55.
EndNote Ciğerci Günaydın N (August 1, 2019) İnek Sütü Alerjisine Güncel Yaklaşım. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi 7 2 146–155.
IEEE N. Ciğerci Günaydın, “İnek Sütü Alerjisine Güncel Yaklaşım”, NKMJ, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 146–155, 2019.
ISNAD Ciğerci Günaydın, Nurşen. “İnek Sütü Alerjisine Güncel Yaklaşım”. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi 7/2 (August 2019), 146-155.
JAMA Ciğerci Günaydın N. İnek Sütü Alerjisine Güncel Yaklaşım. NKMJ. 2019;7:146–155.
MLA Ciğerci Günaydın, Nurşen. “İnek Sütü Alerjisine Güncel Yaklaşım”. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 2, 2019, pp. 146-55.
Vancouver Ciğerci Günaydın N. İnek Sütü Alerjisine Güncel Yaklaşım. NKMJ. 2019;7(2):146-55.