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Literature Review on Farmers’ Access to Agricultural Credit in Ethiopia

Year 2022, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 301 - 316, 30.06.2022

Gutama Girja Urago Mehmet Bozoğlu

https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.978056

Abstract

Agriculture is one of the important sectors that contribute to the economy of a country. It contributes the largest portion of the Ethiopian Gross Domestic Product, followed by the industry and service sectors, respectively. Farmers’ access to credit is essential to increase agricultural productivity and modernize agriculture. The purpose of this study was to review the recent literature related to the access to credit of farmers in Ethiopia. The reviewed literatures were obtained from Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, FAO, and World Bank. According to reviewed literature, the variables of age, gender, education level, family size, land size, number of livestock owned, years of membership to a lending ınstitution, distance from the credit center, and income level of farmers were determined as affecting factors for farmers’ access to credit. The impact of access to credit on farm productivity was found to be positive and significant. The literature revealed that most of the farmers were credit constrained and had loan demand. If the constraints were removed and farmers could access enough credit, agricultural productivity would be increased and agricultural income would be improved. Therefore, the government has to support microfinance institutions in order to provide credit to farmers, and women empowerment should be ensured for fair credit access.

Keywords

Determinants Access to Agricultural Credit Literature Review Ethiopia.

References

  • Abate, G. T., Rashid, S., Borzaga, C., & Getnet, K. (2016). Rural Finance and Agricultural Technology Adoption in Ethiopia: Does the Institutional Design of Lending Organizations Matter? World Development, 84(March), 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.003
  • Abedullah, A., Mahmood, N., Mahmood, N., Khalid, M., & Kouser, S. (2009). The role of agricultural credit in the growth of livestock sector: A case study of Faisalabad. In Pakistan Vet. J (Vol. 29, Issue 2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26606272
  • Adams, D. W., & Vogel, R. C. (1986). Rural financial markets in low-income countries: Recent controversies and lessons. World Development, 14(4), 477–487.
  • Admassie, A. (1987). A study of the factors that affect the use of agricultural credit among peasant farmers in Ethiopia: The case of two districts. Unpublished M Sc. Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
  • Admassie, A. (2004). A Review of the Performance of Agricultural Finance in Ethiopia : Pre- and Post Reform Periods. International Conference on ’The Agrarian Constraint and Poverty Reduction., 17–18.
  • Ahma, W., Djurfeldt, G., Aryeetey, E., & Isinika, A. (2010). Meeting the financial needs of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. In African Smallholders. Food Crops, Markets and Policy (pp. 156–188). Wallingford, Oxfordshire, England: CAB International.
  • Amanuel, A., & Degye, G. (2018). Determinants of microfinance loan utilization by smallholder farmers: The case of Omo Microfinance in Lemo District of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 10(7), 246–252. https://doi.org/10.5897/jdae2016.0726
  • Amha, W., & Peck, D. (2019). Agricultural finance potential in Ethiopia: constraints and opportunities for enhancing the system. Gates Open Res, 3.
  • Argaw, G. (2017). Analysis of Determinants of Access to Credit among Smallholder Farmers in Edja District , Guraghe Zone , SNNPR , Ethiopia. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 8(13), 73–80. https://core.ac.uk/reader/234647920
  • Asante-Addo, C., Mockshell, J., & Zeller, M. (2013). Determinants of Farmers’ Participation and Credit Constraints in Agricultural Finance Programs: Evidence from Nkoranza Districts of Ghana.
  • Awunyo-Vitor, D., & Abankwah, V. (2012). Substitutes or Complements?: Formal and Informal Credit Demand by Maize Farmers in Ashanti and Brong Ahafo Regions of Ghana. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2012(3), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijaf.20120203.05
  • Başer, U., & Bozoğlu, M. (2018). Determination of value-creating activities in the agricultural value chain. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 6(8), 1002-1007.
  • Doreen, A., & Philip, A. M. (2014). Determinants of credit access and demand among small-holder farmers in Tigray region, Ethiopia. Master Thesis submitted to Norwegian University of Life Sciences School of Economics and Business.
  • E. Saqib, S., Kuwornu, J. K. M., Panezia, S., & Ali, U. (2018). Factors determining subsistence farmers’ access to agricultural credit in flood-prone areas of Pakistan. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(2), 262–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.06.001
  • EEA. (2000). Annual Report on Report on the Ethiopian Economy (B. Degefe & B. Nega (eds.)). Ethiopian Economic Association.
  • Ellis, F. (2000). The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51(2), 289–302.
  • FAO. (2016). Growth and Transformation Plan II (GTP II) (2015/16-2019/20). Food and Agricultural Organization in the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC169444/
  • Gebeyehu, L., Emana, B., & Mitiku, F. (2019). Impact of Agricultural Credit on Maize Productivity among Smallholder Farmers in Hababo Guduru District, Oromia, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 10(2), 27–41. https://journals.ju.edu.et/index.php/ejast/article/view/2388
  • Gebeyehu, L., Emana, B., Mitiku, F., & Ejeta, T. T. (2019). Determinants of Access to Agricultural Credit among Small holder Maize Farmers: The Case of Hababo Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science, 3(3), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.3.3.1
  • Getahun, H. (2001). Financing Small Famer Development in Ethiopia. International Conference on African Development, 42, 1–14. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive/42
  • Girma, M., & Abebaw, D. (2015). Determinants of formal credit market participation by rural farm households: Micro-level evidence from Ethiopia. Paper for Presentation at the 13 Th International Conference on the Ethiopian Economy. Ethiopian Economic Association (EEA) Conference Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Guirkinger, C., & Boucher, S. R. (2008). Credit constraints and productivity in Peruvian agriculture. Agricultural Economics, 39(3), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2008.00334.x
  • Haji, J., & Tilahun, A. (2013). Impact of Microfinance on The Livelihood of Smallholders Farmers: The Case of Oromia Credit and Saving Share Company, Grawa Branch, East Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Unpublished Doctoral Dessertation, Haramaya University, Ethiopia.
  • Kuwornu, J. (2013). Agricultural Credit Allocation and Constraint Analyses of Selected Maize Farmers in Ghana. British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade, 2(4), 353–374. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjemt/2012/2270
  • Mellor, J. W. (1966). The economics of agricultural development. Cornell Univerity of credit Press, Ithaca.
  • Mohamed, K. (2003). Access to formal and quasi-formal credit by smallholder farmers and artisanal fishermen: A case of Zanzibar (Issue 3). Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.
  • Mpuga, P. (2004). Demand for Credit in Rural Uganda: Who Cares for the Peasants? Conference on Growth, Poverty Reduction and Human Development in Africa Centre for the Study of African Economies, 42. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d10b/e2947e8a4c338ab3f1d0c07265b7aac1ea4a.pdf
  • Muhammed, M. A. (2013). Formal and informal credit demand by rice farmers in the Northern region of Ghana. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Ghana.
  • Muhongayire, W., Hitayezu, P., Mbatia, O. L., & Mukoya-Wangia, S. M. (2013). Determinants of farmers’ participation in formal credit markets in rural Rwanda. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(2), 87–94.
  • Mukasa, A. N., Simpasa, A. M., & Salami, A. O. (2017). Credit constraints and farm productivity: Micro-level evidence from smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. In Working Paper Series No. 247. African Development Bank Abidjan, 247, 1–40. www.afdb.org/
  • Mulatu, E., Geta, E., & Melaku, E. (2020). Smallholder Farmers’ Credit Participation: The Case of Omo Microfinance Institution in Gimbo District of Kaffa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 6(3), 888–898. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijafrm.20200502.14
  • Nouman, M., Siddiq, M. F., Mohammed, S., & Hussain, Z. (2013). Socio-Economic Characteristics of Farmers on Access to Agricultural Credit in Tripura. Journal of Agriculture, 29(3), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.30954/2454-4132.1.2020.3
  • Nwaru, J. . (2004). Rural credit market and resource use in arable crop production in imo state of Nigeria. University of Agriculture.
  • Rahman, S. ur, Hussain, A., & Taqi, M. (2014). Impact of Agricultural Credit on Agricultural Productivity in Pakistan: an Emperical Analysis. Southern Medical Journal, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199209000-00007
  • Saboor, A., Hussain, M., & Munir, M. (2009). Impact of micro credit in alleviating poverty: An Insight from rural Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Pak. j. Life Soc. Sci, 7(1), 90–97.
  • Saleem, M. A., & Jan, F. A. (2011). The impact of agricultural credit on agricultural productivity in Dera Ismail Khan (District) Khyber Pakhtonkhawa Pakistan. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(2), 38–44.
  • Singh Yadav, S. (2017). Source of Agricultural Credit in India: A Conceptual Study of Indian Agricultural Credit. An International Refereed Research Journal), 8(3). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328074810
  • Soubbotina, T. P., & Sheram, K. (2000). Beyond economic growth: Meeting the challenges of global development. World Bank Publications.
  • Tang, S., Guan, Z., & Jin, S. (2017). Formal and informal credit markets and rural credit demand in China. 4th International Conference on Industrial Economics System and Industrial Security Engineering, IEIS 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEIS.2017.8078663
  • Tesfaye, T., & Worku, W. (2019). Determinants of Access to Credit Among Small Scale Irrigation User Farmers in Dangla Woreda, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.7176/jesd/10-5-08
  • Vogt, D. (1978). Broadening to access credit. Development Digest, 16(3), 3–5.
  • Waje, S. S. (2020). Determinants of Access to Formal Credit in Rural Areas of Ethiopia: Case Study of Smallholder Households in Boloso Bombbe District, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Economics, 9(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eco.20200902.13
  • World Bank. (2018). Rural population (% of total population). The World Bank Group. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ET
  • Yadav, P., & Sharma, A. K. (2015). Agriculture Credit in Developing Economies: A Review of Relevant Literature. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(12). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v7n12p219
  • Yusuf, M. (1984). In Farm Credit Situation in Asia. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 455–494.
  • Zuberi, H. A. (1989). Production function, institutional credit and agricultural development in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 43–55.

Literature Review on Farmers’ Agricultural Credit Access in Ethiopia

Year 2022, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 301 - 316, 30.06.2022

Gutama Girja Urago Mehmet Bozoğlu

https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.978056

Abstract

Agriculture is one of the important sectors that contribute to the economy of a country. It contributes the largest portion of the Ethiopian Gross Domestic Product, followed by the industry and service sectors, respectively. Farmers’ access to credit is essential to increase agricultural productivity and modernize agriculture. The purpose of this study was to review the recent literature related to the access to credit of farmers in Ethiopia. The reviewed literatures were obtained from Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, FAO, and World Bank. According to reviewed literature, the variables of age, gender, education level, family size, land size, number of livestock owned, years of membership to a lending ınstitution, distance from the credit center, and income level of farmers were determined as affecting factors for farmers’ access to credit. The impact of access to credit on farm productivity was found to be positive and significant. The literature revealed that most of the farmers were credit constrained and had loan demand. If the constraints were removed and farmers could access enough credit, agricultural productivity would be increased and agricultural income would be improved. Therefore, the government has to support microfinance institutions in order to provide credit to farmers, and women empowerment should be ensured for fair credit access.

Keywords

Agricultural credit access Determinants literature review Ethiopia

References

  • Abate, G. T., Rashid, S., Borzaga, C., & Getnet, K. (2016). Rural Finance and Agricultural Technology Adoption in Ethiopia: Does the Institutional Design of Lending Organizations Matter? World Development, 84(March), 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.003
  • Abedullah, A., Mahmood, N., Mahmood, N., Khalid, M., & Kouser, S. (2009). The role of agricultural credit in the growth of livestock sector: A case study of Faisalabad. In Pakistan Vet. J (Vol. 29, Issue 2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26606272
  • Adams, D. W., & Vogel, R. C. (1986). Rural financial markets in low-income countries: Recent controversies and lessons. World Development, 14(4), 477–487.
  • Admassie, A. (1987). A study of the factors that affect the use of agricultural credit among peasant farmers in Ethiopia: The case of two districts. Unpublished M Sc. Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
  • Admassie, A. (2004). A Review of the Performance of Agricultural Finance in Ethiopia : Pre- and Post Reform Periods. International Conference on ’The Agrarian Constraint and Poverty Reduction., 17–18.
  • Ahma, W., Djurfeldt, G., Aryeetey, E., & Isinika, A. (2010). Meeting the financial needs of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. In African Smallholders. Food Crops, Markets and Policy (pp. 156–188). Wallingford, Oxfordshire, England: CAB International.
  • Amanuel, A., & Degye, G. (2018). Determinants of microfinance loan utilization by smallholder farmers: The case of Omo Microfinance in Lemo District of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 10(7), 246–252. https://doi.org/10.5897/jdae2016.0726
  • Amha, W., & Peck, D. (2019). Agricultural finance potential in Ethiopia: constraints and opportunities for enhancing the system. Gates Open Res, 3.
  • Argaw, G. (2017). Analysis of Determinants of Access to Credit among Smallholder Farmers in Edja District , Guraghe Zone , SNNPR , Ethiopia. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 8(13), 73–80. https://core.ac.uk/reader/234647920
  • Asante-Addo, C., Mockshell, J., & Zeller, M. (2013). Determinants of Farmers’ Participation and Credit Constraints in Agricultural Finance Programs: Evidence from Nkoranza Districts of Ghana.
  • Awunyo-Vitor, D., & Abankwah, V. (2012). Substitutes or Complements?: Formal and Informal Credit Demand by Maize Farmers in Ashanti and Brong Ahafo Regions of Ghana. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2012(3), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijaf.20120203.05
  • Başer, U., & Bozoğlu, M. (2018). Determination of value-creating activities in the agricultural value chain. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 6(8), 1002-1007.
  • Doreen, A., & Philip, A. M. (2014). Determinants of credit access and demand among small-holder farmers in Tigray region, Ethiopia. Master Thesis submitted to Norwegian University of Life Sciences School of Economics and Business.
  • E. Saqib, S., Kuwornu, J. K. M., Panezia, S., & Ali, U. (2018). Factors determining subsistence farmers’ access to agricultural credit in flood-prone areas of Pakistan. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(2), 262–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.06.001
  • EEA. (2000). Annual Report on Report on the Ethiopian Economy (B. Degefe & B. Nega (eds.)). Ethiopian Economic Association.
  • Ellis, F. (2000). The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51(2), 289–302.
  • FAO. (2016). Growth and Transformation Plan II (GTP II) (2015/16-2019/20). Food and Agricultural Organization in the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC169444/
  • Gebeyehu, L., Emana, B., & Mitiku, F. (2019). Impact of Agricultural Credit on Maize Productivity among Smallholder Farmers in Hababo Guduru District, Oromia, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 10(2), 27–41. https://journals.ju.edu.et/index.php/ejast/article/view/2388
  • Gebeyehu, L., Emana, B., Mitiku, F., & Ejeta, T. T. (2019). Determinants of Access to Agricultural Credit among Small holder Maize Farmers: The Case of Hababo Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science, 3(3), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.3.3.1
  • Getahun, H. (2001). Financing Small Famer Development in Ethiopia. International Conference on African Development, 42, 1–14. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/africancenter_icad_archive/42
  • Girma, M., & Abebaw, D. (2015). Determinants of formal credit market participation by rural farm households: Micro-level evidence from Ethiopia. Paper for Presentation at the 13 Th International Conference on the Ethiopian Economy. Ethiopian Economic Association (EEA) Conference Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Guirkinger, C., & Boucher, S. R. (2008). Credit constraints and productivity in Peruvian agriculture. Agricultural Economics, 39(3), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2008.00334.x
  • Haji, J., & Tilahun, A. (2013). Impact of Microfinance on The Livelihood of Smallholders Farmers: The Case of Oromia Credit and Saving Share Company, Grawa Branch, East Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Unpublished Doctoral Dessertation, Haramaya University, Ethiopia.
  • Kuwornu, J. (2013). Agricultural Credit Allocation and Constraint Analyses of Selected Maize Farmers in Ghana. British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade, 2(4), 353–374. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjemt/2012/2270
  • Mellor, J. W. (1966). The economics of agricultural development. Cornell Univerity of credit Press, Ithaca.
  • Mohamed, K. (2003). Access to formal and quasi-formal credit by smallholder farmers and artisanal fishermen: A case of Zanzibar (Issue 3). Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.
  • Mpuga, P. (2004). Demand for Credit in Rural Uganda: Who Cares for the Peasants? Conference on Growth, Poverty Reduction and Human Development in Africa Centre for the Study of African Economies, 42. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d10b/e2947e8a4c338ab3f1d0c07265b7aac1ea4a.pdf
  • Muhammed, M. A. (2013). Formal and informal credit demand by rice farmers in the Northern region of Ghana. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Ghana.
  • Muhongayire, W., Hitayezu, P., Mbatia, O. L., & Mukoya-Wangia, S. M. (2013). Determinants of farmers’ participation in formal credit markets in rural Rwanda. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(2), 87–94.
  • Mukasa, A. N., Simpasa, A. M., & Salami, A. O. (2017). Credit constraints and farm productivity: Micro-level evidence from smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. In Working Paper Series No. 247. African Development Bank Abidjan, 247, 1–40. www.afdb.org/
  • Mulatu, E., Geta, E., & Melaku, E. (2020). Smallholder Farmers’ Credit Participation: The Case of Omo Microfinance Institution in Gimbo District of Kaffa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 6(3), 888–898. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijafrm.20200502.14
  • Nouman, M., Siddiq, M. F., Mohammed, S., & Hussain, Z. (2013). Socio-Economic Characteristics of Farmers on Access to Agricultural Credit in Tripura. Journal of Agriculture, 29(3), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.30954/2454-4132.1.2020.3
  • Nwaru, J. . (2004). Rural credit market and resource use in arable crop production in imo state of Nigeria. University of Agriculture.
  • Rahman, S. ur, Hussain, A., & Taqi, M. (2014). Impact of Agricultural Credit on Agricultural Productivity in Pakistan: an Emperical Analysis. Southern Medical Journal, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199209000-00007
  • Saboor, A., Hussain, M., & Munir, M. (2009). Impact of micro credit in alleviating poverty: An Insight from rural Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Pak. j. Life Soc. Sci, 7(1), 90–97.
  • Saleem, M. A., & Jan, F. A. (2011). The impact of agricultural credit on agricultural productivity in Dera Ismail Khan (District) Khyber Pakhtonkhawa Pakistan. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(2), 38–44.
  • Singh Yadav, S. (2017). Source of Agricultural Credit in India: A Conceptual Study of Indian Agricultural Credit. An International Refereed Research Journal), 8(3). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328074810
  • Soubbotina, T. P., & Sheram, K. (2000). Beyond economic growth: Meeting the challenges of global development. World Bank Publications.
  • Tang, S., Guan, Z., & Jin, S. (2017). Formal and informal credit markets and rural credit demand in China. 4th International Conference on Industrial Economics System and Industrial Security Engineering, IEIS 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEIS.2017.8078663
  • Tesfaye, T., & Worku, W. (2019). Determinants of Access to Credit Among Small Scale Irrigation User Farmers in Dangla Woreda, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.7176/jesd/10-5-08
  • Vogt, D. (1978). Broadening to access credit. Development Digest, 16(3), 3–5.
  • Waje, S. S. (2020). Determinants of Access to Formal Credit in Rural Areas of Ethiopia: Case Study of Smallholder Households in Boloso Bombbe District, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Economics, 9(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eco.20200902.13
  • World Bank. (2018). Rural population (% of total population). The World Bank Group. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ET
  • Yadav, P., & Sharma, A. K. (2015). Agriculture Credit in Developing Economies: A Review of Relevant Literature. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(12). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v7n12p219
  • Yusuf, M. (1984). In Farm Credit Situation in Asia. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 455–494.
  • Zuberi, H. A. (1989). Production function, institutional credit and agricultural development in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 43–55.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi
Authors

Gutama Girja Urago 0000-0001-5588-2301

Mehmet Bozoğlu 0000-0001-8333-1865

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Acceptance Date October 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 37 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Urago, G. G., & Bozoğlu, M. (2022). Literature Review on Farmers’ Agricultural Credit Access in Ethiopia. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 37(2), 301-316. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.978056
AMA Urago GG, Bozoğlu M. Literature Review on Farmers’ Agricultural Credit Access in Ethiopia. ANAJAS. June 2022;37(2):301-316. doi:10.7161/omuanajas.978056
Chicago Urago, Gutama Girja, and Mehmet Bozoğlu. “Literature Review on Farmers’ Agricultural Credit Access in Ethiopia”. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 37, no. 2 (June 2022): 301-16. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.978056.
EndNote Urago GG, Bozoğlu M (June 1, 2022) Literature Review on Farmers’ Agricultural Credit Access in Ethiopia. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 37 2 301–316.
IEEE G. G. Urago and M. Bozoğlu, “Literature Review on Farmers’ Agricultural Credit Access in Ethiopia”, ANAJAS, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 301–316, 2022, doi: 10.7161/omuanajas.978056.
ISNAD Urago, Gutama Girja - Bozoğlu, Mehmet. “Literature Review on Farmers’ Agricultural Credit Access in Ethiopia”. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 37/2 (June 2022), 301-316. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.978056.
JAMA Urago GG, Bozoğlu M. Literature Review on Farmers’ Agricultural Credit Access in Ethiopia. ANAJAS. 2022;37:301–316.
MLA Urago, Gutama Girja and Mehmet Bozoğlu. “Literature Review on Farmers’ Agricultural Credit Access in Ethiopia”. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 37, no. 2, 2022, pp. 301-16, doi:10.7161/omuanajas.978056.
Vancouver Urago GG, Bozoğlu M. Literature Review on Farmers’ Agricultural Credit Access in Ethiopia. ANAJAS. 2022;37(2):301-16.
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