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Emergency evacuation models in subway service systems: An application on Izmir (Turkey) subway system

Year 2016, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 324 - 339, 31.08.2016

Abstract

Increasing population in crowded cities causes transportation problems. Public transportation is an effective solution for the crowded traffic. Subway is a fast and productive alternative for public transportation so it is a highly preferable choice in others. It is hard to evacuate people in subway station during a disaster in carriages, on subway line or in subway stations because subway systems are often located underground, a lot people use it at the same time and enter-exit gates are controlled by turnstiles. It is crucially important to know the evacuation time of people from subway. In this paper, Konak station, one of the most crowded stations of Izmir Subway System is analyzed by emergency evacuation models. The evacuation process is simulated by Simulex software. The emergency evacuation problem is modeled in three different scenarios. Solution offers are developed for them.

References

  • Zheng X, Zhong T, Liu M. “Modeling crowd evacuation of a building based on seven methodological approaches”. Building and Environment, 44(3), 437-445, 2009.
  • Koç G, Ceylan ÖC. “Metro istasyon ve tünellerinin acil durum havalandırmasında yeni yaklaşımlar ve uygulama esasları”. 11. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi, İzmir, Türkiye, 17-20 Nisan 2013.
  • Açıkgöz A, Gelişli MÖ, Öztürk E. “Metro tünellerinde yangın senaryosu analizleri”. Anova Mühendislik, Ankara, Türkiye,2016.
  • Eralp OC, Musluoğlu E. “Yeraltı toplu taşıma sistemlerinde acil durum havalandırması”. 6. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi ve Sergisi, İzmir, Türkiye, 8-11 Ekim 2003.
  • Kayılı S, Eralp OC. “Yeraltı taşıma sistemleri istasyonlarında hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği yöntemiyle yangın ve havalandırma simülasyonu”. 8. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi, İzmir, Türkiye, 25-28 Ekim 2007.
  • Kayılı S, Eralp OC. “Fire dynamics simulator programıyla yer altı toplu taşıma sistemleri istasyonlarında yangın ve havalandırma simülasyonu”. Mühendislik ve Makine, 52(612), 42-50, 2011.
  • Özbakır E. “Yeraltı raylı sistem istasyonlarında ısıtma, havalandırma, klima tesisatı”. Tesisat Mühendisliği Dergisi, 97, 23-29, 2007.
  • Özbek, E. Metrolarda Yön Bulma Davranışının Çevresel Stres Bağlamında İrdelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 2007.
  • Güllüoglu, SS. “Raylı sistemlerde afet anında acil müdahaleye yönelik bir proje”. Academic Journal of Information Technology, 2(3), 1-7, 2011.
  • Demirci A, Karakuyu M. “Afet yönetiminde coğrafi bilgi teknolojilerinin rolü”. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 9(12), 67-100, 2004.
  • Zhang Q, Han B, Li D. “Modeling and simulation of passenger alighting and boarding movement in Beijing metro stations”. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 16(5), 635-649, 2008.
  • Daly PN, McGrath F, Annesley TJ. “Pedestrian speed/flow relationships for underground stations”. Traffic Engineering and Control, 32(2), 75-78, 1991.
  • Daamen W, Bovy PHL, Hoogendoom SP, Van de Reijt A. “Passenger route choice concerning level changes in railway stations”. Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1930(1), 12–20, 2005.
  • Cheung CY, Lam WHK. “A study of the bi-directional pedestrian flow characteristics in the Hong Kong mass transit railway stations”. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2(5), 1607-1619, 1997.
  • Cheung CY, Lam WHK. “Pedestrian route choices between escalator and stairway in MTR stations”. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 124(3), 277-285, 1998.
  • Lee JYS, Lam WHK, Wong SC. “Pedestrian simulation model for Hong Kong underground stations”. IEEE Intelligent Transportation System Conference Proceedings, Oakland, CA, USA, 25-29 August 2001.
  • Hoogendoorn SP, Daamen W. “Design assessment of Lisbon transfer stations using microscopic pedestrian simulation”. Computers in Railways IX (Congress Proceedings of CompRail 2004), Dresden, Germany, 17-19 May 2004.
  • Maw J, Dix M. “Appraisals of station congestion relief schemes on London underground”. Proceedings of PTRC Seminar, Sussex, England, 10-14 September 1990.
  • Daamen W. Modeling Passenger Flows in Public Transport Facilities. PhD. Thesis. Delft University Press, Netherlands, 2004.
  • Gwynne S, Galea ER, Owen M, Lawrence PJ, Filippidis P. “A review of the methodologies used in evacuation modelling”. Fire and Materials, 23, 383-388, 1999.
  • Kisko TM, Francis RL. “EVACNET+: A computer program to determine optimal evacuation plans”. Fire Safety Journal, 9(2), 211-220, 1985.
  • Takahashi K, Tanaka T, Kose S. “An evacuation model for use in fire safety design of buildings”. Fire Safety Science, 2, 551–560, 1989.
  • Thompson P, Marchant E. “A computer model for the evacuation of large building populations”. Fire Safety Journal, 24(2), 131-148, 1995.
  • Owen M, Galea ER, Lawrence PJ. “The exodus evacuation model applied to building evacuation scenarios”. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 8(2), 65-84, 1996.
  • Friedman R. “An international survey of computer models for fire and smoke”. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering; 4(3), 81-92, 1992.
  • Olenick SM, Carpenter DJ. “An updated international survey of computer models for fire and smoke”. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 13(2), 87-110, 2003.
  • Kuligowski ED. “Review of 28 Egress Models”. Editors: Peacock RD, Kuligowski ED. Proceedings of Workshop on Building Occupant Movement During Fire Emergencies, 68-90, Washington, USA, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2005.
  • Santos G, Aguirre BE. A Critical Review of Emergency Evacuation Simulation Models. Editors: Peacock RD, Kuligowski ED. Proceedings of Workshop on Building Occupant Movement During Fire Emergencies, 27-52, Washington, USA, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2005.
  • Gwynne S, Galea ER, Lawrence PJ, Owen M, Filipidis L. Validation of the Building EXODUS Model. CMS Press, 1998.
  • Pelechano N, Malkawi A. “Evacuation simulation models: Challenges in modeling high rise building evacuation with cellular automata approaches”. Automation in Construction, 17(4), 377-385, 2008.
  • Ozel F. “Simulation modeling of human behaviour in buildings”. Simulation, 58(6), 377-384, 1992.
  • Fraser-Mitchell JN. “An Object-Oriented Simulation (CRISPII) for Fire Risk Assessment”. 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Ottawa, Canada, 13-17 June 1994.
  • Fraser-Mitchell JN. The Lessons Learnt During the Development of CRISPI1, A Monte Carlo Simulation for Fire Risk Assessment. Editors: Franks C, Grayson S. Proceedings of the Seventh International Fire Science and Engineering Conference, Interflam ‘96, 631-639, Bromley, UK, Interscience Communications, 1996.
  • Donegan HA, Pollock AJ, Taylor IR. “Egress Complexity of a Building”. 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Ottawa, Canada, 13-17 June 1994.
  • Ketchell N, Cole SS, Webber DM. The EGRESS Code for Human Movement and Behaviour in Emergency Evacuation. Editors: Smith RA. Dickie JF. Engineering for Crowd Safety, 361-370, London, UK, Elsevier, 1993.
  • Ketchell N. “Evacuation Modelling: A New Approach”. 1st International Conference on Fire Science and Engineering. ASIAFLAM ‘95, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 15-16 March 1995.
  • Reisser-Weston E. “Simulating human behaviour in emergency situation”. International Conference of Escape Evacuation and Rescue – Design for the Future, London, UK, 19-20 November 1996.
  • Taylor IR. A Revised Interface for Evacnet +. Editors: Franks C, Grayson S. Proceedings of the Seventh International Fire Science and Engineering Conference, Interflam ‘96, 10101017, Bromley, UK, Interscience Communications, 1996.
  • Buckmann LT, Leather JA. “Modelling station congestion the PEDROUTE way”. Traffic Engineering and Control, 35(6), 373-337, 1994.
  • Poon LS, Beck VR. “EVACSIM: Simulation Model of Occupants with Behavioural Attributes in Emergency Evacuation of High Rise Buildings”. 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Ottawa, Canada, 13-17 June 1994.
  • Poon LS. “Numerical Modeling of Human Behavior during Egress in Multi-Storey Office Building Fires Using Evacsim- Some Validation Studies”. 1st International Conference on Fire Science and Engineering. ASIAFLAM ‘95, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 15-16 March 1995.
  • Fahy RF. “An Evacuation Model for High Rise Buildings”. 3rd International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Edinburg, Scotland, 8-12 July 1991.
  • Levin B. “EXITT, A Simulation Model of Occupant Decisions and Actions in Residential Fires”. 2nd International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Tokyo, Japan, 13-17 June 1988.
  • Levin BM. “EXITT-A Simulation Model of Occupant Decision and Actions in Residential Fires: User’s Guide and Program Description”. National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, USA, 87-3591, 1987.
  • Okasaki S, Matsushita S. A Study of Simulation Model for Pedestrian Movement with Evacuation and Queuing. Editors: Smith RA, Dickie JF. Engineering for Crowd Safety, 271-280, London, UK, Elsevier, 1993.
  • Barton J, Leather J. “Paxport-Passenger and crowd simulation”. Passenger Terminal, 71-77, 1995.
  • Thompson PA, Marchant EW. “Testing and application of the computer model ‘SIMULEX’”. Fire Safety Journal, 24(2), 149-166.
  • Thompson PA, Wu J, Marchant EW. “Modelling Evacuation in Multi-Storey Buildings with Simulex”. Fire Engineers Journal, 56(185), 6-11, 1996.
  • Still GK. “New computer system can predict human response to building fires”. Fire, 84, 40-41, 1993.
  • Still GK. “Simulating Egress Using Virtual Reality-A Perspective View of Simulation and Design”. IMAS ’94 Fire Safety on Ships, London, UK, 26-27 May 1994.
  • Shestopal VO, Grubits SJ. “Evacuation model for merging traffic flows ın multi-room and multi-storey buildings”. 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Ottawa, Canada, 13-17 June 1994.
  • Gwynne S, Galea ER, Owen M, Lawrence PJ, Filippidis L. “A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment”. Building and Environment, 34(6), 741-749, 1999.
  • İzmir Metro AŞ. “Stratejik Plan 2015-2019”. http://www.izmirmetro.com.tr/Sayfa/16/4/entegreyonetim (03.09.2015).
  • İzmir Metro AŞ. “İzmir Büyük Şehir Belediyesi, Raylı Sistem Şeması”. http://www.izmirmetro.com.tr/ Sayfa/39/18/rayli-sistem-haritasi (03.09.2015).
  • Simulex User Guide 5.9, Simulex 5.9.

Metro servis sistemlerinde acil tahliye modelleri: İzmir metro uygulaması

Year 2016, Volume: 22 Issue: 4, 324 - 339, 31.08.2016

Abstract

Büyük şehirlerde nüfus yoğunluğunun her geçen gün artması ulaşım sorununu da beraberinde getirmektedir. Kalabalık trafik için toplu taşıma etkin bir çözüm olmaktadır. Toplu taşıma için hızlı ve verimli bir alternatif olan metro sistemi diğer alternatiflere göre ağırlıklı bir şekilde tercih edilmektedir. Ancak metro sisteminin genellikle yeraltında olması, çok fazla sayıda insanın taşınması ve giriş-çıkış noktalarının turnikelerle kontrol edilmesi, metro vagonlarında, metro hattında ve metro istasyonlarında oluşabilecek bir felakette insanların tahliye edilmesini zorlaştırmaktadır. Bir acil durumda insanların sistemden ne kadar sürede tahliye edilebileceğini bilmek önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, İzmir metro sisteminde en kalabalık istasyonlardan biri olan Konak istasyonu acil tahliye modelleri kullanılarak incelenmiş ve tahliye simülasyonu Simulex programıyla oluşturulmuştur. Acil durum tahliyesi 3 farklı senaryo ile modellenmiş ve çözüm önerileri geliştirilmiştir.

References

  • Zheng X, Zhong T, Liu M. “Modeling crowd evacuation of a building based on seven methodological approaches”. Building and Environment, 44(3), 437-445, 2009.
  • Koç G, Ceylan ÖC. “Metro istasyon ve tünellerinin acil durum havalandırmasında yeni yaklaşımlar ve uygulama esasları”. 11. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi, İzmir, Türkiye, 17-20 Nisan 2013.
  • Açıkgöz A, Gelişli MÖ, Öztürk E. “Metro tünellerinde yangın senaryosu analizleri”. Anova Mühendislik, Ankara, Türkiye,2016.
  • Eralp OC, Musluoğlu E. “Yeraltı toplu taşıma sistemlerinde acil durum havalandırması”. 6. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi ve Sergisi, İzmir, Türkiye, 8-11 Ekim 2003.
  • Kayılı S, Eralp OC. “Yeraltı taşıma sistemleri istasyonlarında hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği yöntemiyle yangın ve havalandırma simülasyonu”. 8. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi, İzmir, Türkiye, 25-28 Ekim 2007.
  • Kayılı S, Eralp OC. “Fire dynamics simulator programıyla yer altı toplu taşıma sistemleri istasyonlarında yangın ve havalandırma simülasyonu”. Mühendislik ve Makine, 52(612), 42-50, 2011.
  • Özbakır E. “Yeraltı raylı sistem istasyonlarında ısıtma, havalandırma, klima tesisatı”. Tesisat Mühendisliği Dergisi, 97, 23-29, 2007.
  • Özbek, E. Metrolarda Yön Bulma Davranışının Çevresel Stres Bağlamında İrdelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 2007.
  • Güllüoglu, SS. “Raylı sistemlerde afet anında acil müdahaleye yönelik bir proje”. Academic Journal of Information Technology, 2(3), 1-7, 2011.
  • Demirci A, Karakuyu M. “Afet yönetiminde coğrafi bilgi teknolojilerinin rolü”. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 9(12), 67-100, 2004.
  • Zhang Q, Han B, Li D. “Modeling and simulation of passenger alighting and boarding movement in Beijing metro stations”. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 16(5), 635-649, 2008.
  • Daly PN, McGrath F, Annesley TJ. “Pedestrian speed/flow relationships for underground stations”. Traffic Engineering and Control, 32(2), 75-78, 1991.
  • Daamen W, Bovy PHL, Hoogendoom SP, Van de Reijt A. “Passenger route choice concerning level changes in railway stations”. Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1930(1), 12–20, 2005.
  • Cheung CY, Lam WHK. “A study of the bi-directional pedestrian flow characteristics in the Hong Kong mass transit railway stations”. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2(5), 1607-1619, 1997.
  • Cheung CY, Lam WHK. “Pedestrian route choices between escalator and stairway in MTR stations”. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 124(3), 277-285, 1998.
  • Lee JYS, Lam WHK, Wong SC. “Pedestrian simulation model for Hong Kong underground stations”. IEEE Intelligent Transportation System Conference Proceedings, Oakland, CA, USA, 25-29 August 2001.
  • Hoogendoorn SP, Daamen W. “Design assessment of Lisbon transfer stations using microscopic pedestrian simulation”. Computers in Railways IX (Congress Proceedings of CompRail 2004), Dresden, Germany, 17-19 May 2004.
  • Maw J, Dix M. “Appraisals of station congestion relief schemes on London underground”. Proceedings of PTRC Seminar, Sussex, England, 10-14 September 1990.
  • Daamen W. Modeling Passenger Flows in Public Transport Facilities. PhD. Thesis. Delft University Press, Netherlands, 2004.
  • Gwynne S, Galea ER, Owen M, Lawrence PJ, Filippidis P. “A review of the methodologies used in evacuation modelling”. Fire and Materials, 23, 383-388, 1999.
  • Kisko TM, Francis RL. “EVACNET+: A computer program to determine optimal evacuation plans”. Fire Safety Journal, 9(2), 211-220, 1985.
  • Takahashi K, Tanaka T, Kose S. “An evacuation model for use in fire safety design of buildings”. Fire Safety Science, 2, 551–560, 1989.
  • Thompson P, Marchant E. “A computer model for the evacuation of large building populations”. Fire Safety Journal, 24(2), 131-148, 1995.
  • Owen M, Galea ER, Lawrence PJ. “The exodus evacuation model applied to building evacuation scenarios”. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 8(2), 65-84, 1996.
  • Friedman R. “An international survey of computer models for fire and smoke”. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering; 4(3), 81-92, 1992.
  • Olenick SM, Carpenter DJ. “An updated international survey of computer models for fire and smoke”. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 13(2), 87-110, 2003.
  • Kuligowski ED. “Review of 28 Egress Models”. Editors: Peacock RD, Kuligowski ED. Proceedings of Workshop on Building Occupant Movement During Fire Emergencies, 68-90, Washington, USA, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2005.
  • Santos G, Aguirre BE. A Critical Review of Emergency Evacuation Simulation Models. Editors: Peacock RD, Kuligowski ED. Proceedings of Workshop on Building Occupant Movement During Fire Emergencies, 27-52, Washington, USA, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2005.
  • Gwynne S, Galea ER, Lawrence PJ, Owen M, Filipidis L. Validation of the Building EXODUS Model. CMS Press, 1998.
  • Pelechano N, Malkawi A. “Evacuation simulation models: Challenges in modeling high rise building evacuation with cellular automata approaches”. Automation in Construction, 17(4), 377-385, 2008.
  • Ozel F. “Simulation modeling of human behaviour in buildings”. Simulation, 58(6), 377-384, 1992.
  • Fraser-Mitchell JN. “An Object-Oriented Simulation (CRISPII) for Fire Risk Assessment”. 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Ottawa, Canada, 13-17 June 1994.
  • Fraser-Mitchell JN. The Lessons Learnt During the Development of CRISPI1, A Monte Carlo Simulation for Fire Risk Assessment. Editors: Franks C, Grayson S. Proceedings of the Seventh International Fire Science and Engineering Conference, Interflam ‘96, 631-639, Bromley, UK, Interscience Communications, 1996.
  • Donegan HA, Pollock AJ, Taylor IR. “Egress Complexity of a Building”. 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Ottawa, Canada, 13-17 June 1994.
  • Ketchell N, Cole SS, Webber DM. The EGRESS Code for Human Movement and Behaviour in Emergency Evacuation. Editors: Smith RA. Dickie JF. Engineering for Crowd Safety, 361-370, London, UK, Elsevier, 1993.
  • Ketchell N. “Evacuation Modelling: A New Approach”. 1st International Conference on Fire Science and Engineering. ASIAFLAM ‘95, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 15-16 March 1995.
  • Reisser-Weston E. “Simulating human behaviour in emergency situation”. International Conference of Escape Evacuation and Rescue – Design for the Future, London, UK, 19-20 November 1996.
  • Taylor IR. A Revised Interface for Evacnet +. Editors: Franks C, Grayson S. Proceedings of the Seventh International Fire Science and Engineering Conference, Interflam ‘96, 10101017, Bromley, UK, Interscience Communications, 1996.
  • Buckmann LT, Leather JA. “Modelling station congestion the PEDROUTE way”. Traffic Engineering and Control, 35(6), 373-337, 1994.
  • Poon LS, Beck VR. “EVACSIM: Simulation Model of Occupants with Behavioural Attributes in Emergency Evacuation of High Rise Buildings”. 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Ottawa, Canada, 13-17 June 1994.
  • Poon LS. “Numerical Modeling of Human Behavior during Egress in Multi-Storey Office Building Fires Using Evacsim- Some Validation Studies”. 1st International Conference on Fire Science and Engineering. ASIAFLAM ‘95, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 15-16 March 1995.
  • Fahy RF. “An Evacuation Model for High Rise Buildings”. 3rd International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Edinburg, Scotland, 8-12 July 1991.
  • Levin B. “EXITT, A Simulation Model of Occupant Decisions and Actions in Residential Fires”. 2nd International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Tokyo, Japan, 13-17 June 1988.
  • Levin BM. “EXITT-A Simulation Model of Occupant Decision and Actions in Residential Fires: User’s Guide and Program Description”. National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, USA, 87-3591, 1987.
  • Okasaki S, Matsushita S. A Study of Simulation Model for Pedestrian Movement with Evacuation and Queuing. Editors: Smith RA, Dickie JF. Engineering for Crowd Safety, 271-280, London, UK, Elsevier, 1993.
  • Barton J, Leather J. “Paxport-Passenger and crowd simulation”. Passenger Terminal, 71-77, 1995.
  • Thompson PA, Marchant EW. “Testing and application of the computer model ‘SIMULEX’”. Fire Safety Journal, 24(2), 149-166.
  • Thompson PA, Wu J, Marchant EW. “Modelling Evacuation in Multi-Storey Buildings with Simulex”. Fire Engineers Journal, 56(185), 6-11, 1996.
  • Still GK. “New computer system can predict human response to building fires”. Fire, 84, 40-41, 1993.
  • Still GK. “Simulating Egress Using Virtual Reality-A Perspective View of Simulation and Design”. IMAS ’94 Fire Safety on Ships, London, UK, 26-27 May 1994.
  • Shestopal VO, Grubits SJ. “Evacuation model for merging traffic flows ın multi-room and multi-storey buildings”. 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Ottawa, Canada, 13-17 June 1994.
  • Gwynne S, Galea ER, Owen M, Lawrence PJ, Filippidis L. “A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment”. Building and Environment, 34(6), 741-749, 1999.
  • İzmir Metro AŞ. “Stratejik Plan 2015-2019”. http://www.izmirmetro.com.tr/Sayfa/16/4/entegreyonetim (03.09.2015).
  • İzmir Metro AŞ. “İzmir Büyük Şehir Belediyesi, Raylı Sistem Şeması”. http://www.izmirmetro.com.tr/ Sayfa/39/18/rayli-sistem-haritasi (03.09.2015).
  • Simulex User Guide 5.9, Simulex 5.9.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gökçe Baysal Türkölmez

Mustafa Güneş

Publication Date August 31, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 22 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Türkölmez, G. B., & Güneş, M. (2016). Metro servis sistemlerinde acil tahliye modelleri: İzmir metro uygulaması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(4), 324-339.
AMA Türkölmez GB, Güneş M. Metro servis sistemlerinde acil tahliye modelleri: İzmir metro uygulaması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. August 2016;22(4):324-339.
Chicago Türkölmez, Gökçe Baysal, and Mustafa Güneş. “Metro Servis Sistemlerinde Acil Tahliye Modelleri: İzmir Metro Uygulaması”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 22, no. 4 (August 2016): 324-39.
EndNote Türkölmez GB, Güneş M (August 1, 2016) Metro servis sistemlerinde acil tahliye modelleri: İzmir metro uygulaması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 22 4 324–339.
IEEE G. B. Türkölmez and M. Güneş, “Metro servis sistemlerinde acil tahliye modelleri: İzmir metro uygulaması”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 324–339, 2016.
ISNAD Türkölmez, Gökçe Baysal - Güneş, Mustafa. “Metro Servis Sistemlerinde Acil Tahliye Modelleri: İzmir Metro Uygulaması”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 22/4 (August 2016), 324-339.
JAMA Türkölmez GB, Güneş M. Metro servis sistemlerinde acil tahliye modelleri: İzmir metro uygulaması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;22:324–339.
MLA Türkölmez, Gökçe Baysal and Mustafa Güneş. “Metro Servis Sistemlerinde Acil Tahliye Modelleri: İzmir Metro Uygulaması”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 4, 2016, pp. 324-39.
Vancouver Türkölmez GB, Güneş M. Metro servis sistemlerinde acil tahliye modelleri: İzmir metro uygulaması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;22(4):324-39.

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