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The Role of Antioxidant Vitamins in Periodontal Health

Year 2010, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 133 - 141, 05.01.2011

Burak Doğan Gülin Yılmaz Özlem Fentoğlu Fatma Kırzıoğlu

Abstract

Although dental plaque is the primary etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, tissue destruction is thought to be caused by inappropriate response of the host tissue against the microorganisms and their products. Recent studies show that periodontal tissue destruction has occurred as a result of imbalance between activity of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defence system. More recently, therapeutic approaches concerned with antioxidant molecules have come into prominence among the issues including preservation and reconstruction of periodontal health. In this review, the effects of vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin A which are non-enzymatic antioxidants on periodontal tissues are summarized.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Periodontal disease, Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Vitamin E

Keywords

-

References

  • D'Aiuto F, Graziani F, Tete S, et al. Periodontitis: from local infection to systemic diseases. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol ;18(3 Suppl):1-11. Slots J. Herpesviruses in periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2005;38:33-62.
  • Halliwell B. How to characterize an antioxidant: an update. Biochem Soc Symp ;61:73-101. Consensus report. Periodontal diseases: pathogenesis and microbial factors. Ann Periodontol 1996;1(1):926-932. Lamster IB, Novak MJ. Host mediators in gingival crevicular fluid: implications periodontal disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med ;3(1-2):31-60. the pathogenesis of
  • Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. The antioxidants of human extracellular fluids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990;280(1):1-8.
  • Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, et al. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39(1):44-84.
  • Chapple IL. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in inflammatory diseases. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24(5):287-296.
  • Blokhina O, Virolainen E, Fagerstedt KV. Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress: a review. Ann Bot (Lond) 2003;91 Spec No:179-194.
  • Chapple IL, Matthews JB. The role of reactive oxygen and antioxidant species in periodontal tissue destruction. Periodontol 2007;43:160-232.
  • Huang HY, Caballero B, Chang S, et al. Multivitamin/mineral supplements and prevention of chronic disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2006(139):1-117.
  • Speirs RL, Beeley JA. Food and oral Enwonwu CO. Cellular and molecular effects of malnutrition and their relevance to periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol ;21(10):643-657. Iqbal K, Khan A, Khattak MMAK. Biological significance of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in human health-a review. P. J. N. 2004;3:5-13. Birlouez-Aragon I, and degenerative Antioxidant pathologies. A review of vitamin C. J Nutr Health Aging 2003;7(2):103-109.
  • Bsoul SA, Terezhalmy GT. Vitamin C in health and disease. J Contemp Dent Pract ;5(2):1-13. Goldschmidt MC. Reduced bactericidal activity in neutrophils from scorbutic animals and the effect of ascorbic acid on these target bacteria in vivo and in vitro. Suppl):1214S-1220S. Nutr ;54(6
  • Mazzotta MY. Nutrition and wound Podiatr healing. ;84(9):456-462. Med Assoc Carr AC, Frei B. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69(6):1086
  • JF. Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on the permeability and collagen biosynthesis of oral mucosal epithelium. Ann N Y Acad Sci ;258:253-263. Tuovinen VJ, et al. Dental caries and mutans Markkanen HA, streptococci in relation to plasma ascorbic acid. Scand J Dent Res 1994;102(2):103-108.
  • Ogawara M, Aoki K, Okiji T, et al. Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on primary and reparative dentinogenesis in ascorbate-synthesizing ODS rats. Arch Oral Biol 1997;42(10-11):695-704.
  • The contribution of vitamin C to healing of experimental fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2001;121(7):426-428. al. Long-term low ascorbic acid intake reduces bone mass in guinea pigs. J Nutr ;126(8):2044-2049. non
  • Yilmaz C, Erdemli E, Selek H, et al. Kipp DE, Grey CE, McElvain ME, et Simon JA, Hudes ES, Tice JA. Relation of serum ascorbic acid to mortality among US adults. J Am Coll Nutr Nishida M, Grossi SG, Dunford RG, et al. Dietary vitamin C and the risk for periodontal ;71(8):1215-1223. immunity: an assessment of the evidence. Clin Exp Immunol 1978;32(2):370-379.
  • MacKay D, Miller AL. Nutritional support for wound healing. Altern Med Rev ;8(4):359-377. Vitamin C in Periodontal Disease. Adv. in Med. Dent. Sci. 2008;2(2):26-27. acid in human crevicular fluid from clinically healthy gingival sites by high-performance liquid chromatography. Arch Oral Biol ;35(4):319-323.
  • Suomalainen K, Sorsa T, Lindy O, et al. Hypochlorous acid induced activation of human neutrophil and gingival crevicular fluid collagenase can be inhibited by ascorbate. Scand J Dent Res 1991;99(5):397
  • Effects of vitamin C intake on gingival oxidative stress in rat periodontitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2009;46(2):163-168.
  • Oral administration of vitamin C prevents alveolar bone resorption induced by high dietary cholesterol in rats. J Periodontol ;78(11):2165-2170.
  • Ekuni D, Tomofuji T, Sanbe T, et al. Vitamin C intake attenuates the degree of experimental atherosclerosis induced by periodontitis in the rat by decreasing oxidative ;54(5):495-502. Arch Oral Biol Jacob RA, Omaye ST, Skala JH, et al. Experimental vitamin C depletion and supplementation in young men. Nutrient interactions and dental health effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987;498:333-346. et al. Effects of ascorbic acid depletion and supplementation on periodontal health and subgingival microflora in humans. J Dent Res ;70(12):1531-1536.
  • Vitamin C attenuates the cytotoxic effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2010;55(1):40-45. al. Antioxidant status of oral mucosal tissue and plasma levels in smokers and non- smokers. J Oral Pathol Med 1999;28(8):360
  • Scott DA, Poston RN, Wilson RF, et al. The influence of vitamin C on systemic markers of endothelial and inflammatory cell activation in smokers and non-smokers. Inflamm Res 2005;54(3):138-144.
  • Assessment of total antioxidant capacity and the use of vitamin C in the treatment of non- smokers Periodontol 2010;81(11):1547-1554.
  • W. Vitamin A, carotenoids, and retinoids. Cancer 1986;58(8 Suppl):1837-1841. deficiency in animals: Pharmmlogy and toxicology of vitamin A. WH Sebrell.Harris
  • RS, Editors. ed. The Vitamins. New York:Academic Press; 1967: 245-266, 280- vitamin hyperplasia induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N- nitrosoguanidine in mouse prostate organ cultures. J Natl Cancer Inst 1977;58(4):923
  • Rowe NH, Gorlin RJ. The effect of vitamin A deficiency upon experimental oral carcinogenesis. J Dent Res 1959;38(1):72-83.
  • ML, et al. Effect of vitamin A on lung tumor induction in rats. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res ;16:54. Cohen SM, Wittenberg JF, Bryan GT. Effect hypervitaminosis A on urinary bladder carcinogenicity of N-(4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2- thiazolyl)formamide. Cancer Res 1976;36(7 PT 1):2334-2339. A and Newberne PM, Rogers AE. Rat colon carcinomas associated with aflatoxin and marginal vitamin A. J Natl Cancer Inst
  • Krinsky NI, Deneke SM. Interaction of oxygen and oxy-radicals with carotenoids. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;69(1):205-210.
  • Flamm ES, et al. The possible role of free radical reactions in carcinogenesis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 1980;3(4 Spec No):273-303.
  • Hinds TS, West WL, Knight EM. Carotenoids and retinoids: a review of research, applications. ;37(7):551-558. membrane function: importance in protection against oxidative damage and disease. Nutr Biochem 1996; 7:2-15. antioxidants in the immune system. J Dairy Sci 1993;76(9):2789-2794.
  • The role of carotenoids in the prevention of human pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother ;58(2):100-110. and public health J Clin Pharmacol Wiseman H. Dietary influences on Bendich A. Physiological role of Tapiero H, Townsend DM, Tew KD. Chow CK, Thacker RR, Changchit C, et al. Lower levels of vitamin C and carotenes in plasma of cigarette smokers. J Am Coll Nutr 1986;5(3):305-312.
  • Karter DL, Karter AJ, Yarrish R, et al. Vitamin A deficiency in non-vitamin- supplemented patients with AIDS: a cross- sectional study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995;8(2):199-203.
  • Bendich A, Antioxidant vitamins and immune response. RK Chandra, Editor. ed. Nutrition and Immunology. New York:Alan R. Liss; 1988: 125-147. al. Induction of a 70 kD protein associated with the selective cytotoxicity of beta- carotene in human epidermal carcinoma. Biochem ;169(3):941-946. Res Commun
  • Halevy O, Sklan D. Inhibition of arachidonic acid oxidation by beta-carotene, retinol Biophys Acta 1987;918(3):304-307. Biochim
  • Jyonouchi H, Zhang L, Gross M, et al. Immunomodulating actions of carotenoids: enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens. Nutr Cancer 1994;21(1):47-58. et al. Effect of beta-carotene on lymphocyte subpopulations in elderly humans: evidence for a dose-response relationship. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(1):90-94. immune factors/indicators for periodontal disease progression. Periodontol 2000 2003;32:118- changes in vitamin A deficient young rats. Acta Odontol Scand 1963;21:19-34.
  • Changes in the incisor teeth of albino rats with vitamin a deficiency and the effects of replacement ;17(4):529-562 510. G, et al. Vitamin A and retinoic acid: induced fibroblast differentiation in vitro. Surgery ;98(5):931-934. Suppression of retinoic acid receptor-beta in premalignant oral lesions and its up- regulation by isotretinoin. N Engl J Med ;332(21):1405-1410.
  • Long-term supplementation with risk Frandsen AM. Periodontal tissue Schour I, Hoffman MM, Smith MC. therapy. Am J Pathol Demetriou AA, Levenson SM, Rettura Lotan R, Xu XC, Lippman SM, et al. Liede K, Hietanen J, Saxen L, et al. alpha- tocopherol and beta-carotene and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in smokers. Oral Dis ;4(2):78-83. Changes in cell characteristics due to retinoic acid; specifically, a decrease in the expression of claudin-1 and increase in claudin-4 within tight junctions in stratified oral keratinocytes. J Periodontal Res 2010;45(2):207-215.
  • Linden GJ, McClean KM, Woodside JV, et al. Antioxidants and periodontitis in 60- year-old ;36(10):843-849. Vitamin E: function and metabolism. FASEB J 1999;13(10):1145-1155. requirements for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin- tryptophan, and vitamin E plus comments on balance studies and vitamin B-6. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;44(6):973-985. antioxidant therapies. Drugs 1995;49(3):345
  • CV, et al. Alpha-tocopherol consumption during Biochem J 1990;265(2):399-405. radical-mediated chain oxidation of low density lipoprotein inhibition by vitamin E and vitamin C. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990;279(2):402-405.
  • C, et al. Inhibition of cell proliferation by alpha-tocopherol. Role of protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 1991;266(10):6188-6194. MG. Horwitt MK. Interpretations of
  • Maxwell SR. Prospects for the use of Jessup W, Rankin SM, De Whalley low-density-lipoprotein oxidation. Sato K, Niki E, Shimasaki H. Free and its synergistic Boscoboinik D, Szewczyk A, Hensey Azzi A, Ricciarelli R, Zingg JM. Non- antioxidant molecular functions of alpha- tocopherol ;519(1-3):8-10. al. Vitamin E inhibits low-density lipoprotein- induced adhesion of monocytes to human aortic endothelial cells in vitro. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17(3):429-436. Lett
  • Martin A, Foxall T, Blumberg JB, et Yoshikawa T, Yoshida N, Manabe H, et al. alpha-Tocopherol protects against expression of adhesion molecules on monocytes. Attenuation of and Chem Biol J Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, et al. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell- mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52(3):557-563.
  • Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Block G, et al. Diet and oral and pharyngeal cancer among blacks. Nutr Cancer 1990;14(3-4):219
  • Manoharan S, Nagini S. peroxidation and antioxidant status in oral cancer patients. Med. Sci. Res. 1994;22:291– Lipid
  • Cohen RE, Ciancio SG, Mather ML, et al. Effect of vitamin E gel, placebo gel and chlorhexidine on periodontal disease. Clin Prev Dent 1991;13(5):20-24.
  • Cohen ME, Meyer DM. Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation and rotational stress on alveolar bone loss in rice rats. Arch Oral Biol 1993;38(7):601-606. Reduction experimental granulation tissue by vitamin E and ;21(1):45-47. degradation in selenium. J Clin Periodontol
  • Kim JE, Shklar G. The effect of vitamin E on the healing of gingival wounds in rats. J Periodontol 1983;54(5):305-308.
  • Royack GA, Nguyen MP, Tong DC, et al. Response of human oral epithelial cells to oxidative damage and the effect of vitamin E. Oral Oncol 2000;36(1):37-41.

Antioksidan Vitaminlerin Periodontal Sağlıktaki Rolü

Year 2010, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 133 - 141, 05.01.2011

Burak Doğan Gülin Yılmaz Özlem Fentoğlu Fatma Kırzıoğlu

Abstract

Özet
Periodontal hastalık patogenezinde primer etiyolojik faktör dental plak olmakla birlikte doku yıkımına, mikroorganizma ve ürünlerine karşı gelişen, uygun olmayan konak doku cevabının neden olduğu düşünülmektedir. Yakın dönem çalışmalar periodontal doku yıkımının reaktif oksijen türlerinin aktivitesi ve antioksidan defans sistemi arasındaki dengenin bozulması sonucu meydana geldiğini göstermektedir. Periodontal sağlığın korunması ve yeniden kazanılmasında, antioksidan moleküllerle ilgili terapötik yaklaşımlar son zamanlarda önem kazanan konular arasındadır. Bu derlemede enzimatik olmayan antioksidanlardan C vitamini, E vitamini ve A vitamininin periodontal dokular üzerine etkisi özetlenmiştir.

Anahtar kelimeler: Antioksidan, periodontal hastalık, C vitamini, A vitamini, E vitamini

Abstract
Although dental plaque is the primary etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, tissue destruction is thought to be caused by inappropriate response of the host tissue against the microorganisms and their products. Recent studies show that periodontal tissue destruction has occurred as a result of imbalance between activity of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defence system. More recently, therapeutic approaches concerned with antioxidant molecules have come into prominence among the issues including preservation and reconstruction of periodontal health. In this review, the effects of vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin A which are non-enzymatic antioxidants on periodontal tissues are summarized.

Keywords: Antioxidant, Periodontal disease, Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Vitamin E

Keywords

Antioksidan periodontal hastalık C vitamini A vitamini E vitamini

References

  • D'Aiuto F, Graziani F, Tete S, et al. Periodontitis: from local infection to systemic diseases. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol ;18(3 Suppl):1-11. Slots J. Herpesviruses in periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2005;38:33-62.
  • Halliwell B. How to characterize an antioxidant: an update. Biochem Soc Symp ;61:73-101. Consensus report. Periodontal diseases: pathogenesis and microbial factors. Ann Periodontol 1996;1(1):926-932. Lamster IB, Novak MJ. Host mediators in gingival crevicular fluid: implications periodontal disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med ;3(1-2):31-60. the pathogenesis of
  • Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. The antioxidants of human extracellular fluids. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990;280(1):1-8.
  • Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, et al. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39(1):44-84.
  • Chapple IL. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in inflammatory diseases. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24(5):287-296.
  • Blokhina O, Virolainen E, Fagerstedt KV. Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress: a review. Ann Bot (Lond) 2003;91 Spec No:179-194.
  • Chapple IL, Matthews JB. The role of reactive oxygen and antioxidant species in periodontal tissue destruction. Periodontol 2007;43:160-232.
  • Huang HY, Caballero B, Chang S, et al. Multivitamin/mineral supplements and prevention of chronic disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2006(139):1-117.
  • Speirs RL, Beeley JA. Food and oral Enwonwu CO. Cellular and molecular effects of malnutrition and their relevance to periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol ;21(10):643-657. Iqbal K, Khan A, Khattak MMAK. Biological significance of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in human health-a review. P. J. N. 2004;3:5-13. Birlouez-Aragon I, and degenerative Antioxidant pathologies. A review of vitamin C. J Nutr Health Aging 2003;7(2):103-109.
  • Bsoul SA, Terezhalmy GT. Vitamin C in health and disease. J Contemp Dent Pract ;5(2):1-13. Goldschmidt MC. Reduced bactericidal activity in neutrophils from scorbutic animals and the effect of ascorbic acid on these target bacteria in vivo and in vitro. Suppl):1214S-1220S. Nutr ;54(6
  • Mazzotta MY. Nutrition and wound Podiatr healing. ;84(9):456-462. Med Assoc Carr AC, Frei B. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69(6):1086
  • JF. Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on the permeability and collagen biosynthesis of oral mucosal epithelium. Ann N Y Acad Sci ;258:253-263. Tuovinen VJ, et al. Dental caries and mutans Markkanen HA, streptococci in relation to plasma ascorbic acid. Scand J Dent Res 1994;102(2):103-108.
  • Ogawara M, Aoki K, Okiji T, et al. Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on primary and reparative dentinogenesis in ascorbate-synthesizing ODS rats. Arch Oral Biol 1997;42(10-11):695-704.
  • The contribution of vitamin C to healing of experimental fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2001;121(7):426-428. al. Long-term low ascorbic acid intake reduces bone mass in guinea pigs. J Nutr ;126(8):2044-2049. non
  • Yilmaz C, Erdemli E, Selek H, et al. Kipp DE, Grey CE, McElvain ME, et Simon JA, Hudes ES, Tice JA. Relation of serum ascorbic acid to mortality among US adults. J Am Coll Nutr Nishida M, Grossi SG, Dunford RG, et al. Dietary vitamin C and the risk for periodontal ;71(8):1215-1223. immunity: an assessment of the evidence. Clin Exp Immunol 1978;32(2):370-379.
  • MacKay D, Miller AL. Nutritional support for wound healing. Altern Med Rev ;8(4):359-377. Vitamin C in Periodontal Disease. Adv. in Med. Dent. Sci. 2008;2(2):26-27. acid in human crevicular fluid from clinically healthy gingival sites by high-performance liquid chromatography. Arch Oral Biol ;35(4):319-323.
  • Suomalainen K, Sorsa T, Lindy O, et al. Hypochlorous acid induced activation of human neutrophil and gingival crevicular fluid collagenase can be inhibited by ascorbate. Scand J Dent Res 1991;99(5):397
  • Effects of vitamin C intake on gingival oxidative stress in rat periodontitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2009;46(2):163-168.
  • Oral administration of vitamin C prevents alveolar bone resorption induced by high dietary cholesterol in rats. J Periodontol ;78(11):2165-2170.
  • Ekuni D, Tomofuji T, Sanbe T, et al. Vitamin C intake attenuates the degree of experimental atherosclerosis induced by periodontitis in the rat by decreasing oxidative ;54(5):495-502. Arch Oral Biol Jacob RA, Omaye ST, Skala JH, et al. Experimental vitamin C depletion and supplementation in young men. Nutrient interactions and dental health effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987;498:333-346. et al. Effects of ascorbic acid depletion and supplementation on periodontal health and subgingival microflora in humans. J Dent Res ;70(12):1531-1536.
  • Vitamin C attenuates the cytotoxic effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2010;55(1):40-45. al. Antioxidant status of oral mucosal tissue and plasma levels in smokers and non- smokers. J Oral Pathol Med 1999;28(8):360
  • Scott DA, Poston RN, Wilson RF, et al. The influence of vitamin C on systemic markers of endothelial and inflammatory cell activation in smokers and non-smokers. Inflamm Res 2005;54(3):138-144.
  • Assessment of total antioxidant capacity and the use of vitamin C in the treatment of non- smokers Periodontol 2010;81(11):1547-1554.
  • W. Vitamin A, carotenoids, and retinoids. Cancer 1986;58(8 Suppl):1837-1841. deficiency in animals: Pharmmlogy and toxicology of vitamin A. WH Sebrell.Harris
  • RS, Editors. ed. The Vitamins. New York:Academic Press; 1967: 245-266, 280- vitamin hyperplasia induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N- nitrosoguanidine in mouse prostate organ cultures. J Natl Cancer Inst 1977;58(4):923
  • Rowe NH, Gorlin RJ. The effect of vitamin A deficiency upon experimental oral carcinogenesis. J Dent Res 1959;38(1):72-83.
  • ML, et al. Effect of vitamin A on lung tumor induction in rats. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res ;16:54. Cohen SM, Wittenberg JF, Bryan GT. Effect hypervitaminosis A on urinary bladder carcinogenicity of N-(4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2- thiazolyl)formamide. Cancer Res 1976;36(7 PT 1):2334-2339. A and Newberne PM, Rogers AE. Rat colon carcinomas associated with aflatoxin and marginal vitamin A. J Natl Cancer Inst
  • Krinsky NI, Deneke SM. Interaction of oxygen and oxy-radicals with carotenoids. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;69(1):205-210.
  • Flamm ES, et al. The possible role of free radical reactions in carcinogenesis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 1980;3(4 Spec No):273-303.
  • Hinds TS, West WL, Knight EM. Carotenoids and retinoids: a review of research, applications. ;37(7):551-558. membrane function: importance in protection against oxidative damage and disease. Nutr Biochem 1996; 7:2-15. antioxidants in the immune system. J Dairy Sci 1993;76(9):2789-2794.
  • The role of carotenoids in the prevention of human pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother ;58(2):100-110. and public health J Clin Pharmacol Wiseman H. Dietary influences on Bendich A. Physiological role of Tapiero H, Townsend DM, Tew KD. Chow CK, Thacker RR, Changchit C, et al. Lower levels of vitamin C and carotenes in plasma of cigarette smokers. J Am Coll Nutr 1986;5(3):305-312.
  • Karter DL, Karter AJ, Yarrish R, et al. Vitamin A deficiency in non-vitamin- supplemented patients with AIDS: a cross- sectional study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995;8(2):199-203.
  • Bendich A, Antioxidant vitamins and immune response. RK Chandra, Editor. ed. Nutrition and Immunology. New York:Alan R. Liss; 1988: 125-147. al. Induction of a 70 kD protein associated with the selective cytotoxicity of beta- carotene in human epidermal carcinoma. Biochem ;169(3):941-946. Res Commun
  • Halevy O, Sklan D. Inhibition of arachidonic acid oxidation by beta-carotene, retinol Biophys Acta 1987;918(3):304-307. Biochim
  • Jyonouchi H, Zhang L, Gross M, et al. Immunomodulating actions of carotenoids: enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens. Nutr Cancer 1994;21(1):47-58. et al. Effect of beta-carotene on lymphocyte subpopulations in elderly humans: evidence for a dose-response relationship. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(1):90-94. immune factors/indicators for periodontal disease progression. Periodontol 2000 2003;32:118- changes in vitamin A deficient young rats. Acta Odontol Scand 1963;21:19-34.
  • Changes in the incisor teeth of albino rats with vitamin a deficiency and the effects of replacement ;17(4):529-562 510. G, et al. Vitamin A and retinoic acid: induced fibroblast differentiation in vitro. Surgery ;98(5):931-934. Suppression of retinoic acid receptor-beta in premalignant oral lesions and its up- regulation by isotretinoin. N Engl J Med ;332(21):1405-1410.
  • Long-term supplementation with risk Frandsen AM. Periodontal tissue Schour I, Hoffman MM, Smith MC. therapy. Am J Pathol Demetriou AA, Levenson SM, Rettura Lotan R, Xu XC, Lippman SM, et al. Liede K, Hietanen J, Saxen L, et al. alpha- tocopherol and beta-carotene and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in smokers. Oral Dis ;4(2):78-83. Changes in cell characteristics due to retinoic acid; specifically, a decrease in the expression of claudin-1 and increase in claudin-4 within tight junctions in stratified oral keratinocytes. J Periodontal Res 2010;45(2):207-215.
  • Linden GJ, McClean KM, Woodside JV, et al. Antioxidants and periodontitis in 60- year-old ;36(10):843-849. Vitamin E: function and metabolism. FASEB J 1999;13(10):1145-1155. requirements for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin- tryptophan, and vitamin E plus comments on balance studies and vitamin B-6. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;44(6):973-985. antioxidant therapies. Drugs 1995;49(3):345
  • CV, et al. Alpha-tocopherol consumption during Biochem J 1990;265(2):399-405. radical-mediated chain oxidation of low density lipoprotein inhibition by vitamin E and vitamin C. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990;279(2):402-405.
  • C, et al. Inhibition of cell proliferation by alpha-tocopherol. Role of protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 1991;266(10):6188-6194. MG. Horwitt MK. Interpretations of
  • Maxwell SR. Prospects for the use of Jessup W, Rankin SM, De Whalley low-density-lipoprotein oxidation. Sato K, Niki E, Shimasaki H. Free and its synergistic Boscoboinik D, Szewczyk A, Hensey Azzi A, Ricciarelli R, Zingg JM. Non- antioxidant molecular functions of alpha- tocopherol ;519(1-3):8-10. al. Vitamin E inhibits low-density lipoprotein- induced adhesion of monocytes to human aortic endothelial cells in vitro. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17(3):429-436. Lett
  • Martin A, Foxall T, Blumberg JB, et Yoshikawa T, Yoshida N, Manabe H, et al. alpha-Tocopherol protects against expression of adhesion molecules on monocytes. Attenuation of and Chem Biol J Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, et al. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell- mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52(3):557-563.
  • Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Block G, et al. Diet and oral and pharyngeal cancer among blacks. Nutr Cancer 1990;14(3-4):219
  • Manoharan S, Nagini S. peroxidation and antioxidant status in oral cancer patients. Med. Sci. Res. 1994;22:291– Lipid
  • Cohen RE, Ciancio SG, Mather ML, et al. Effect of vitamin E gel, placebo gel and chlorhexidine on periodontal disease. Clin Prev Dent 1991;13(5):20-24.
  • Cohen ME, Meyer DM. Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation and rotational stress on alveolar bone loss in rice rats. Arch Oral Biol 1993;38(7):601-606. Reduction experimental granulation tissue by vitamin E and ;21(1):45-47. degradation in selenium. J Clin Periodontol
  • Kim JE, Shklar G. The effect of vitamin E on the healing of gingival wounds in rats. J Periodontol 1983;54(5):305-308.
  • Royack GA, Nguyen MP, Tong DC, et al. Response of human oral epithelial cells to oxidative damage and the effect of vitamin E. Oral Oncol 2000;36(1):37-41.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Derlemeler
Authors

Burak Doğan

Gülin Yılmaz

Özlem Fentoğlu

Fatma Kırzıoğlu

Publication Date January 5, 2011
Submission Date December 1, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Doğan B, Yılmaz G, Fentoğlu Ö, Kırzıoğlu F. Antioksidan Vitaminlerin Periodontal Sağlıktaki Rolü. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2011;1(2):133-41.
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