Abstract
Eating disorders is a diagnostic group including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and other specified feeding, and eating disorders. Athletes are a special group at risk for eating disorders due to competition, physical and emotional pressures. Many studies have determined that athletes have higher rates of eating disorders and body image issues than non-athletes. The prevalence of eating disorders among athletes is higher in women than in men. When evaluated according to sports branches, eating disorders are more common in athletes who perform aesthetic and weight sports. Eating disorder in athletes; behavioral, physical and biochemical symptoms should be well observed and further investigations should be carried out to detect. To make a diagnosis; detailed history, comprehensive physical examination and evaluation of laboratory findings, as well as various screening tools are recommended. Eating disorders leading to low energy availability, the loss of fat and lean body mass, decreased glycogen storage, low bone mineral density, electrolyte abnormalities and dehydration. These results adversely affect the health and performance of the athlete. This has increased interest in various treatment programs. Treatment programs should be special, accessible, effective and evidence-based for athletes, and should include a multidisciplinary team of doctor, sports dietitian and psychologist / psychiatrist. Although early detection and treatment are critical, prevention of eating disorders is also important.
This article evaluates the current literature on the symptoms and consequences of eating disorders in athletes. In addition, it offers recommendations for early detection, treatment and prevention.
Keywords: Eating disorders, athletes, low energy availability
References
- American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2019). From Planning to Publication: Developing DSM-5. DSM-5 Fact Sheets website: https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-sheets
- Arslanoğlu E. (2015) Adölesan Voleybolculara Uygulanan Yapılandırılmış Grup Müdahalesinin Yeme Tutumu, Depresyon Düzeyi, Beden Algısı ve Benlik Saygısı Üzerine Etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kütahya.
- Arthur-Cameselle JN. Baltzell A (2012). Learning from collegiate athletes who have recovered from eating disorders: advice to coaches, parents, and other athletes with eating disorders. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(1), 1-9.
- Bar RJ. Cassin SE. Dionne MM (2016). Eating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review. European Journal of Sport Science, 16, 325-35.
- Bar RJ. Cassin SE. Dionne MM (2016). Eating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(3), 325-335.
- Bar, R. J., Cassin, S. E., & Dionne, M. M. (2016). Eating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(3), 325-335.
- Bar, R. J., Cassin, S. E., & Dionne, M. M. (2016). Eating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(3), 325-335.
- Bratland-Sanda S. Sundgot-Borgen J (2013). Eating disorders in athletes: overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment. European Journal of Sport Science, 13, 499-508.
- Bratman S (1997) Health Food Junkie. Yoga Journal, 136, 42-50.
- Chang C. Putukian M. Aerni G. Diamond A. Hong G. Ingram Y et al (2020). Mental health issues and psychological factors in athletes: Detection, management, effect on performance and prevention: American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement—Executive Summary. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(4), 216-220.
- Chapa DA. Hagan KE. Forbush KT. Perko VL. Sorokina DA. Alasmar AY et al (2018). The Athletes’ Relationships with Training scale (ART): A self‐report measure of unhealthy training behaviors associated with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(9), 1080-1089.
- Coker-Cranney A. Reel JJ (2015). Coach pressure and disordered eating in female collegiate athletes: Is the coach-athlete relationship a mediating factor? Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9(3), 213-231.
- Conviser JH. Tierney AS. Nickols R (2018). Essentials for best practice: treatment approaches for athletes with eating disorders. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 12(4), 495-507.
- De Souza MJ. Nattiv A. Joy E. Misr M., Williams NI. Mallinson RJ et al (2014). 2014 Female Athlete Triad coalition consensus statement on treatment and return to play of the female athlete triad: 1st International Conference held in San Francisco, California, May 2012 and 2nd International Conference held in Indianapolis, Indiana, May 2013. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(4), 289-289.
- Intermountain Healthcare Management of Eating Disorder Care Process Model (2015) website: https://intermountainhealthcare.org/ckr-ext/Dcmnt?ncid=522882792
- Joy E. Kussman A.Na ttiv A (2016). 2016 update on eating disorders in athletes: A comprehensive narrative review with a focus on clinical assessment and management. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(3), 154-162.
- Martinsen M. Sherman RT. Thompson RA. Sundgot-Borgen J (2015). Coaches’ knowledge and management of eating disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(5), 1070-8.
- Mountjoy M. Sundgot-Borge JK. Burke LM. Ackerman KE. Blauwet C. Constantini N et al (2018). IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update. British Journal of Sports Medicine.
- Mountjoy M. Sundgot-Borgen J. Burke L. Carter S. Constantini N. et al (2014). The IOC consensus statement: beyond the female athlete triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(7), 491-497.
- National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) (2019). Coaching and Trainers Handbook. website: https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/CoachandTrainerToolkik.pdf
- Plateau CR. Arcelus J. Leung N. Meyer C (2017). Female athlete experiences of seeking and receiving treatment for an eating disorder. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 25(3), 273-277.
- Reardon CL. Hainline B. Aron CM. Baron D. Bau AL. Bindra A et al. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(11), 667-699.
- Smink FR van Hoeken D. Hoek HW (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14, 406-14.
- Stoyel H. Slee A. Meyer C. Serpell L (2020). Systematic review of risk factors for eating psychopathology in athletes: A critique of an etiological model. European Eating Disorders Review, 28(1), 3-25.
- Stranberg M. Slager E Spital, D. Coia C et al (2020). Athlete-Specific treatment for eating disorders: Initial findings from the Walden GOALS Program. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120(2), 183-189.
- Sundgot-Borgen J (1993). Prevalence of eating disorders in elite female athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 3(1), 29-40.
- Sundgot-Borgen J. Torstveit MK (2010). Aspects of disordered eating continuum in elite high intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports, 20(2), 112-21.
- Sundgot-Borgen J. Torstveit MK (2014). Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 14, 25-32.
- Thiemann P. Legenbauer T. Vocks S. Platen P. Auyeung B. Herpertz S (2015). Eating disorders and their putative risk factors among female German professional athletes. European Eating Disorders Review, 23(4), 269-276.
- Tuğal D (2019). Sporcuların Besin Seçimlerinin Beden İmajı ve Yeme Davranışına Göre Değerlendirilmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Abstract
Yeme bozuklukları; anoreksiya nervoza, bulimiya nervoza, tıkınırcasına yeme bozukluğu ve tanımlanmamış yeme bozukluklarını içeren psikiyatrik hastalıkların içinde yer alan bir tanı grubudur. Rekabet, fiziksel ve duygusal baskılar nedeniyle sporcular, yeme bozukluğu açısından risk altında olan özel bir gruptur. Birçok çalışmada, sporcularda sporcu olmayanlardan daha yüksek yeme bozuklukları ve beden algısı sorunlarının görüldüğü belirlenmiştir. Sporcular arasında yeme bozukluklarının prevalansı kadınlarda erkeklere oranla daha yüksektir. Spor dallarına göre değerlendirildiğinde ise estetik ve sıklet sporlarında yeme bozukluğu daha sık görülmektedir. Sporcularda yeme bozukluğunun; davranışsal, fiziksel ve biyokimyasal belirtileri iyi gözlemlenmeli ve saptamaya yönelik ileri tetkikler yapılmalıdır. Tanı konulması için ayrıntılı güncel ve geçmiş öykü, kapsamlı bir fizik muayene ve laboratuvar bulgularının değerlendirilmesinin yanı sıra çeşitli tarama testlerinin de kullanılması önerilmektedir. Yeme bozukluğu tanısı almış sporcularda; düşük kullanılabilir enerji, yağ dokusu ve yağsız doku kaybı, erken glikojen deposu boşalması, düşük kemik mineral yoğunluğu, elektrolit anormallikleri ve dehidrasyon görülmektedir. Bu sonuçlar, sporcunun sağlığını ve performansını olumsuz etkiler. Bu durum çeşitli tedavi programlarına olan ilgiyi artırmıştır. Geliştirilecek tedavi programları; sporcular için özel, ulaşılması kolay, etkili ve kanıta dayalı olmalıdır ve bu programda doktor, spor diyetisyeni, psikolog/psikiyatristten oluşan multidsipliner bir ekip yer almalıdır. Erken teşhis ve tedavi kritik olmakla birlikte, yeme bozukluklarının önlenmesi de önemlidir. Bu makalede, sporcularda görülen yeme bozukluklarının semptomları ve sonuçları ile ilgili güncel literatür değerlendirilmiş, erken teşhis, tedavi ve önlemeye yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yeme bozuklukları, sporcular, düşük kullanılabilir enerji
References
- American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2019). From Planning to Publication: Developing DSM-5. DSM-5 Fact Sheets website: https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-sheets
- Arslanoğlu E. (2015) Adölesan Voleybolculara Uygulanan Yapılandırılmış Grup Müdahalesinin Yeme Tutumu, Depresyon Düzeyi, Beden Algısı ve Benlik Saygısı Üzerine Etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kütahya.
- Arthur-Cameselle JN. Baltzell A (2012). Learning from collegiate athletes who have recovered from eating disorders: advice to coaches, parents, and other athletes with eating disorders. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(1), 1-9.
- Bar RJ. Cassin SE. Dionne MM (2016). Eating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review. European Journal of Sport Science, 16, 325-35.
- Bar RJ. Cassin SE. Dionne MM (2016). Eating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(3), 325-335.
- Bar, R. J., Cassin, S. E., & Dionne, M. M. (2016). Eating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(3), 325-335.
- Bar, R. J., Cassin, S. E., & Dionne, M. M. (2016). Eating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(3), 325-335.
- Bratland-Sanda S. Sundgot-Borgen J (2013). Eating disorders in athletes: overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment. European Journal of Sport Science, 13, 499-508.
- Bratman S (1997) Health Food Junkie. Yoga Journal, 136, 42-50.
- Chang C. Putukian M. Aerni G. Diamond A. Hong G. Ingram Y et al (2020). Mental health issues and psychological factors in athletes: Detection, management, effect on performance and prevention: American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement—Executive Summary. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(4), 216-220.
- Chapa DA. Hagan KE. Forbush KT. Perko VL. Sorokina DA. Alasmar AY et al (2018). The Athletes’ Relationships with Training scale (ART): A self‐report measure of unhealthy training behaviors associated with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(9), 1080-1089.
- Coker-Cranney A. Reel JJ (2015). Coach pressure and disordered eating in female collegiate athletes: Is the coach-athlete relationship a mediating factor? Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9(3), 213-231.
- Conviser JH. Tierney AS. Nickols R (2018). Essentials for best practice: treatment approaches for athletes with eating disorders. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 12(4), 495-507.
- De Souza MJ. Nattiv A. Joy E. Misr M., Williams NI. Mallinson RJ et al (2014). 2014 Female Athlete Triad coalition consensus statement on treatment and return to play of the female athlete triad: 1st International Conference held in San Francisco, California, May 2012 and 2nd International Conference held in Indianapolis, Indiana, May 2013. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(4), 289-289.
- Intermountain Healthcare Management of Eating Disorder Care Process Model (2015) website: https://intermountainhealthcare.org/ckr-ext/Dcmnt?ncid=522882792
- Joy E. Kussman A.Na ttiv A (2016). 2016 update on eating disorders in athletes: A comprehensive narrative review with a focus on clinical assessment and management. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(3), 154-162.
- Martinsen M. Sherman RT. Thompson RA. Sundgot-Borgen J (2015). Coaches’ knowledge and management of eating disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(5), 1070-8.
- Mountjoy M. Sundgot-Borge JK. Burke LM. Ackerman KE. Blauwet C. Constantini N et al (2018). IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update. British Journal of Sports Medicine.
- Mountjoy M. Sundgot-Borgen J. Burke L. Carter S. Constantini N. et al (2014). The IOC consensus statement: beyond the female athlete triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(7), 491-497.
- National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) (2019). Coaching and Trainers Handbook. website: https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/CoachandTrainerToolkik.pdf
- Plateau CR. Arcelus J. Leung N. Meyer C (2017). Female athlete experiences of seeking and receiving treatment for an eating disorder. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 25(3), 273-277.
- Reardon CL. Hainline B. Aron CM. Baron D. Bau AL. Bindra A et al. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(11), 667-699.
- Smink FR van Hoeken D. Hoek HW (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14, 406-14.
- Stoyel H. Slee A. Meyer C. Serpell L (2020). Systematic review of risk factors for eating psychopathology in athletes: A critique of an etiological model. European Eating Disorders Review, 28(1), 3-25.
- Stranberg M. Slager E Spital, D. Coia C et al (2020). Athlete-Specific treatment for eating disorders: Initial findings from the Walden GOALS Program. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120(2), 183-189.
- Sundgot-Borgen J (1993). Prevalence of eating disorders in elite female athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 3(1), 29-40.
- Sundgot-Borgen J. Torstveit MK (2010). Aspects of disordered eating continuum in elite high intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports, 20(2), 112-21.
- Sundgot-Borgen J. Torstveit MK (2014). Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 14, 25-32.
- Thiemann P. Legenbauer T. Vocks S. Platen P. Auyeung B. Herpertz S (2015). Eating disorders and their putative risk factors among female German professional athletes. European Eating Disorders Review, 23(4), 269-276.
- Tuğal D (2019). Sporcuların Besin Seçimlerinin Beden İmajı ve Yeme Davranışına Göre Değerlendirilmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sports Medicine |
| Journal Section | Derleme Makaleleri |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2020 |
| Acceptance Date | June 15, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 |
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