Research Article
Antalya Düzlerçamı Yaban Hayatı Geliştirme Sahası’nda yayılış gösteren karakulak (Caracal caracal Schreber, 1776)’ın populasyon durumu, günlük aktivite deseni ve habitat tercihi
Abstract
Bu araştırma, 2016-2017 yılları arasında Antalya ilinde yer alan Düzlerçamı Yaban Hayatı Geliştirme Sahası’nda yapılmıştır. Karakulak (Caracal caracal)’ın populasyon durumu, günlük aktivite deseni ve habitat tercihinin belirlenebilmesi için fotokapan yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Fırsat noktasi yöntemi ile 444 noktaya fotokapan kurulmuş, bunlardan 19’unda 35 adet karakulak görüntüsü kaydedilmiştir. Görüntülerinin değerlendirilmesi sonucunda karakulağın fotokapana yakalanma oranı 0.08-0.83 olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda, karakulağın 450 m rakıma kadar olan kızılçam ormanlarını daha çok tercih ettiği, kum taşı ve volkanik sediment alanların habitat tercihinde daha fazla yer tuttuğu, kireç taşının ise karakulak tarafından kullanılmayan bir anakaya cinsi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma alanında doğal yayılış gösteren alageyik (Dama dama), yaban keçisi (Capra aegagrus), yaban domuzu (Sus scrofa) ve yaban tavşanı (Lepus europaeus)’nın karakulağın önemli besin kaynakları arasında yer aldığı görülmüştür. Genel itibariyle gün boyu aktif olduğu, fakat en yoğun aktivitesini akşam havanın kararmasından itibaren gece 24.00-06.00 saatleri arasında yaptığı gözlenmiştir.
Supporting Institution
TÜBİTAK
Project Number
214 O 248
Thanks
Bu araştırmanın yapılmasında gerekli izinleri sağlayan Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Doğa koruma ve Milli Parklar 6. Bölge Müdürlüğü’ne ve 214 O 248 No’lu proje ile maddi destek sağlayan TÜBİTAK’a teşekkür ederiz.
References
- Adibi, M.A., Karami, M., Kaboli, M., 2014. Study of seasonal changes in habitat suitability of Caracal caracal schmitzi (Maschie 1812) in the central desert of Iran. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 5: 95-106.
- Albayrak, T., Giannatos, G., Kabasakal, B., 2012. Carnivore and ungulate populations in the Beydaglari Mountains (Antalya, Turkey): Border region between Asia and Europe. Polish Journal of Ecology, 60(2): 419-428.
- Alcoy, J.C.O., 2013. The Schnabel Method: An Ecological approach to productive vocabulary size estimation, Internat Proceed Econom Development Res. 68: 19-24, DOI: 10.7763/IPEDR. 2013. V68. 5
- Amaya-Castaño, G.C., Palomares, F., 2018. Effect of human influence on carnivore presence in a Mediterranean human-modified area in the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula. Galemys, 30: 1-12. DOI: 10.7325/Galemys.2018.A1
- Avenant, N.L., Nel, J.J., 1998. Home‐range use, activity, and density of caracal in relation to prey density. African Journal of Ecology, 36(4): 347-359.
- Carbone, C., Christie, S., Conforti, K., Coulson, T., Franklin, N., Ginsberg, J.R., Griffiths, M., Holden, J., Kawanishi, K., Kinnaird, M., Laidlaw, R., Lynam, A., Macdonald, D.W., Martyr, D., McDougal, C., Nath, L., O’Brien, T., Sidensticker, J., Smith, D.J.L., Sunquist, M., Tilson, R., Wan Shahruddin, W.N., 2001. The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tigers and other cryptic mammals. Animal Conservation, 4: 75–79.
- Carter, K.D., Seddon, J.M., Frère, C.H., Carter, J.K., Goldizen, A.W., 2013. Fission–fusion dynamics in wild giraffes may be driven by kinship, spatial overlap and individual social preferences. Animal Behaviour, 85(2): 385–394.
- Cruz, P., Iezzi, M.E., De Angelo, C., Varela, D., Di Bitetti, M.S., Paviolo, A., 2018. Effects of human impacts on habitat use, activity patterns and ecological relationships among medium and small felids of the Atlantic Forest. Plos One, 13(8): 1-21.
- De Marinis, A.M., Masseti, M., 2009. Mammalian fauna of the Termessos National Park, Turkey. ZooKeys, 31: 221-228.
- Evcin, Ö., 2018. Kastamonu ve Sinop'ta karacanın (Capreolus capreolus) popülasyon ekolojisi / Population ecology of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Kastamonu and Sinop. Doktora Tezi, Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kastamonu.
- Fort, J.L., 2016. Large carnivore occupancy and human–wildlife conflict in Panamá. MSc Thesis. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
- Giannatos, G., Albayrak, T., Erdoğan, A. 2006. Status of the Caracal in protected areas in Southwestern Turkey. CAT news, 45(45): 23.
- Gros, P.M., Kelly, M.J., Caro, T.M., 1996. Estimating carnivore densitiesfor conservation purposes: Indirect methods compared to baselinedemographic data. Oikos, 77(2): 197-206.
- Hassan, S.F., Hussin, A.G., Zubairi, Y.Z, 2009. Analysis of Malaysian wind direction data using. Oriana, 3(3): 115-119.
- Hepcan, Ș., Hepcan, Ç.C., Koçman, A., Özkan, M.B., Can, Ö.E., 2013. Identifying potential habitat networks; the case of Caracal in Izmir Province, Turkey. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 10(1): 29-39.
- İlemin, Y., 2010. Datça-Bozburun Yarımadası orta ve büyük memeli türlerinin vejetasyon tiplerine bağlı dağılımının belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Ilemin, Y., Gürkan, B., 2010. Status and activity patterns of the Caracal, Caracal caracal (Schreber, 1776), in Datça and Bozburun Peninsulas, Southwestern Turkey: (Mammalia: Felidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 50(1): 3-10. Jansen, P. A., Ahumada, J., Fegraus, E., O’Brien, T., 2014. TEAM: a standardisedcamera-trap survey to monitor terrestrial vertebrate communities in tropicalforests (Ed: Meek, P, Ballard, A.G, Banks, P. B., Claridge, A. W, Fleming, P.J.S; , Sanderson, J.G, and D. E. Swann, D.E, CSIRO Publishing, p. 263–270
- Karanth, K.U., Nichols, J.D., 1998. Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures. Ecology, 79: 2852–2862.
- Karanth, K.U., Nichols, J.D., Kumar, N.S., Jathanna, D., 2011. Estimation of demographic parameters in a tiger population from long-term camera trap data, (Ed: O’Connel, A.F; Nichols, J.D., Karanth, K.U, Springer Science-Business Media, p: 145-161
- Keten, A., 2016. Düzce ilinde yırtıcı memeli türlerin zamansal ve mekânsal dağılımı. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2): 566-574.
- Keten, A., Nabioğlu, M., 2016. Bolu-Yedigöller Yaban Hayatı Geliştirme Sahası’nda saf meşe meşceresinde fotokapanla tespit edilen memeli türler. Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 1(3 A): 62-68.
- Kocataş, A., 1992. Ekoloji ve Çevre Biyolojisi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi No:142, Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası, Bornova / İzmir.
- Masseti, M., 2009. Pictorial evidence from medieval Italy of cheetahs and caracals, and their use in hunting. Archives of Natural History, 36: 37–47.
- Mengüllüoğlu, D., Ambarlı, H., 2019. Assessing caracal-prey interactions by spatial and temporal analyses. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 65(4): 54.
- MTA, 2018. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/hizmetler/jeoloji-haritalari, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2018
- Nowell, K., Jackson, P., 1996. Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
- Oğurlu, İ., 2015. Yaban hayatı ekolojisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi, Yayın No:19, Isparta.
- Rexstad, E., Burnham, K.P., 1991. User’s Guide for Interactive Program Capture. Abundance Estimation Of Closedpopulations. Colorado StateUniversity, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
- Ridout, M.S., Linkie, M., 2009. Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data. Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, 14: 322–337
- Sarıbaşak, H., Başaran, M.A., Kaçar, S., 2011. Wildgoat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777) Population in Antalya-Düzlerçamı Wildlife Progress Area and Evaluation of its Habitat. Batı Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Bülteni, 57: 1-62.
- Singh, R., Qureshi, Q., Sankar, K., Krausman, P.R., Goyal, S.P., 2014. Population and habitat characteristics of caracal in semi-arid landscape, western India. Journal of arid environments, 103: 92-95.
- Soyumert, A., 2010. Kuzeybatı Anadolu ormanlarında fotokapan yöntemiyle büyük memeli türlerinin tespiti ve ekolojik özelliklerini belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Soyumert, A., Macar, O., Gürkan, B., 2007. The Use of camera trap for determining the presence of medium and large sized mammals in marmaris, Turkey. International Conference on Environment: Survival and Sustainability, 19-24 February, Near East University, Nicosia-Nothern Cyprus, p:353-358
- Stein, A.B., Fuller, T.K., Marker, L.L., 2008. Opportunistic use of camera traps to assess habitat-specific mammal and bird diversity in northcentral Namibia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 17(14): 3579-3587.
- Trolliet, F., Vermeulen, C., Huynen, M.C., Hambuckers, A., 2014. Use of camera traps for wildlife studies: a review. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement, 18(3): 446-454.
- Turan, N., 1984. Türkiye’nin Av ve Yaban Hayvanlari Memeliler. Ongun Kardeşler Matbaacılık Sanayii, Ankara.
- Ünal, Y., Çulhacı, H., 2018. Investigation of fallow deer (Cervus dama L.) population densities by camera trap method in Antalya Düzlerçamı Eşenadası Breeding Station Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19(1): 57-62. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.339042.
- Ünal, Y., Pekin, B.K., Oğurlu, İ., Süel, H., Koca, A. 2019. Human, domestic animal, Caracal (Caracal caracal), and other wildlife species interactions in a Mediterranean forest landscape. Eur J Wildl Res 66, 5 (2020) doi:10.1007/s10344-019-1343-x.
Population status, daily activity pattern and habitat preference of caracal (Caracal caracal Schreber, 1776) in Antalya Düzlerçamı Wildlife Development Area
Abstract
This study was carried out at Düzlerçamı Wildlife Development Area in Antalya between 2016-2017 to determine population status, daily activity pattern and habitat preference of caracal (Caracal caracal). Camera traps established at 444 points by the Opportunity point method, and 19 of them recorded 35 caracal images. By evaluating the images, the captured ratio of caracal to camera-traps was found to be 0.08-0.83. As a result of the research, it was determined that pine forests up to 450 m altitude were more preferred by the caracal , habitat types on sandstone and volcanic sediment areas have were occupied more in habitat preference and bedrock types consisting of limestone which cannot be used by caracal. It has been observed that fallow deer (Dama dama), wild goat (Capra aegagrus), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and European hare (Lepus europaeus), naturally distributed species in the research area, among the important food sources of the caracal. In general, it has been observed that caracal is active all day long, while its most intense activity occured from dusk to dawn between hours 24.00-06.00.
Project Number
214 O 248
References
- Adibi, M.A., Karami, M., Kaboli, M., 2014. Study of seasonal changes in habitat suitability of Caracal caracal schmitzi (Maschie 1812) in the central desert of Iran. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 5: 95-106.
- Albayrak, T., Giannatos, G., Kabasakal, B., 2012. Carnivore and ungulate populations in the Beydaglari Mountains (Antalya, Turkey): Border region between Asia and Europe. Polish Journal of Ecology, 60(2): 419-428.
- Alcoy, J.C.O., 2013. The Schnabel Method: An Ecological approach to productive vocabulary size estimation, Internat Proceed Econom Development Res. 68: 19-24, DOI: 10.7763/IPEDR. 2013. V68. 5
- Amaya-Castaño, G.C., Palomares, F., 2018. Effect of human influence on carnivore presence in a Mediterranean human-modified area in the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula. Galemys, 30: 1-12. DOI: 10.7325/Galemys.2018.A1
- Avenant, N.L., Nel, J.J., 1998. Home‐range use, activity, and density of caracal in relation to prey density. African Journal of Ecology, 36(4): 347-359.
- Carbone, C., Christie, S., Conforti, K., Coulson, T., Franklin, N., Ginsberg, J.R., Griffiths, M., Holden, J., Kawanishi, K., Kinnaird, M., Laidlaw, R., Lynam, A., Macdonald, D.W., Martyr, D., McDougal, C., Nath, L., O’Brien, T., Sidensticker, J., Smith, D.J.L., Sunquist, M., Tilson, R., Wan Shahruddin, W.N., 2001. The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tigers and other cryptic mammals. Animal Conservation, 4: 75–79.
- Carter, K.D., Seddon, J.M., Frère, C.H., Carter, J.K., Goldizen, A.W., 2013. Fission–fusion dynamics in wild giraffes may be driven by kinship, spatial overlap and individual social preferences. Animal Behaviour, 85(2): 385–394.
- Cruz, P., Iezzi, M.E., De Angelo, C., Varela, D., Di Bitetti, M.S., Paviolo, A., 2018. Effects of human impacts on habitat use, activity patterns and ecological relationships among medium and small felids of the Atlantic Forest. Plos One, 13(8): 1-21.
- De Marinis, A.M., Masseti, M., 2009. Mammalian fauna of the Termessos National Park, Turkey. ZooKeys, 31: 221-228.
- Evcin, Ö., 2018. Kastamonu ve Sinop'ta karacanın (Capreolus capreolus) popülasyon ekolojisi / Population ecology of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Kastamonu and Sinop. Doktora Tezi, Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kastamonu.
- Fort, J.L., 2016. Large carnivore occupancy and human–wildlife conflict in Panamá. MSc Thesis. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
- Giannatos, G., Albayrak, T., Erdoğan, A. 2006. Status of the Caracal in protected areas in Southwestern Turkey. CAT news, 45(45): 23.
- Gros, P.M., Kelly, M.J., Caro, T.M., 1996. Estimating carnivore densitiesfor conservation purposes: Indirect methods compared to baselinedemographic data. Oikos, 77(2): 197-206.
- Hassan, S.F., Hussin, A.G., Zubairi, Y.Z, 2009. Analysis of Malaysian wind direction data using. Oriana, 3(3): 115-119.
- Hepcan, Ș., Hepcan, Ç.C., Koçman, A., Özkan, M.B., Can, Ö.E., 2013. Identifying potential habitat networks; the case of Caracal in Izmir Province, Turkey. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 10(1): 29-39.
- İlemin, Y., 2010. Datça-Bozburun Yarımadası orta ve büyük memeli türlerinin vejetasyon tiplerine bağlı dağılımının belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Ilemin, Y., Gürkan, B., 2010. Status and activity patterns of the Caracal, Caracal caracal (Schreber, 1776), in Datça and Bozburun Peninsulas, Southwestern Turkey: (Mammalia: Felidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 50(1): 3-10. Jansen, P. A., Ahumada, J., Fegraus, E., O’Brien, T., 2014. TEAM: a standardisedcamera-trap survey to monitor terrestrial vertebrate communities in tropicalforests (Ed: Meek, P, Ballard, A.G, Banks, P. B., Claridge, A. W, Fleming, P.J.S; , Sanderson, J.G, and D. E. Swann, D.E, CSIRO Publishing, p. 263–270
- Karanth, K.U., Nichols, J.D., 1998. Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures. Ecology, 79: 2852–2862.
- Karanth, K.U., Nichols, J.D., Kumar, N.S., Jathanna, D., 2011. Estimation of demographic parameters in a tiger population from long-term camera trap data, (Ed: O’Connel, A.F; Nichols, J.D., Karanth, K.U, Springer Science-Business Media, p: 145-161
- Keten, A., 2016. Düzce ilinde yırtıcı memeli türlerin zamansal ve mekânsal dağılımı. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2): 566-574.
- Keten, A., Nabioğlu, M., 2016. Bolu-Yedigöller Yaban Hayatı Geliştirme Sahası’nda saf meşe meşceresinde fotokapanla tespit edilen memeli türler. Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 1(3 A): 62-68.
- Kocataş, A., 1992. Ekoloji ve Çevre Biyolojisi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi No:142, Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası, Bornova / İzmir.
- Masseti, M., 2009. Pictorial evidence from medieval Italy of cheetahs and caracals, and their use in hunting. Archives of Natural History, 36: 37–47.
- Mengüllüoğlu, D., Ambarlı, H., 2019. Assessing caracal-prey interactions by spatial and temporal analyses. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 65(4): 54.
- MTA, 2018. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/hizmetler/jeoloji-haritalari, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2018
- Nowell, K., Jackson, P., 1996. Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
- Oğurlu, İ., 2015. Yaban hayatı ekolojisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi, Yayın No:19, Isparta.
- Rexstad, E., Burnham, K.P., 1991. User’s Guide for Interactive Program Capture. Abundance Estimation Of Closedpopulations. Colorado StateUniversity, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
- Ridout, M.S., Linkie, M., 2009. Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data. Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, 14: 322–337
- Sarıbaşak, H., Başaran, M.A., Kaçar, S., 2011. Wildgoat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777) Population in Antalya-Düzlerçamı Wildlife Progress Area and Evaluation of its Habitat. Batı Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Bülteni, 57: 1-62.
- Singh, R., Qureshi, Q., Sankar, K., Krausman, P.R., Goyal, S.P., 2014. Population and habitat characteristics of caracal in semi-arid landscape, western India. Journal of arid environments, 103: 92-95.
- Soyumert, A., 2010. Kuzeybatı Anadolu ormanlarında fotokapan yöntemiyle büyük memeli türlerinin tespiti ve ekolojik özelliklerini belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Soyumert, A., Macar, O., Gürkan, B., 2007. The Use of camera trap for determining the presence of medium and large sized mammals in marmaris, Turkey. International Conference on Environment: Survival and Sustainability, 19-24 February, Near East University, Nicosia-Nothern Cyprus, p:353-358
- Stein, A.B., Fuller, T.K., Marker, L.L., 2008. Opportunistic use of camera traps to assess habitat-specific mammal and bird diversity in northcentral Namibia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 17(14): 3579-3587.
- Trolliet, F., Vermeulen, C., Huynen, M.C., Hambuckers, A., 2014. Use of camera traps for wildlife studies: a review. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement, 18(3): 446-454.
- Turan, N., 1984. Türkiye’nin Av ve Yaban Hayvanlari Memeliler. Ongun Kardeşler Matbaacılık Sanayii, Ankara.
- Ünal, Y., Çulhacı, H., 2018. Investigation of fallow deer (Cervus dama L.) population densities by camera trap method in Antalya Düzlerçamı Eşenadası Breeding Station Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19(1): 57-62. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.339042.
- Ünal, Y., Pekin, B.K., Oğurlu, İ., Süel, H., Koca, A. 2019. Human, domestic animal, Caracal (Caracal caracal), and other wildlife species interactions in a Mediterranean forest landscape. Eur J Wildl Res 66, 5 (2020) doi:10.1007/s10344-019-1343-x.
There are 38 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Orijinal Araştırma Makalesi |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 214 O 248 |
| Publication Date | December 27, 2019 |
| Acceptance Date | November 15, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 20 Issue: 4 |
