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Year 2023, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 207 - 218, 30.06.2023

Sunday Akpan Veronica S. Nkanta Edet Udoh

https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1177296

Abstract

References

  • Ababbo, Y. E. (2015). Determinants of Income Diversification among Rural Farm Households: The Case of Leemo District, Hadiya Zone, South Nation Nationalities People Region, Ethiopia. International Journal of Science and Research. Volume 5 Issue 11, Pp. 1162 – 1172.
  • Abdoulaye D. and Bekele S. (2016). Patterns of labour productivity and income diversification in the rural farm and non-farm sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa. Paper Policy Brief, No. 143.
  • Ada, P. O. (2017). Determinants of income diversification among arable crop farmers in Edo State Nigeria. Journal of Crop Production, 5 (11): 115-123.
  • Adeoye, I. D., Seini,W., Sarpong,D. B., and Amegashie, D.(2019). Off‑farm income diversification among rural farm households in Nigeria. AGRICULTURA TROPICA ET SUBTROPICA, 52(3–4), 149–156.
  • Adepoju, A. O., Oyegoke, O., & Amusan, A. (2020). Productivity and market participation of Fluted pumpkin farmers under tropical conditions, International Journal of Vegetable Science, 26:4, 323-332, DOI: 10.1080/19315260.2019.1631238.
  • Agri, E, M., Blessing, B., Eneji, A. G. (2019). The Effects of Insecurity on Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria: The Case Study of Gombe State. Sumerianz Journal of Business Management and Marketing, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 59-69.
  • Agyeman, B. A., Asuming-Brempong, S., and Onumah, E. E. (2014). Determinants of Income Diversification of Farm Households in the Western Region of Ghana. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 53 (2014), No. 1: 55-72.
  • Agyeman, B. A., Asuming-Brempong, S., Edward Ebo Onumah, E. E. (2014). Determinants of Income Diversification of Farm Households in the Western Region of Ghana. Quarterly, Journal of International Agriculture 53(1):55-72.
  • Ahmed, F. F. (2012). Income diversification determinants among farming households in Konduga, Borno State, Nigeria Academic Research International, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 555- 561.
  • Akanni-John, R., Shaib-Rahim, H., Eniola, O., and Elesho, R., 2020. "Economic analysis of fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) production in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria." International Journal of Environmental and Agriculture Research, vol. 6, pp. 9-14.
  • Akpan, S. B., (2010). Encouraging Youth Involvement in Agricultural Production and Processing in Nigeria. Policy Note No. 29: International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
  • Akpan, S. B., Akpan, O. D. and Ernest1, I. J. (2019a). Analysis of Soil Enhancing Technology use intensity in Waterleaf Production in Eket Agricultural Zone of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Wetlands and Waste Management, Vol. 3(1): 41 – 48
  • Akpan, S. B., and Monday I. (2021). Factors Productivity in small scale upland Vegetable Production in the South-South region of Nigeria. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development Vol. 21, Issue 1, PP. 35 – 45.
  • Akpan, S. B., and Okon, U. E. (2019). Vegetable Consumption Paradox: Has Domestic Consumption Match the International Recommended Minimum Standard in Nigeria? International Journal of Advances in Agriculture Sciences; Vol. 4; Issue 3; pp. 1 – 7. Akpan,
  • Akpan, S. B., Ebong, V. O. (2021). Agricultural land use and population growth in Nigeria. Journal Agribusiness and Rural Development, 61(3), 269–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2021.01424.
  • Akpan, S. B., Edet J. U. and Inimfon V. P. (2016). Sustaining Small Scale Farming: Evidence of Poverty and Income Disparity among Rural Farming Households in South-South Region of Nigeria. Path of Science: International Electronic Scientific Journal; Vol. 2, No 9(14): 4.9 – 4.23.
  • Akpan, S. B., Edet J. Udoh and Inimfon V. Patrick (2015a). Assessment of Economic Policy Variables that Modeled Agricultural Intensification in Nigeria. Russian Journal of Agriculture and Socio-Economic Sciences, 5(41), Pp. 9 – 29.
  • Akpan, S. B., Edna A. Akpan and Udoro J. Udo (2017a). Evidence of Agricultural Diversification among small scale farmers in the Rural Area of Akwa Ibom State. Proceedings of 51st Annual Conference of Agricultural Society of Nigeria (ASN), held 23-27 October 2017 at Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria, page 816 – 819.
  • Akpan, S. B., Monday, J., and Okon, U. E. (2018). Factors that influence total factor productivity of Upland vegetable farmers in Oruk Anam local government area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. AKSU Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development; 1 (1): 129 – 137.
  • Akpan, S. B., Samuel J. Udoka and Inimfon V. Patrick (2015b). Roles of Macroeconomic Variables on Agricultural Diversification in Nigeria. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 7 (2): 77-93. DOI: 10.3844/ajebasp.2015.77.93.
  • Akpan, S. B., Umoren, A. A and Okon, U. O. (2017b). Youths and off- Farm Economic Employments: a Case Study of Youths in the Rural Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, Volume 20(1): 2914-2925.
  • Akpan, S. B., Uwemedimo E. O. and Ima-abasi S. A. (2019b). Poverty coping strategies of oil palm farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment; 15(1):20-30.
  • Alobo, L S. H. and Bignebat, C. (2017). Patterns and determinants of household income Diversification in rural Senegal and Kenya. Journal of Poverty Alleviation and International Development 8(1): 93-126.
  • Awoyemi, T.T. (2004). “Rural Households Diversification into Secondary Economic Activities: Options for Poverty Alleviation in Oyo State, Nigeria”. Issues in African Rural Development Monograph Series. Monograph 34, ARPAN, Winrock International.
  • Ayana, G. F., Megento, T. L., and Kussa, F. G. (2022). The extent of livelihood diversification on the determinants of livelihood diversification in Assosa Wereda, Western Ethiopia. GeoJournal, 87:2525–2549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10379-5.
  • Cochran, W. G. (1963). Sampling Techniques, 2nd Ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
  • Dixon, J., Taniguchi, K., Wattenbach, H., TanyeriArbur, A. (2004). Smallholders, globalization and policy analysis (vol. 5). Rome: FAO.
  • Djido A. I. and Shiferaw, B. A. (2018). Patterns of labor productivity and income diversification – Empirical evidence from Uganda and Nigeria. World Development 105: 416–427.
  • Etuk, E. A., Udo, P.O and Okon, I. I. (2018). Determinants of livelihood diversification among farm households in Akamkpa local government area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Agrosearch; 18 (2): 101 – 112.
  • Fadare, O., Akerele, D., Mavrotas, G. & Ogunniyi, A. (2019). Effect of conflict and food price shocks on calorie intake and acute malnutrition in Nigeria: A micro-panel data analysis. Paper presented at the 93rd Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society, University of Warwick, England 15 - 17 April 2019. Retrieved on the 12th of September, 2022 from: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ags:aesc19:289676/
  • Fan, S., Brzeska J., Keyzer, M., and Halsema, A. (2013). From Subsistence to Profit Transforming Smallholder Farms. Food Policy Reports, of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC.
  • Halliru M., and Bara’u S. S. (2018). Determinants of rural households’ income diversification among smallholder maize farmers in dryland areas of northern Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2: Pp. 146- 156.
  • Iraoya, A. O., and Isinika, A. C. (2022). Income Diversification and Agricultural Intensification of Rural Households in Nigeria: Synergies and Tradeoffs. Journal of African Development, 23 (1): 112–131. doi: https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.23.1.0112.
  • Kwizera, E. E. (2021). Drivers of Rural Income Diversification in Developing Countries: Case Study of Burundi. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, Page 32-58. DOI: 10.9734/ajaees/2021/v39i430560.
  • Nagler, P., and Naudé, W. (2017), Non-farm entrepreneurship in rural sub-Saharan Africa: New empirical evidence. Food Policy, 67, (C), 175-191.
  • Nkanta, V. S., Inyang, E. B., and Akpan, S. B. (2022). Rural Farm Households’ Level of Awareness of Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) for Malaria Prevention amidst COVID-19 Pandemic in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Food Environment, Volume 9, Number 1, 38-51.
  • Nkanta, V. S., Uyime R. Etuk, Akpan, S. B., and Archibong, I. V. (2022). Comparative socio-economic characteristics of rural farm households that used insecticide-treated nets and non-users in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development (JASD), Volume 5, Number 1, Pp. 46 – 62.
  • Odoh, N. E., Nwibo, S. U., Eze, A. V., Igberi, C. O. (2019). Farm and Non-Farm Income Diversification Activities among Rural Households in Southeast, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol. 23 (2); 113-121.
  • Ogbanje, E.C., Chidebelu, S.A.N.D. & Nweze, N.J. (2014a). Off-Farm Diversification among Small-Scale Farmers in North- Central Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 5 (13),136 – 144.
  • Olagunju, F. I., Oke, J. T. O. Babatunde, R.O and Ajiboye, A. (2020). “Determinants of Food Insecurity In Ogbomoso Metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria”, PAT (June), 8 (1): 111 -124.
  • Oyewole, S. O., Adepoju, S. O and Akintola, A. L (2015). Analysis of Income Diversification Strategies among Farm Households in Oyo State. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. Vol.6, No.15, 109 – 112.
  • Peter Hazell, P., Poulton, C., Wiggins, S., and Dorward, A. (2007). The Future of Small Farms for Poverty Reduction and Growth. 2020 Discussion Paper No. 42. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
  • Ragasa, C. (2016). Organizational and Institutional Barriers to the Effectiveness of Public Expenditures: The Case of Agricultural Research Investments in Nigeria and Ghana. Eur J. Dev. Res. 28, 660–689. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2015.41.
  • Sallawu, H., Tanko, L., Coker, A. A., and Sadiq, M. S. (2016). Livelihood and Income Diversification Strategies among Rural Farm Households in Niger State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 11(4): 1-11.
  • Teji, M. H. (2020). Determinants of Income Diversification among Rural Farm Household in Soddo District, Gurage Zone of Southern Ethiopia. Developing Country Studies, Vol.10, No.10, 7-18.
  • Tyenjana, A., Taruvinga, A. (2019). Determinants of rural on-farm livelihoods diversification: the case of Intsika Yethu Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. J. Agribus. Rural Dev., 4(54), 373–384.
  • Utobo, O., Ezeano, C., Umebali, E., Okeke, C., Anyikwa, F., Ohaemesi, F., & Nwibo, M. (2022). Economics of fluted pumpkin production among smallholder farmers in neighborhood communities of National horticultural research institute, Mbato outstation, Okigwe, Imo State, Nigeria. International Electronic Scientific and Practical Journal, 5(1), 105–132.
  • Wang, C. (2018). Analysis of Rural Household Livelihood Change and the Regional Effect in a Western Impoverished Mountainous Area of China. Sustainability, 10, 1738. [CrossRef]
  • Williams, E. (2016). Alternatives Approaches to Reducing Poverty and Inequality: Existing Evidence and Evidence Needs. Proceedings of PPIW Evidence Workshop. Retrieved from http://ppiw.org.uk/files/20.
  • Yusuf, A. A., Abdullahi, U., Abdulshakur. M. M, And Nnaji, J.O. (2019). Determinants of income diversification among small scale sorghum farmers in Kano state, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology; Vol. 5 No. 2, Pp 136-142.

The Pull and Push Factors of Farm Income Diversification among Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook) Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Southern Nigeria

Year 2023, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 207 - 218, 30.06.2023

Sunday Akpan Veronica S. Nkanta Edet Udoh

https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1177296

Abstract

The study examines the magnitude and factors influencing agricultural income diversification among small-scale fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) farmers in Akwa Ibom State in the south-south region of Nigeria. The required information was collected from Telfairia farmers using a structured questionnaire. A regression analysis tool was used to analyse the specific objective. The finding revealed an average farm income diversification index of 2.29 suggesting that agricultural income diversification among small-scale Telfairia farmers is high and disturbing. The empirical results revealed that farmers' household size, hired labour, and educational qualification are the major “push factors” of agricultural income diversification. In contrast, “the pull factors” are farmers' age, extension visit, membership in a social group, land size, the quantity of fertilizer and manure, and household labour. To intensify farm income earnings among small-scale vegetable farmers, it is recommended that the government should encourage child spacing and family planning among fluted pumpkin farmers as these would reduce the household size and family burden always carried along with agricultural expenditures. Providing input subsidies to small-scale vegetable farmers is important to cushion the adverse effect of increased production costs. Agricultural extension services should be strengthened to render more effective services to vegetable farmers. The formation of social groups should be encouraged, primarily through cooperative farming. The government of Akwa Ibom State should set up tractor hiring centres in all the local government areas; these would help reduce the hard time vegetable farmers encounter hiring labour.

Keywords

Diversification small-scale farm income Nigeria Telfairia

References

  • Ababbo, Y. E. (2015). Determinants of Income Diversification among Rural Farm Households: The Case of Leemo District, Hadiya Zone, South Nation Nationalities People Region, Ethiopia. International Journal of Science and Research. Volume 5 Issue 11, Pp. 1162 – 1172.
  • Abdoulaye D. and Bekele S. (2016). Patterns of labour productivity and income diversification in the rural farm and non-farm sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa. Paper Policy Brief, No. 143.
  • Ada, P. O. (2017). Determinants of income diversification among arable crop farmers in Edo State Nigeria. Journal of Crop Production, 5 (11): 115-123.
  • Adeoye, I. D., Seini,W., Sarpong,D. B., and Amegashie, D.(2019). Off‑farm income diversification among rural farm households in Nigeria. AGRICULTURA TROPICA ET SUBTROPICA, 52(3–4), 149–156.
  • Adepoju, A. O., Oyegoke, O., & Amusan, A. (2020). Productivity and market participation of Fluted pumpkin farmers under tropical conditions, International Journal of Vegetable Science, 26:4, 323-332, DOI: 10.1080/19315260.2019.1631238.
  • Agri, E, M., Blessing, B., Eneji, A. G. (2019). The Effects of Insecurity on Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria: The Case Study of Gombe State. Sumerianz Journal of Business Management and Marketing, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 59-69.
  • Agyeman, B. A., Asuming-Brempong, S., and Onumah, E. E. (2014). Determinants of Income Diversification of Farm Households in the Western Region of Ghana. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 53 (2014), No. 1: 55-72.
  • Agyeman, B. A., Asuming-Brempong, S., Edward Ebo Onumah, E. E. (2014). Determinants of Income Diversification of Farm Households in the Western Region of Ghana. Quarterly, Journal of International Agriculture 53(1):55-72.
  • Ahmed, F. F. (2012). Income diversification determinants among farming households in Konduga, Borno State, Nigeria Academic Research International, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 555- 561.
  • Akanni-John, R., Shaib-Rahim, H., Eniola, O., and Elesho, R., 2020. "Economic analysis of fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) production in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria." International Journal of Environmental and Agriculture Research, vol. 6, pp. 9-14.
  • Akpan, S. B., (2010). Encouraging Youth Involvement in Agricultural Production and Processing in Nigeria. Policy Note No. 29: International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
  • Akpan, S. B., Akpan, O. D. and Ernest1, I. J. (2019a). Analysis of Soil Enhancing Technology use intensity in Waterleaf Production in Eket Agricultural Zone of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Wetlands and Waste Management, Vol. 3(1): 41 – 48
  • Akpan, S. B., and Monday I. (2021). Factors Productivity in small scale upland Vegetable Production in the South-South region of Nigeria. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development Vol. 21, Issue 1, PP. 35 – 45.
  • Akpan, S. B., and Okon, U. E. (2019). Vegetable Consumption Paradox: Has Domestic Consumption Match the International Recommended Minimum Standard in Nigeria? International Journal of Advances in Agriculture Sciences; Vol. 4; Issue 3; pp. 1 – 7. Akpan,
  • Akpan, S. B., Ebong, V. O. (2021). Agricultural land use and population growth in Nigeria. Journal Agribusiness and Rural Development, 61(3), 269–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2021.01424.
  • Akpan, S. B., Edet J. U. and Inimfon V. P. (2016). Sustaining Small Scale Farming: Evidence of Poverty and Income Disparity among Rural Farming Households in South-South Region of Nigeria. Path of Science: International Electronic Scientific Journal; Vol. 2, No 9(14): 4.9 – 4.23.
  • Akpan, S. B., Edet J. Udoh and Inimfon V. Patrick (2015a). Assessment of Economic Policy Variables that Modeled Agricultural Intensification in Nigeria. Russian Journal of Agriculture and Socio-Economic Sciences, 5(41), Pp. 9 – 29.
  • Akpan, S. B., Edna A. Akpan and Udoro J. Udo (2017a). Evidence of Agricultural Diversification among small scale farmers in the Rural Area of Akwa Ibom State. Proceedings of 51st Annual Conference of Agricultural Society of Nigeria (ASN), held 23-27 October 2017 at Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria, page 816 – 819.
  • Akpan, S. B., Monday, J., and Okon, U. E. (2018). Factors that influence total factor productivity of Upland vegetable farmers in Oruk Anam local government area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. AKSU Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development; 1 (1): 129 – 137.
  • Akpan, S. B., Samuel J. Udoka and Inimfon V. Patrick (2015b). Roles of Macroeconomic Variables on Agricultural Diversification in Nigeria. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 7 (2): 77-93. DOI: 10.3844/ajebasp.2015.77.93.
  • Akpan, S. B., Umoren, A. A and Okon, U. O. (2017b). Youths and off- Farm Economic Employments: a Case Study of Youths in the Rural Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, Volume 20(1): 2914-2925.
  • Akpan, S. B., Uwemedimo E. O. and Ima-abasi S. A. (2019b). Poverty coping strategies of oil palm farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment; 15(1):20-30.
  • Alobo, L S. H. and Bignebat, C. (2017). Patterns and determinants of household income Diversification in rural Senegal and Kenya. Journal of Poverty Alleviation and International Development 8(1): 93-126.
  • Awoyemi, T.T. (2004). “Rural Households Diversification into Secondary Economic Activities: Options for Poverty Alleviation in Oyo State, Nigeria”. Issues in African Rural Development Monograph Series. Monograph 34, ARPAN, Winrock International.
  • Ayana, G. F., Megento, T. L., and Kussa, F. G. (2022). The extent of livelihood diversification on the determinants of livelihood diversification in Assosa Wereda, Western Ethiopia. GeoJournal, 87:2525–2549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10379-5.
  • Cochran, W. G. (1963). Sampling Techniques, 2nd Ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
  • Dixon, J., Taniguchi, K., Wattenbach, H., TanyeriArbur, A. (2004). Smallholders, globalization and policy analysis (vol. 5). Rome: FAO.
  • Djido A. I. and Shiferaw, B. A. (2018). Patterns of labor productivity and income diversification – Empirical evidence from Uganda and Nigeria. World Development 105: 416–427.
  • Etuk, E. A., Udo, P.O and Okon, I. I. (2018). Determinants of livelihood diversification among farm households in Akamkpa local government area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Agrosearch; 18 (2): 101 – 112.
  • Fadare, O., Akerele, D., Mavrotas, G. & Ogunniyi, A. (2019). Effect of conflict and food price shocks on calorie intake and acute malnutrition in Nigeria: A micro-panel data analysis. Paper presented at the 93rd Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society, University of Warwick, England 15 - 17 April 2019. Retrieved on the 12th of September, 2022 from: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ags:aesc19:289676/
  • Fan, S., Brzeska J., Keyzer, M., and Halsema, A. (2013). From Subsistence to Profit Transforming Smallholder Farms. Food Policy Reports, of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC.
  • Halliru M., and Bara’u S. S. (2018). Determinants of rural households’ income diversification among smallholder maize farmers in dryland areas of northern Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2: Pp. 146- 156.
  • Iraoya, A. O., and Isinika, A. C. (2022). Income Diversification and Agricultural Intensification of Rural Households in Nigeria: Synergies and Tradeoffs. Journal of African Development, 23 (1): 112–131. doi: https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.23.1.0112.
  • Kwizera, E. E. (2021). Drivers of Rural Income Diversification in Developing Countries: Case Study of Burundi. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, Page 32-58. DOI: 10.9734/ajaees/2021/v39i430560.
  • Nagler, P., and Naudé, W. (2017), Non-farm entrepreneurship in rural sub-Saharan Africa: New empirical evidence. Food Policy, 67, (C), 175-191.
  • Nkanta, V. S., Inyang, E. B., and Akpan, S. B. (2022). Rural Farm Households’ Level of Awareness of Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) for Malaria Prevention amidst COVID-19 Pandemic in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Food Environment, Volume 9, Number 1, 38-51.
  • Nkanta, V. S., Uyime R. Etuk, Akpan, S. B., and Archibong, I. V. (2022). Comparative socio-economic characteristics of rural farm households that used insecticide-treated nets and non-users in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development (JASD), Volume 5, Number 1, Pp. 46 – 62.
  • Odoh, N. E., Nwibo, S. U., Eze, A. V., Igberi, C. O. (2019). Farm and Non-Farm Income Diversification Activities among Rural Households in Southeast, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, Vol. 23 (2); 113-121.
  • Ogbanje, E.C., Chidebelu, S.A.N.D. & Nweze, N.J. (2014a). Off-Farm Diversification among Small-Scale Farmers in North- Central Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 5 (13),136 – 144.
  • Olagunju, F. I., Oke, J. T. O. Babatunde, R.O and Ajiboye, A. (2020). “Determinants of Food Insecurity In Ogbomoso Metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria”, PAT (June), 8 (1): 111 -124.
  • Oyewole, S. O., Adepoju, S. O and Akintola, A. L (2015). Analysis of Income Diversification Strategies among Farm Households in Oyo State. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. Vol.6, No.15, 109 – 112.
  • Peter Hazell, P., Poulton, C., Wiggins, S., and Dorward, A. (2007). The Future of Small Farms for Poverty Reduction and Growth. 2020 Discussion Paper No. 42. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
  • Ragasa, C. (2016). Organizational and Institutional Barriers to the Effectiveness of Public Expenditures: The Case of Agricultural Research Investments in Nigeria and Ghana. Eur J. Dev. Res. 28, 660–689. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2015.41.
  • Sallawu, H., Tanko, L., Coker, A. A., and Sadiq, M. S. (2016). Livelihood and Income Diversification Strategies among Rural Farm Households in Niger State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 11(4): 1-11.
  • Teji, M. H. (2020). Determinants of Income Diversification among Rural Farm Household in Soddo District, Gurage Zone of Southern Ethiopia. Developing Country Studies, Vol.10, No.10, 7-18.
  • Tyenjana, A., Taruvinga, A. (2019). Determinants of rural on-farm livelihoods diversification: the case of Intsika Yethu Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. J. Agribus. Rural Dev., 4(54), 373–384.
  • Utobo, O., Ezeano, C., Umebali, E., Okeke, C., Anyikwa, F., Ohaemesi, F., & Nwibo, M. (2022). Economics of fluted pumpkin production among smallholder farmers in neighborhood communities of National horticultural research institute, Mbato outstation, Okigwe, Imo State, Nigeria. International Electronic Scientific and Practical Journal, 5(1), 105–132.
  • Wang, C. (2018). Analysis of Rural Household Livelihood Change and the Regional Effect in a Western Impoverished Mountainous Area of China. Sustainability, 10, 1738. [CrossRef]
  • Williams, E. (2016). Alternatives Approaches to Reducing Poverty and Inequality: Existing Evidence and Evidence Needs. Proceedings of PPIW Evidence Workshop. Retrieved from http://ppiw.org.uk/files/20.
  • Yusuf, A. A., Abdullahi, U., Abdulshakur. M. M, And Nnaji, J.O. (2019). Determinants of income diversification among small scale sorghum farmers in Kano state, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology; Vol. 5 No. 2, Pp 136-142.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Policy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sunday Akpan 0000-0002-0458-028X

Veronica S. Nkanta 0000-0001-7035-7978

Edet Udoh 0000-0002-4550-4320

Early Pub Date June 15, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Acceptance Date April 4, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 33 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akpan, S., Nkanta, V. S., & Udoh, E. (2023). The Pull and Push Factors of Farm Income Diversification among Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook) Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Southern Nigeria. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(2), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1177296
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