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The Effects of Chicken Box, Chick Paper Type and Flock Age on Sound Level and Leg Abnormalities in One-Day Old Chicks in the Hatchery

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 41 - 46, 26.12.2014

Öz

Abstract: Chicken box and chick paper are two important factors affecting quality of delivered chicks after hatching and packaging until arrival in rearing farms. In this study, characteristics of 70 samples of chicken boxes collected during two years in four hatcheries in Iran were surveyed. Winter and summer types of chicken boxes each with seven replicates including five chicken boxes were studied. The capacity, length, width, height, weight, area, total ventilation ducts  of  the boxes in  summer and  winter cartons were 80 and 100 birds, 59.50 and 59.27 cm, 43.44 and 43.25 cm, 13.20 and 12.04 cm, 387 and 382.3 g, 0.685 and 0.664 m2, 204.16 171.28 cm2, respectively. Allowance space per chicken in chicken box in winter and summer was 1.71 and 2.43 cm2, respectively. The duration of chickens stay at chicken box in summer and winter was 12 and 7.57 hours, respectively.

Significant difference between the height of box, capacity, duration of stay at chicken box, space per chick (P<0.0001), total ventilation ducts (pores area) for air exchange (P<0.05) and width of chicken box (P<0.014) was observed in winter and summer boxes. Effects of chick paper type (rough and smooth) used in chicken box floor on the sound level was significant (80.50 and 76.55 dB for rough and smooth type, respectively; P<0.009). Effect of flock age on chick weight and sound level was significant (P<0.001). Sound level in chickens with 26 and 86 weeks of age was 76.10 and 80.95 dB, respectively. Effects of chick paper type on leg damages, total defects in motor organs of chickens and chicken leg stuck under the box divider was significant (P<0.001). Effects of chick paper type on spraddled (sprawled) leg and redness of feet skin or toe were not significant.

Keywords: Chicken box, Chick paper, One-day old chicks, Sound level, Leg damage.

Kaynakça

  • Animal Welfare Approved Organization (AWA), 2010. Animal welfare approved standards for laying hens http://www.animalwelfareapproved.org/standards
  • Arthur, J. 2004. Egg handling from production to set. Aviagen, Hatchery specialist. lecture in june.1.
  • Campo, J.L., Gil, M.G. Davila, S.G. 2005. Effects of specific noise and music stimuli on stress and fear levels of laying hens of several breeds. Apply Animal Behavior Science, 91:75-84.
  • Chloupek, P., Voslarova, E., Chloupek, J., Bedanova, I., Pistekova, V., Vecerek, V. 2009. Stress in broiler chickens due to acute noise exposure. Acta Veterinaria Brunesis, 78: 93-98.
  • Department of Primary Industries, 2001. Code of practice for the land transport of poultry. Bureau of Animal Welfare, Attwood. State Government of Victoria. http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/ 2008. AG0888.
  • Estevez, I. 1999. Density: How it can affect the behavior and health of your birds. Maryland Cooperative Extension, University of Maryland, Fact Sheet 758: 1-8.
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2004. The welfare of animals during transport. Scientific Report of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on a request from the Commission related to the welfare of animals during transport, Adopted March 30, 2004, p. 29. Accessed September 29, 2008. www.efsa.eu.int/cs/
  • Garcia, R.G., Mendes, A.A., Garcia, E.A., Naas, I.A., Mureira, J., Almedia, I.C.L., Takita, T.S. 2002. Effect of stocking density and sex on feathering, body injury and breast meat quality of broiler chickens. Revista Brasileria de Ciencia Avicola, 4(1):1-9.
  • Henken, A.M., Van Der Hel, W., Hoogerbrugge, A.C., Scheele, W. 1987. Heat tolerance of one-day old chickens with special reference to conditions during air transport. In: Verstegen MWA and Henken AM (eds), Energy Metabolism in Farm Animals Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. Martinus Nijhoff
  • Environment Agency (EA), 2005. Technical Guidance Note IPPC SRG 6.02 (farming). IPPC Noise Management at Intensive Livestock Installations. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/u ploads/attachment_data/file/297085/pmho1105bkd b-e-e.pdf
  • Java, E. 2010. Stress on the broiler. Campaigning for animal welfare. Indonesia.1-2. www.sac-ina.org.
  • Joseph, N.S., Moran. J.R. 2005. Effect of flock age and post emergent holding in the hatcher on broiler live performance and further-processing yield. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 14: 512–520.
  • Jull-Madsen, H.R, Sorensen, P. 2004. Influence of early or late start of first feeding on growth and immune phenotype of broilers. British Poultry Science, 45(2): 210-222.
  • Kimo Company, 2010. Sound level meter DB 100. KIMO instruments, User Manual, www.kimo.fr.
  • King, A.S., Mclelland, J. 1984. Birds their structure and function. Second edition, Bailliere Tindall, London.
  • Malheiros, R. D., Moraes, V.M.B., Bruno, L.D.G., Malheiros, E.B., Furlan, R.L., Macari, M. 2000. Environmental temperature and cloacal and surface temperatures of broiler chicks in first week post-hatch. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 9: 111-117.
  • Mcfarlane, J.M., Curtis, S.E. 1989. Multiple concurrent stressors in chicks 3. Effects on plasma-corticosterone lymphocyte ratio. Poultry Science, 68: 522-527.
  • MitchellI, M.A., Kettlewell, P.J. 2004. Transport of chicks, pullets and spent hens. In: Perry GC (ed), Pages 361-374. Welfare of the Laying Hen. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA, UK.
  • Muller, W. 1985.Ventilation requirements during air transport of animals. In Proc. of 11th AATA International conference, Tampa, Florida, 29-32.
  • Oviedo-Rondon, E.O., Small, J., Wineland, M.J., Christensen, V.L., Mozdziak, P.S., Koci, M. D. Funderburk, S. V. L. Ort, D. T., Mann, K.M. 2008. Broiler embryo bone development is influenced by incubator temperature, oxygen concentration and eggshell conductance at the plateau stage in oxygen consumption. British Poultry Science, 49: 666–676.
  • Oviedo-Rondon, E.O., Wineland, M.J., Small, J., Cutchin, H., Mcelroy, A., Barri, A., Martin, S. 2009. Effect of incubation temperatures and chick transportation conditions on bone development and leg health. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 18: 671–678.
  • Pasreform, 2008. Red hocks in day-old chicks or poults. http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/1047/red- hocks-in-day-old-chicks-or-poults
  • Paulson, S., Van Dalfsenand, B. 1999. Management of Noise on Poultry Farms. Poultry Factsheet. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. British Columbia.
  • Roberts, D. 1978. Handling baby chick shipments. In: McWilliam AA (ed.), Animal air transportation-A Global Industry, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual International Meeting, Animal Air Transportation Association, November 6-9. Pages 67-76. Animal Air Transportation Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • SAS Institute, 1999. SAS Procedures Guide. Version 8. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
  • Shanawany, M. M. 1988. Broiler performance under high stocking densities. British Poultry Science, 29(1): 43-52.
  • Skrbic, Z., Pavlovski, Z., Lukic, M., Peric, L., Ilosevic, N. 2009. The effect of stocking density on Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 25 (1-2): 11- 21. welfare parameters.
  • Sorensen, P., Su, G., Kestin, S.C. 2000. Effects of age and stocking density on leg weakness in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 79: 864-870.
  • Stadelman, W.J. 1958a. Observations with growing chickens on the effects of sounds of varying intensities. Poultry Science, 37: 776-779.
  • Stadelman, W.J. 1958b. The effect of sounds of varying intensity on hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Science, 37: 166-169.
  • Statistical Center of Iran (SCI), 2009. Selected Census Results http://www.amar.org.ir Chicken Farms.
  • Tanaka, A., Xin, H. 1997. Effects of structural and stacking transporting chicks in their micro environment. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 40(3): 777-782. for
  • Whiteman, C.E, Bickford, A.A. 1988. Avian Disease Manual. Pathologists, 3rd ed. American Association of Avian Pathologist, USA. of avian
  • Xin, H., Rieger, S.R. 1995. Physical conditions and mortalities associated with international air transport of young chicks. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE). 38: 1863–1867.
  • Yalcin, S., Molayoglu, H.B., Banka, M., Genine, O., Pines, M. 2007. Effect of temperature during the incubation chondrocyte differentiation and the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. Poultry Science, 86: 1772–1783. tibial growth plate
  • Yardimci, M, Kenar, B. 2008. Effect of stocking density on litter microbial load in broiler chickens. Archiva Zootechnica, 11(3): 75-81.
Yıl 2014, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 41 - 46, 26.12.2014

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Animal Welfare Approved Organization (AWA), 2010. Animal welfare approved standards for laying hens http://www.animalwelfareapproved.org/standards
  • Arthur, J. 2004. Egg handling from production to set. Aviagen, Hatchery specialist. lecture in june.1.
  • Campo, J.L., Gil, M.G. Davila, S.G. 2005. Effects of specific noise and music stimuli on stress and fear levels of laying hens of several breeds. Apply Animal Behavior Science, 91:75-84.
  • Chloupek, P., Voslarova, E., Chloupek, J., Bedanova, I., Pistekova, V., Vecerek, V. 2009. Stress in broiler chickens due to acute noise exposure. Acta Veterinaria Brunesis, 78: 93-98.
  • Department of Primary Industries, 2001. Code of practice for the land transport of poultry. Bureau of Animal Welfare, Attwood. State Government of Victoria. http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/ 2008. AG0888.
  • Estevez, I. 1999. Density: How it can affect the behavior and health of your birds. Maryland Cooperative Extension, University of Maryland, Fact Sheet 758: 1-8.
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2004. The welfare of animals during transport. Scientific Report of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on a request from the Commission related to the welfare of animals during transport, Adopted March 30, 2004, p. 29. Accessed September 29, 2008. www.efsa.eu.int/cs/
  • Garcia, R.G., Mendes, A.A., Garcia, E.A., Naas, I.A., Mureira, J., Almedia, I.C.L., Takita, T.S. 2002. Effect of stocking density and sex on feathering, body injury and breast meat quality of broiler chickens. Revista Brasileria de Ciencia Avicola, 4(1):1-9.
  • Henken, A.M., Van Der Hel, W., Hoogerbrugge, A.C., Scheele, W. 1987. Heat tolerance of one-day old chickens with special reference to conditions during air transport. In: Verstegen MWA and Henken AM (eds), Energy Metabolism in Farm Animals Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. Martinus Nijhoff
  • Environment Agency (EA), 2005. Technical Guidance Note IPPC SRG 6.02 (farming). IPPC Noise Management at Intensive Livestock Installations. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/u ploads/attachment_data/file/297085/pmho1105bkd b-e-e.pdf
  • Java, E. 2010. Stress on the broiler. Campaigning for animal welfare. Indonesia.1-2. www.sac-ina.org.
  • Joseph, N.S., Moran. J.R. 2005. Effect of flock age and post emergent holding in the hatcher on broiler live performance and further-processing yield. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 14: 512–520.
  • Jull-Madsen, H.R, Sorensen, P. 2004. Influence of early or late start of first feeding on growth and immune phenotype of broilers. British Poultry Science, 45(2): 210-222.
  • Kimo Company, 2010. Sound level meter DB 100. KIMO instruments, User Manual, www.kimo.fr.
  • King, A.S., Mclelland, J. 1984. Birds their structure and function. Second edition, Bailliere Tindall, London.
  • Malheiros, R. D., Moraes, V.M.B., Bruno, L.D.G., Malheiros, E.B., Furlan, R.L., Macari, M. 2000. Environmental temperature and cloacal and surface temperatures of broiler chicks in first week post-hatch. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 9: 111-117.
  • Mcfarlane, J.M., Curtis, S.E. 1989. Multiple concurrent stressors in chicks 3. Effects on plasma-corticosterone lymphocyte ratio. Poultry Science, 68: 522-527.
  • MitchellI, M.A., Kettlewell, P.J. 2004. Transport of chicks, pullets and spent hens. In: Perry GC (ed), Pages 361-374. Welfare of the Laying Hen. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA, UK.
  • Muller, W. 1985.Ventilation requirements during air transport of animals. In Proc. of 11th AATA International conference, Tampa, Florida, 29-32.
  • Oviedo-Rondon, E.O., Small, J., Wineland, M.J., Christensen, V.L., Mozdziak, P.S., Koci, M. D. Funderburk, S. V. L. Ort, D. T., Mann, K.M. 2008. Broiler embryo bone development is influenced by incubator temperature, oxygen concentration and eggshell conductance at the plateau stage in oxygen consumption. British Poultry Science, 49: 666–676.
  • Oviedo-Rondon, E.O., Wineland, M.J., Small, J., Cutchin, H., Mcelroy, A., Barri, A., Martin, S. 2009. Effect of incubation temperatures and chick transportation conditions on bone development and leg health. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 18: 671–678.
  • Pasreform, 2008. Red hocks in day-old chicks or poults. http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/1047/red- hocks-in-day-old-chicks-or-poults
  • Paulson, S., Van Dalfsenand, B. 1999. Management of Noise on Poultry Farms. Poultry Factsheet. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. British Columbia.
  • Roberts, D. 1978. Handling baby chick shipments. In: McWilliam AA (ed.), Animal air transportation-A Global Industry, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual International Meeting, Animal Air Transportation Association, November 6-9. Pages 67-76. Animal Air Transportation Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • SAS Institute, 1999. SAS Procedures Guide. Version 8. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
  • Shanawany, M. M. 1988. Broiler performance under high stocking densities. British Poultry Science, 29(1): 43-52.
  • Skrbic, Z., Pavlovski, Z., Lukic, M., Peric, L., Ilosevic, N. 2009. The effect of stocking density on Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 25 (1-2): 11- 21. welfare parameters.
  • Sorensen, P., Su, G., Kestin, S.C. 2000. Effects of age and stocking density on leg weakness in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 79: 864-870.
  • Stadelman, W.J. 1958a. Observations with growing chickens on the effects of sounds of varying intensities. Poultry Science, 37: 776-779.
  • Stadelman, W.J. 1958b. The effect of sounds of varying intensity on hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Science, 37: 166-169.
  • Statistical Center of Iran (SCI), 2009. Selected Census Results http://www.amar.org.ir Chicken Farms.
  • Tanaka, A., Xin, H. 1997. Effects of structural and stacking transporting chicks in their micro environment. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 40(3): 777-782. for
  • Whiteman, C.E, Bickford, A.A. 1988. Avian Disease Manual. Pathologists, 3rd ed. American Association of Avian Pathologist, USA. of avian
  • Xin, H., Rieger, S.R. 1995. Physical conditions and mortalities associated with international air transport of young chicks. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE). 38: 1863–1867.
  • Yalcin, S., Molayoglu, H.B., Banka, M., Genine, O., Pines, M. 2007. Effect of temperature during the incubation chondrocyte differentiation and the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. Poultry Science, 86: 1772–1783. tibial growth plate
  • Yardimci, M, Kenar, B. 2008. Effect of stocking density on litter microbial load in broiler chickens. Archiva Zootechnica, 11(3): 75-81.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm HAYVAN YETİŞTİRME (Animal Production)
Yazarlar

Ahmad Salahı

ALI Esmaılızadeh Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Salahı, A., & Esmaılızadeh, A. (2014). The Effects of Chicken Box, Chick Paper Type and Flock Age on Sound Level and Leg Abnormalities in One-Day Old Chicks in the Hatchery. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(2), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.16522
AMA Salahı A, Esmaılızadeh A. The Effects of Chicken Box, Chick Paper Type and Flock Age on Sound Level and Leg Abnormalities in One-Day Old Chicks in the Hatchery. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. Aralık 2014;17(2):41-46. doi:10.18016/ksujns.16522
Chicago Salahı, Ahmad, ve ALI Esmaılızadeh. “The Effects of Chicken Box, Chick Paper Type and Flock Age on Sound Level and Leg Abnormalities in One-Day Old Chicks in the Hatchery”. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 17, sy. 2 (Aralık 2014): 41-46. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.16522.
EndNote Salahı A, Esmaılızadeh A (01 Aralık 2014) The Effects of Chicken Box, Chick Paper Type and Flock Age on Sound Level and Leg Abnormalities in One-Day Old Chicks in the Hatchery. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 17 2 41–46.
IEEE A. Salahı ve A. Esmaılızadeh, “The Effects of Chicken Box, Chick Paper Type and Flock Age on Sound Level and Leg Abnormalities in One-Day Old Chicks in the Hatchery”, KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 17, sy. 2, ss. 41–46, 2014, doi: 10.18016/ksujns.16522.
ISNAD Salahı, Ahmad - Esmaılızadeh, ALI. “The Effects of Chicken Box, Chick Paper Type and Flock Age on Sound Level and Leg Abnormalities in One-Day Old Chicks in the Hatchery”. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 17/2 (Aralık 2014), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.16522.
JAMA Salahı A, Esmaılızadeh A. The Effects of Chicken Box, Chick Paper Type and Flock Age on Sound Level and Leg Abnormalities in One-Day Old Chicks in the Hatchery. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. 2014;17:41–46.
MLA Salahı, Ahmad ve ALI Esmaılızadeh. “The Effects of Chicken Box, Chick Paper Type and Flock Age on Sound Level and Leg Abnormalities in One-Day Old Chicks in the Hatchery”. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 17, sy. 2, 2014, ss. 41-46, doi:10.18016/ksujns.16522.
Vancouver Salahı A, Esmaılızadeh A. The Effects of Chicken Box, Chick Paper Type and Flock Age on Sound Level and Leg Abnormalities in One-Day Old Chicks in the Hatchery. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. 2014;17(2):41-6.