Editöre Mektup
Tekne Turları Kapsamında Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Yöntem Yaklaşımı: Beyşehir Gölü Milli Parkı Örneği
Öz
Milli parklar, sahip oldukları doğal ve kültürel öğelerinin bir araya getirdiği özgün karakterleri ile ilişkili olarak sürdürülebilirlik ilkesi çerçevesinde çok çeşitli rekreasyonel imkânlar sunmaktadırlar. Bu imkânlardan biri olan tekne turları ise her geçen gün daha fazla ziyaretçi tarafından talep edilmekte ve yöre halkı için geçim kaynağı oluşturan önemli bir sektör haline dönüşmektedir. Ancak sektördeki plansız büyüme, deniz, göl, kıyı ve kara ekosistemlerinde bozulmalara, rekreasyon kalitesinde düşüşlere ve ayrıca ekonomik yapıda zayıflamaya zemin
hazırlamaktadır. Çalışmada, Beyşehir Gölü Milli Parkı’nda düzenlenen tekne turlarının sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması yönünde kara, kıyı, deniz ve göl alanlarına yönelik metodolojiler bütünleştirilerek, birbirleri ile etkileşim içerisinde olan göl ve adalardaki rekreasyonel kullanım alanlarının taşıma kapasitelerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada göl, kıyı ve kara rekreasyon alanlarının Fiziksel Taşıma Kapasitesi (FTK), Gerçek Taşıma Kapasitesi (GTK) ve Etkin Taşıma Kapasitesi (ETK) bütünleştirilerek hesaplanmış, elde edilen değerler planlama ve yönetim kapsamında yorumlanarak ekolojik ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması yönünde öneriler sunulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesi Korunan Alanlar Sürdürülebilir Turizm Beyşehir Gölü Milli Parkı
Kaynakça
- Abu-Hilal, A. H., Al-Najjar, T. 2004. Litter pollution on the Jordanian shores of the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Marine Environmental Research, 58(1): 39-63.
- Adkison, G. P., Jackson, M. T. 1996. Changes in ground-layer vegetation near trails in midwestern US forests. Natural Areas Journal, 16(1):14-23.
- Anonim, 2013. Beyşehir Gölü Milli Parkı Sürdürülebilir Turizm/Ekoturizm Planlaması Değerlendirme Raporu. Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar 8. Bölge Müdürlüğü, Konya.
- Anonim, 2001. Beyşehir Gölü Milli Parkı Uzun Devreli Gelişme Planı Analitik-Etüt Projesi Sonuç Raporu. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Anonim, 1983. Milli Parklar Kanunu, No:2873. Resmi Gazete Sayı: 18132.
- Arnberger, A., Brandenburg, C. 2007. Past on-site experience, crowding perceptions and use displacement of visitor groups to a peri-urban national park. Environ. Manage.;40:34-45.
- Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H., Gales, N. 2006. Interpreting short-term behavioural responses to disturbance within a longitudinal perspective.Animal Behaviour, 72(5):1149-1158.
- Bosley, H. E. 2005. Techniques for Estimating Boating Carrying Capacity: A Literature Review. Prepared for Catawba-Wateree Relicensing Coalition.
- Brouwer, R., Turner, R. K., Voisey, H. 2001. Public perception of overcrowding and management alternatives in a multi-purpose open access resource. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(6):471-490.
- Ceballos-Lascuráin H. 1996. Tourism, Ecotourism and Protected Areas: The State of Nature-based Tourism Around the World and Guidelines For Its Development. IUCN Publications, Cambridge.
- Cole, D. N. 1987. Effects of three seasons of experimental trampling on five montane forest communities and a grassland in western Montana, USA. Biological Conservation, 40(3):219-244.
- Cole, D. N., Bayfield, N. G. 1993. Recreational trampling of vegetation: standard experimental procedures. Biological Conservation, 63(3):209-215.
- Crawford, R. E., Stolpe, N. E., Moore, M. J. 1998. The Environmental Impacts of Boating; Proceedings of a Workshop held at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA USA, December 7 to 9, 1994 (No. WHOI-98-03). Woods hole oceanographic institution.
- Cummins, V., Gault, J., O’mahony, C., Köpke, K., Griffin, P., Walsh, E., O’suilleabhain, D. 2008. Establishing information needs for planning and assessment of recreation activity in the coastal environment: a case study from Cork Harbour, Ireland. In Ireland', Proceedings of the International Pluridisciplinary Conference.
- Davenport, J., Davenport, J.L. 2006. The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: a review. Estuarine and Shelf Science 67:280-292.
- Dinsdale, E., Harriott, V. 2004. Assessing anchor damage on coral reefs: a case study in selection of environmental indicators. Environmental Management 33:126-139.
- Doshi, S. 2006. Recreational Carrying Capacity in Lakes: How much is too much. Clean Lakes Program, Office of Water Quality, Indiana Department of Environmental Management, Water Column Summer, CP, 18(2).
- Manning, R., Valliere, W., Wang, B., Lawson, S., Newman, P. 2002. Estimating day use social carrying capacity in Yosemite National Park. Leisure/Loisir, 27(1-2):77-102.
- Falk, J. M., Gerner, P. C. 2002. Maryland coastal bays water-use assessment: understanding users’behaviors, attitudes and perceptions summary of findings. Maryland: Department of Natural Resources.
- Farrell, T. A., Marion, J. L. 2001. Trail impacts and trail impact management related to visitation at Torres del Paine National Park, Chile. Leisure/Loisir, 26(1-2):31-59.
- Friedlander, A., Aeby, G., Brainard, R., Brown, E., Chaston, K., Clark, A., Wiltse, W. 2008. The state of coral reef ecosystems of the main Hawaiian Islands. The state of coral reef ecosystems of the United States and Pacific freely associated states, 222-269.
- Göktuğ, T.H. 2011. Dilek Yarımadası Büyük Menderes Deltası Milli Parkı’nın Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü, Erzurum.
- Göktuğ, T. H., Yıldız, N. D., Demir, M., Bulut, Y. 2013. Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum-Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 44(2):195-206.
- Hall, C. M. 2001. Trends in ocean and coastal tourism: the end of the last frontier? Ocean and Coastal Management, 44(9):601-618.
- Hall, C. N., Kuss, F. R. 1989. Vegetation alteration along trails in Shenandoah National park, Virginia. Biological Conservation, 48(3):211-227.
- Kissling, M., Hegetschweiler, K. T., Rusterholz, H. P., Baur, B. 2009. Short-term and long-term effects of human trampling on above-ground vegetation, soil density, soil organic matter and soil microbial processes in suburban beech forests. Applied Soil Ecology, 42(3):303-314.
- Kopke, K., O’Mahony, C., Cummins, V., Gault, J. 2008. Assessment of Coastal Recreational Activity and Capacity for Increased Boating in Cork Harbour. Coastal and Marine Resources Centre Report, University College Cork.
- Kuentzel, W. F., Heberlein, T. A. 2003. More visitors, less crowding: Change and stability of norms over time at the Apostle Islands. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(4):349.
- Kuss, R.F., Grafe, A.R. 1985. Effects of Recreation Trampling on Natural Areas Vegetation. Journal of Leisure Research 17: 5-19.
- Lawson, S. R., Manning, R. E., Valliere, W. A., Wang, B. 2003. Proactive monitoring and adaptive management of social carrying capacity in Arches National Park: an application of computer simulation modeling. Journal of Environmental Management, 68(3):305-313.
- Lawson, S. R., Itami, R. M., Gimblett, H. R., & Manning, R. E. 2006. Benefits and challenges of computer simulation modeling of backcountry recreation use in the Desolation Lake Area of the John Muir Wilderness. Journal of leisure Research, 38(2):187.
- Leon, L. M., Warnken, J. 2008. Copper and sewage inputs from recreational vessels at popular anchor sites in a semi-enclosed Bay (Qld, Australia): estimates of potential annual loads. Marine pollution bulletin, 57(6):838-845.
- Lloret, J., Zaragoza, N., Caballero, D., Riera, V. 2008. Impacts of recreational boating on the marine environment of Cap de Creus (Mediterranean Sea). Ocean and Coastal Management, 51(11), 749-754.
- Mahoney, E. M., Stynes, D. J. 1995. Recreational boating carrying capacity: A framework for managing inland lakes. East Lansing, MI: Department of Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources, Michigan State University.
- Manning, R., Johnson, D., Vande Kamp, M. 1996. Norm congruence among tour boat passengers to Glacier Bay National Park. Leisure Sciences 18, 125-141.
- Manning, R., Jacobi, C., Marion, J. L. 2006. Recreation monitoring at Acadia national park. In The George Wright Forum. 23 (2):59-72.
- Manning, R., Leung, Y. F., Budruk, M. 2005. Research to support management of visitor carrying capacity of Boston Harbor Islands. Northeastern Naturalist, 12(3):201-220.
- Marion, J. L., Leung, Y. F. 2001. Trail resource impacts and an examination of alternative assessment techniques. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 19(3):17-37.
- Needham, M. D., Szuster, B. W., Bell, C. M. 2011. Encounter norms, social carrying capacity indicators, and standards of quality at a marine protected area. Ocean and Coastal Management, 54(8):633-641.
- Nowacek, S. M., Wells, R. S., Solow, A. R. 2001. Short-term effects of boat traffic on bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Marine Mammal Science, 17(4):673-688.
- Preen, A. 2000. Dugongs, boats, dolphins and turtles in the Townsville-Cardwell region and recommendations for a boat traffic management plan for the Hinchinbrook Dugong Protection Area. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
- Progressive, A. E. 2005. Little Long Lake-Recreational and Environmental Carrying Capacity Study. Prepared for: Four Township Water Resources Council. Project, (Project No:51830108).
- Progressive, A. E. 2001. Four Township Recreational Carrying Capacity Study Pine Lake Upper Crooked Lake Gull Lake Sherman Lake. Prepared for Four Township Water Resources Council, Inc. The Townships of Prairieville, Barry, Richland, and Ross. (Project No: 51830106).
- Rajan, B., Varghese, V. M. 2011. Recreational Boat Carrying Capacity of Vembanad Lake Ecosystem, Kerala, South India. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 56(2):11-19.
- Sayan, M.S., Ortaçeşme, V., Karagüzel, O., Atik, M., Şahin, T., Yıldırım, E., Avcı, Ü. 2005. Termessos (Güllükdağ) Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. TÜBİTAK Proje No: TOGTAG- 3197, 63s, Antalya.
- Shelby, B., Heberlein, T. 1984. A Conceptual Framework for Carrying Capacity Determination. Leisure Sciences. 6: 433-451.
- Smallwood, C. B., Beckley, L. E. 2008. Benchmarking recreational boating pressure in the Rottnest Island reserve, Western Australia. Tourism in Marine Environments, 5(4):301-317.
- Stankey, G.H. McCool, S.F. 1984. Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, Appraisal, and Application. Leisure Sciences, 6(4):453-473.
- Stewart, W. P., Cole, D. N. 2001. Number of encounters and experience quality in Grand Canyon backcountry: Consistently negative and weak relationships. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(1), 106-120.
- Tarrant, M. A., English, D. B. 1996. A Crowding-Based Model of Social Carrying Capacity: Application for Whitewater Boating Use. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3):155.
- Tseng, Y.P., Kyle, G.T., Shafer, C.S., Greafe, A.R., Bradle, T.A., Schuett, M.A., 2009. Exploring the crowding-satisfaction relationship in recreational boating. Environmental Management 43:496-507.
- Turner, S. J., Thrush, S. F., Cummings, V. J., Hewitt, J. E., Wilkinson, M. R., Williamson, R. B., Lee, D. J. 1997. Changes in epifaunal assemblages in response to marina operations and boating activities.Marine Environmental Research,43(3): 181-199.
- Turner, K., Nielsen, W. (1998). Carrying Capacity of North Lake Leelanau. https://dspace.nmc.edu/handle/11045/24220.
- Valliere, W., Manning R. 2008. Research to support analysis and management of carrying capacity at Lake Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge, Proceedings of the Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium; 2008 March 30-April 1; Bolton Landing, NY. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS. 2009.
- Warnken, J., Dunn, R.J.K., Teasdale, P.R. 2004. Investigation of recreational boats as a source of copper at anchorage sites using time-integrated diffusive gradients in thin film and sediment measurements. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49:833-843.
- West, E.J., Barnes, P.B., Wright, J.T., Davis, A.R. 2002. Anchors aweigh: fragment generation of invasive Caulerpa taxifolia by boat anchors and its resistance to desiccation. Aquatic Botany, 87:196-202.
- Whinam, J., Chilcott, N.M. 1999. Impacts of Trampling on Alpine Environments in Central Tasmania. Journal of Environmental Management 57 (3): 205-220.
- Widmer, W.M., Underwood, A.J. 2004. Factors affecting traffic and acnchoring patterns of recreational boats in Sydney Harbour, Australia. Landscape and Urban Planning 66:173-183.
- Yıldırım U.B., Tuğrul-İçemer, G. 2010. Kabul edilebilir Değişiklik Sınırları (LAC) Modeli ile Phaselis Koyu Fiziksel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. VIII. Türkiye’nin Kıyı ve Deniz Alanları Ulusal Kongresi, 27 Nisan -01 Mayıs 2010, 77-88.
A Method Approach for Determining Recreational Carrying Capacity in the Scope of Boat Tours: Sample of Beyşehir Lake National Park
Öz
National parks, which have the natural and cultural elements that brought together as the original characters, offer a wide variety of recreational opportunities within the framework of the sustainability policy. The boat tours which one of these opportunities, demanded by more visitors each passing day and becoming an important sector, which is a source of livelihood for the local people. However, unplanned growth in the sector trigger the sea, lake and land degradation in coastal ecosystems, decline in quality recreation and also triggered a weakening of the economic structure. In this study, assessing the carrying capacity of recreation and boat using areas which interact with each other is aimed. In this context, the methodology approaches about carrying capacity of terrestrial, coastal, marine and lacustrine area are integrated. In the study, Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Reel Carrying Capacity (RCC), Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) was calculated with integrating the coastal and rural recreation areas. The results obtained from calculation interpreted within the scope of planning and management and offer suggestions in terms of ensuring ecological and economic sustainability.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Recreational Carrying Capacity Protected Areas Sustainable Tourism Beyşehir Lake National Park
Kaynakça
- Abu-Hilal, A. H., Al-Najjar, T. 2004. Litter pollution on the Jordanian shores of the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Marine Environmental Research, 58(1): 39-63.
- Adkison, G. P., Jackson, M. T. 1996. Changes in ground-layer vegetation near trails in midwestern US forests. Natural Areas Journal, 16(1):14-23.
- Anonim, 2013. Beyşehir Gölü Milli Parkı Sürdürülebilir Turizm/Ekoturizm Planlaması Değerlendirme Raporu. Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar 8. Bölge Müdürlüğü, Konya.
- Anonim, 2001. Beyşehir Gölü Milli Parkı Uzun Devreli Gelişme Planı Analitik-Etüt Projesi Sonuç Raporu. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Anonim, 1983. Milli Parklar Kanunu, No:2873. Resmi Gazete Sayı: 18132.
- Arnberger, A., Brandenburg, C. 2007. Past on-site experience, crowding perceptions and use displacement of visitor groups to a peri-urban national park. Environ. Manage.;40:34-45.
- Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H., Gales, N. 2006. Interpreting short-term behavioural responses to disturbance within a longitudinal perspective.Animal Behaviour, 72(5):1149-1158.
- Bosley, H. E. 2005. Techniques for Estimating Boating Carrying Capacity: A Literature Review. Prepared for Catawba-Wateree Relicensing Coalition.
- Brouwer, R., Turner, R. K., Voisey, H. 2001. Public perception of overcrowding and management alternatives in a multi-purpose open access resource. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(6):471-490.
- Ceballos-Lascuráin H. 1996. Tourism, Ecotourism and Protected Areas: The State of Nature-based Tourism Around the World and Guidelines For Its Development. IUCN Publications, Cambridge.
- Cole, D. N. 1987. Effects of three seasons of experimental trampling on five montane forest communities and a grassland in western Montana, USA. Biological Conservation, 40(3):219-244.
- Cole, D. N., Bayfield, N. G. 1993. Recreational trampling of vegetation: standard experimental procedures. Biological Conservation, 63(3):209-215.
- Crawford, R. E., Stolpe, N. E., Moore, M. J. 1998. The Environmental Impacts of Boating; Proceedings of a Workshop held at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA USA, December 7 to 9, 1994 (No. WHOI-98-03). Woods hole oceanographic institution.
- Cummins, V., Gault, J., O’mahony, C., Köpke, K., Griffin, P., Walsh, E., O’suilleabhain, D. 2008. Establishing information needs for planning and assessment of recreation activity in the coastal environment: a case study from Cork Harbour, Ireland. In Ireland', Proceedings of the International Pluridisciplinary Conference.
- Davenport, J., Davenport, J.L. 2006. The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: a review. Estuarine and Shelf Science 67:280-292.
- Dinsdale, E., Harriott, V. 2004. Assessing anchor damage on coral reefs: a case study in selection of environmental indicators. Environmental Management 33:126-139.
- Doshi, S. 2006. Recreational Carrying Capacity in Lakes: How much is too much. Clean Lakes Program, Office of Water Quality, Indiana Department of Environmental Management, Water Column Summer, CP, 18(2).
- Manning, R., Valliere, W., Wang, B., Lawson, S., Newman, P. 2002. Estimating day use social carrying capacity in Yosemite National Park. Leisure/Loisir, 27(1-2):77-102.
- Falk, J. M., Gerner, P. C. 2002. Maryland coastal bays water-use assessment: understanding users’behaviors, attitudes and perceptions summary of findings. Maryland: Department of Natural Resources.
- Farrell, T. A., Marion, J. L. 2001. Trail impacts and trail impact management related to visitation at Torres del Paine National Park, Chile. Leisure/Loisir, 26(1-2):31-59.
- Friedlander, A., Aeby, G., Brainard, R., Brown, E., Chaston, K., Clark, A., Wiltse, W. 2008. The state of coral reef ecosystems of the main Hawaiian Islands. The state of coral reef ecosystems of the United States and Pacific freely associated states, 222-269.
- Göktuğ, T.H. 2011. Dilek Yarımadası Büyük Menderes Deltası Milli Parkı’nın Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü, Erzurum.
- Göktuğ, T. H., Yıldız, N. D., Demir, M., Bulut, Y. 2013. Taşıma Kapasitesi Kuramının Milli Parklarda Oluşum-Gelişim ve Modellenme Süreci. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 44(2):195-206.
- Hall, C. M. 2001. Trends in ocean and coastal tourism: the end of the last frontier? Ocean and Coastal Management, 44(9):601-618.
- Hall, C. N., Kuss, F. R. 1989. Vegetation alteration along trails in Shenandoah National park, Virginia. Biological Conservation, 48(3):211-227.
- Kissling, M., Hegetschweiler, K. T., Rusterholz, H. P., Baur, B. 2009. Short-term and long-term effects of human trampling on above-ground vegetation, soil density, soil organic matter and soil microbial processes in suburban beech forests. Applied Soil Ecology, 42(3):303-314.
- Kopke, K., O’Mahony, C., Cummins, V., Gault, J. 2008. Assessment of Coastal Recreational Activity and Capacity for Increased Boating in Cork Harbour. Coastal and Marine Resources Centre Report, University College Cork.
- Kuentzel, W. F., Heberlein, T. A. 2003. More visitors, less crowding: Change and stability of norms over time at the Apostle Islands. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(4):349.
- Kuss, R.F., Grafe, A.R. 1985. Effects of Recreation Trampling on Natural Areas Vegetation. Journal of Leisure Research 17: 5-19.
- Lawson, S. R., Manning, R. E., Valliere, W. A., Wang, B. 2003. Proactive monitoring and adaptive management of social carrying capacity in Arches National Park: an application of computer simulation modeling. Journal of Environmental Management, 68(3):305-313.
- Lawson, S. R., Itami, R. M., Gimblett, H. R., & Manning, R. E. 2006. Benefits and challenges of computer simulation modeling of backcountry recreation use in the Desolation Lake Area of the John Muir Wilderness. Journal of leisure Research, 38(2):187.
- Leon, L. M., Warnken, J. 2008. Copper and sewage inputs from recreational vessels at popular anchor sites in a semi-enclosed Bay (Qld, Australia): estimates of potential annual loads. Marine pollution bulletin, 57(6):838-845.
- Lloret, J., Zaragoza, N., Caballero, D., Riera, V. 2008. Impacts of recreational boating on the marine environment of Cap de Creus (Mediterranean Sea). Ocean and Coastal Management, 51(11), 749-754.
- Mahoney, E. M., Stynes, D. J. 1995. Recreational boating carrying capacity: A framework for managing inland lakes. East Lansing, MI: Department of Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources, Michigan State University.
- Manning, R., Johnson, D., Vande Kamp, M. 1996. Norm congruence among tour boat passengers to Glacier Bay National Park. Leisure Sciences 18, 125-141.
- Manning, R., Jacobi, C., Marion, J. L. 2006. Recreation monitoring at Acadia national park. In The George Wright Forum. 23 (2):59-72.
- Manning, R., Leung, Y. F., Budruk, M. 2005. Research to support management of visitor carrying capacity of Boston Harbor Islands. Northeastern Naturalist, 12(3):201-220.
- Marion, J. L., Leung, Y. F. 2001. Trail resource impacts and an examination of alternative assessment techniques. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 19(3):17-37.
- Needham, M. D., Szuster, B. W., Bell, C. M. 2011. Encounter norms, social carrying capacity indicators, and standards of quality at a marine protected area. Ocean and Coastal Management, 54(8):633-641.
- Nowacek, S. M., Wells, R. S., Solow, A. R. 2001. Short-term effects of boat traffic on bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Marine Mammal Science, 17(4):673-688.
- Preen, A. 2000. Dugongs, boats, dolphins and turtles in the Townsville-Cardwell region and recommendations for a boat traffic management plan for the Hinchinbrook Dugong Protection Area. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
- Progressive, A. E. 2005. Little Long Lake-Recreational and Environmental Carrying Capacity Study. Prepared for: Four Township Water Resources Council. Project, (Project No:51830108).
- Progressive, A. E. 2001. Four Township Recreational Carrying Capacity Study Pine Lake Upper Crooked Lake Gull Lake Sherman Lake. Prepared for Four Township Water Resources Council, Inc. The Townships of Prairieville, Barry, Richland, and Ross. (Project No: 51830106).
- Rajan, B., Varghese, V. M. 2011. Recreational Boat Carrying Capacity of Vembanad Lake Ecosystem, Kerala, South India. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 56(2):11-19.
- Sayan, M.S., Ortaçeşme, V., Karagüzel, O., Atik, M., Şahin, T., Yıldırım, E., Avcı, Ü. 2005. Termessos (Güllükdağ) Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. TÜBİTAK Proje No: TOGTAG- 3197, 63s, Antalya.
- Shelby, B., Heberlein, T. 1984. A Conceptual Framework for Carrying Capacity Determination. Leisure Sciences. 6: 433-451.
- Smallwood, C. B., Beckley, L. E. 2008. Benchmarking recreational boating pressure in the Rottnest Island reserve, Western Australia. Tourism in Marine Environments, 5(4):301-317.
- Stankey, G.H. McCool, S.F. 1984. Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, Appraisal, and Application. Leisure Sciences, 6(4):453-473.
- Stewart, W. P., Cole, D. N. 2001. Number of encounters and experience quality in Grand Canyon backcountry: Consistently negative and weak relationships. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(1), 106-120.
- Tarrant, M. A., English, D. B. 1996. A Crowding-Based Model of Social Carrying Capacity: Application for Whitewater Boating Use. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3):155.
- Tseng, Y.P., Kyle, G.T., Shafer, C.S., Greafe, A.R., Bradle, T.A., Schuett, M.A., 2009. Exploring the crowding-satisfaction relationship in recreational boating. Environmental Management 43:496-507.
- Turner, S. J., Thrush, S. F., Cummings, V. J., Hewitt, J. E., Wilkinson, M. R., Williamson, R. B., Lee, D. J. 1997. Changes in epifaunal assemblages in response to marina operations and boating activities.Marine Environmental Research,43(3): 181-199.
- Turner, K., Nielsen, W. (1998). Carrying Capacity of North Lake Leelanau. https://dspace.nmc.edu/handle/11045/24220.
- Valliere, W., Manning R. 2008. Research to support analysis and management of carrying capacity at Lake Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge, Proceedings of the Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium; 2008 March 30-April 1; Bolton Landing, NY. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS. 2009.
- Warnken, J., Dunn, R.J.K., Teasdale, P.R. 2004. Investigation of recreational boats as a source of copper at anchorage sites using time-integrated diffusive gradients in thin film and sediment measurements. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49:833-843.
- West, E.J., Barnes, P.B., Wright, J.T., Davis, A.R. 2002. Anchors aweigh: fragment generation of invasive Caulerpa taxifolia by boat anchors and its resistance to desiccation. Aquatic Botany, 87:196-202.
- Whinam, J., Chilcott, N.M. 1999. Impacts of Trampling on Alpine Environments in Central Tasmania. Journal of Environmental Management 57 (3): 205-220.
- Widmer, W.M., Underwood, A.J. 2004. Factors affecting traffic and acnchoring patterns of recreational boats in Sydney Harbour, Australia. Landscape and Urban Planning 66:173-183.
- Yıldırım U.B., Tuğrul-İçemer, G. 2010. Kabul edilebilir Değişiklik Sınırları (LAC) Modeli ile Phaselis Koyu Fiziksel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. VIII. Türkiye’nin Kıyı ve Deniz Alanları Ulusal Kongresi, 27 Nisan -01 Mayıs 2010, 77-88.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | PEYZAJ MİMARLIĞI (Landscape Architecture) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 24 Mayıs 2016 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2016 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1 |