Effect of Farmyard Manure on Mineral Nutrition of Rye (Secale cerale L.) Plant

This research was conducted to determine the effect of increasing pellet farmyard manure on mineral nutrition of rye (Secale cerale L.) plant. For this purpose, a pot experiment was established in greenhouse conditions with three replications. Five farmyard manure doses (FM0: 0 %, FM1: 4 %, FM2, 8 %, FM3: 12 % and FM4: 16 %) were applied to pots a month prior to sowing. Nitrogen (14 kg N da-1), phosphorus (8 kg P2O5 da-1 and potassium (5 kg K2O da-1) were applied to each pot from NH4NO3 and KH2PO4 fertilizers. Rye (Secale cerale L.) was harvested 60 day after planting and dry matter yield and some macro and micro element (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) contents of plants were determined. According to the results, significant increases of dry matter yield of plants were determined with increasing farmyard manure applications. Also, increasing farmyard manure application on N, P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn contents of rye (Secale cerale L.) were found statistically significant at the level of 5 %. Research Article Article History Received : 19.08.2019 Accepted : 08.11.2019


INTRODUCTION
In the last century, the developed countries, that were trying to solve the nutrition problem of humanity, have proposed to use fertilizers that are more chemical on unit area in order to increase productivity in agriculture. However, even the yields may have increased by the application of more chemical fertilizers on the unit area; this caused serious impairment of product quality, environmental pollution, especially the pollution of natural sources, notably soil and water resources, and important health problems on the living beings.
In recent years, scientists tried to solve the problem caused by chemical fertilizers and revealed the need for the use of organic fertilizers. One advantage of organic fertilizers is that they have a capacity to eliminate the pollution of soil and water resources caused by chemical fertilizers. Several kinds of organic fertilizers have been intensely used in agriculture lately.
In a study carried out in Chile, some plant nutrient contents of aquaculture wastes were analyzed for agricultural use. Some plant nutrient macro elements of the aquaculture wastes were found to be 1.56 % phosphorus, 3.89 % calcium, and 0.63 % potassium. Micro nutrient elements were found to be 27.948 mg/kg iron, 446 mg/kg manganese, and 393 mg/kg zinc. The researchers suggested the use of the mentioned aquaculture wastes with high element contents in organic agriculture as the plant nutrient (Salazar and Saldana, 2007).
The effects of the apple pulp used as the organic material was determined on some fertility characteristics of the soil (Yılmaz and Alagöz, 2009). Increasing amounts of apple pulp (1, 2 and 4 tone/da) showed significant increase in the organic material, N, P, Fe, Mn, and Cu contents of soil in the experiment area.
A study was conducted in France to determine the necessity of absolute use of farmyard manure in order to increase the organic material of the agricultural soils (Le villo et al., 2004).
The effects of vermicompost as organic material on the yield of red onion (Allium cepa L.) were analyzed in a research, in Azerbaijan. For this purpose, increasing amounts of vermicompost (2, 4, 6 tones/ha) were tested. The highest yield, protein and ascorbic acid values were obtained from the parcel where the highest dose (6 tone/ha) of vermicompost was applied (Bai and Malakouti, 2007). The need for the dissemination of the organic fertilizers in agriculture was obtained at the end of the research.
The effects of different organic materials on some nutrient elements, quality parameters and yield characteristic of the spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) were determined in study where farmyard manure and organic materials commercially named bioform and perlhumus were applied together. The results showed that fertilizer applications significantly increased the yield, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn contents of the plants compared to controls (Tepecik et al., 2012).
Increasing amounts of aquaculture waste and vermicompost were applied to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa) in order to determine the effects of them on plant yield in greenhouse experiment. Increasing amounts of aquaculture and vermicompost significantly enhanced the plant yield, fresh weight, plant diameter, leaf number, leaf length and width. While the aquaculture application did not change Fe and Mn content of the plant, they were increased by the application of vermicompost together with aquaculture (Adiloğlu et al., 2016).
The effects of increasing amounts of pellet farmyard manure application on the mineral nutrition of the rye plant (Secale cerale L.) were determined in this study.

MATERIALS and METHODS
In this study, a greenhouse pot experiment were established using rye (Secale cerale L.) as plant material. Overall, 300 cc in volume plastic pots were filled with soil samples taken from Application and Research area of Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Faculty of Agriculture. Three replicates of 5 different farmyard manure doses (FM0: 0 %, FM1: 4 %, FM2, 8 %, FM3: 12 % and FM4: 16 %) were applied to pots. The aforementioned organic fertilizer was mixed well with soil one month before sowing. After thirty days rye seeds (Secale cereale L.) were sown into the pots and nitrogen (14 kg N da -1 ), phosphorus (8 kg P2O5 da -1 and potassium (5 kg K2O da -1 ) applied to each pot from NH4NO3 and KH2PO4 fertilizers. Into each pot, 20 seeds were sown and dilution was applied to have homogeneous 15 plants growth. After two months of growing, plants were harvested, dry matter yield were determined (Kacar and İnal, 2010). The results were evaluated and the effects of increased amounts of farmyard manure doses on some macro and micro nutrient elements of plant growth were investigated. determined Some physical and chemical characteristics of the farmyard manure used in this study were as follows: pH: 7.50-9.50, EC: 7.40 dS/m, organic matter: 40 %, total (humic + fulvic) acid: 5 %, total phosphorus (P2O5): 1.50 %, soluble potassium (K2O): 1.50 %, carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N): 8.90, humidity: 20 %. These results were given in some information on farmyard manure bag.
The pH, salt, lime, organic matter, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium contents (Sağlam, 2012), some available trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) contents (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978), and texture (Tuncay, 1994) of the soil analyses were conducted. Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn contents of the plants were determined according to Kacar and İnal (2010). Variance analyses of results were performed in MSTAT 3.00/EM software, and the means were compared with LSD test at 5% significance level (Düzgüneş et al., 1987).

RESULTS and DISCUSSION
Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Experiment Soil Some physical and chemical properties of the soil sample are given in Table 1 The Table 1 shows that the soil is in neutral reaction, salt-free, has low lime, insufficient organic matter, medium level of available phosphorus, changeable K, Ca, Mg, and sufficient available Fe, Cu and Mn, but insufficient Zn (Karaman et al., 2012a). Moreover, the texture of the soil is clay.
The effects of farmyard manure application on dry matter amount of the rye plant The effects of the increasing doses of farmyard manure application on rye (Secale cerale L.) plant dry matter yield are presented in the Table 2. Results revealed that application of increasing amounts of farmyard manure to rye, dry matter yield of the plant increased (p< 0.05) ( Table 2). The increase in the dry plant weight with addition of increasing amounts of organic material to the soil is an expected situation when the insufficient amount of organic matter in the experimental soil is taken into account.
Many previous researches indicated the increase of plant dry weight because of addition of increasing amounts of organic matter to soils, which were insufficient in organic matter (Stumpe et al., 2000, Adiloğlu et al., 2016.

Effects of Farmyard Manure Application on Some Macro Nutrient Element Contents of Rye Plant
The effects of increasing amounts of farmyard manure on some macro nutrient elements of the rye (Secale cerale L.) are given in Table 3.
There was no significant change among the doses of the applied of increasing amounts of manure in terms of the Ca and Mg contents of the rye plant (Secale cerale L.) compared to control. However, the N, P, K contents of the plant increased significantly with increasing amounts of farmyard manure compared to the control.
The reason of this situation might be because of the insufficient organic matter, sufficient P and changeable K, Ca and Mg were available. Moreover, the duration of the experiment could have been short resulting a plant harvest before reaching to full harvest level.
The results of a research conducted on rye (Secale cerale L.) with increasing amounts of leonardite as the organic material showed that the effects of this organic material on N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents of the plant varied while plant nutrient element contents usually increased (Adiloğlu et al., 2018).
According to Werner (1997), addition of increasing amounts of organic fertilizer to the soil increased the availability of some macro nutrient elements such as N, P, and K in the soil and in the plant.

Effects of the Farmyard Manure Application on Some Trace Element Contents of Rye Plant
The effects of increasing amounts of farmyard manure on some trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) of rye (Secale cerale L.) are given in Table 4.
Increasing amounts of farm manure positively affected and significantly increased (P< 0.05) the trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) of the rye compared to the control condition.
In a research by Alam et al. (2007) increasing amounts of vermicompost, which is an organic fertilizer, enhanced the contents of some trace elements of the potato plant. The results of the mentioned research are consistent with the results of this study.
A research conducted in Chile showed that increasing amounts of organic fertilizer applications significantly increased some trace elements such as Fe, Zn, Mn in plants (Celis and Sandoval, 2010).
Another related research found that different organic materials applied to lettuce significantly increased some trace elements including Fe and Mn (Adiloğlu et al., 2016).

CONCLUSION
The results of this study revealed that a significant increase in dry mass of the rye (Secale cerale L.) were observed when increasing amounts of farmyard manure were used.
Moreover, N, P, K contents of the plant was seen significantly higher than the control by increasing amounts of manure. However, the Ca and Mg contents of the plant were not significantly different with the same applications. The Fe, Cu, Zn and Cu contents of the rye were also significantly increased with increased amount of farmyard manure.
The use of organic fertilizers to meet the needed plant nutrient element of the cultivars has been rapidly increased worldwide. Intense use of chemical fertilizer mostly degenerated the nutrition balance, resulting production of unhealthy products, which started threaten the human health seriously all over the world.
It has been an obligation to disseminate the use of organic materials such as farm manure in the agriculture in order to increase the organic matter content of our soils. The more dissemination of organic fertilizer use in agriculture would enhance the organic matter content of the soils, which may even recover some quality parameters of the plants that were destroyed by the intense use chemical fertilizers.
The absolute need for the use of farm manure was revealed with this study. The importance of dissemination of the organic fertilizer use becomes more obvious when the organic matter insufficiency of soils of Turkey is taken into account.

Competing interests and Acknowledgements
Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.