Öz
Objective: Organic acid, phenolic acid and flavonoids of Mespilus germanica L. cv.‘İstanbul’ fruit, which was the first registered medlar cultivar in Türkiye, were quantified during different fruit developmental stages by HPLC.
Materials and Methods: İstanbul’ fruit, which was the first registered medlar cultivar in Türkiye used the experiments. Organic acids, phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified by HPLC. Phenolic compounds analysed by spectrophotometer.
Results The organic acids were identified in this order of quantity: malic>tartaric>citric>oxalic>pyruvic>fumaric. Malic acid was the major organic acid in all maturation stages (912.9 µg/ g, 346.8 µg/g, 1006.4 µg/g, respectively) while fumaric acid was the minor one. Caffeic acid was the most abundant of phenolic acids, and catechins were dominant among the flavonoids in medlar fruit. Total phenolic compounds increased with maturation (22.98 mg GAE/100g to 28.7 mg GAE/100g).
Conclusion: Organic acid, phenolic acid and flavonoids of Mespilus germanica L. cv.‘İstanbul’ fruit, which was the first registered medlar cultivar in Türkiye, were detected during different three maturation stages (Immature, semi-ripe, ripe). Malic, tartaric and citric acids were found major organic acids when caffeic acid was major fenolic acid. They changed as the harvest time. It can be recommened that it is necessary to plan the harvesting period depending onhow medlar is meant to be used. It can be harvested at in immature stage if it is usepharmacological and it can be harvested at ripe stage for fresh fruit.
Anahtar Kelimeler
harvest time seconder metabolites mespilus germanica edible fruits
Kaynakça
- Akbulut, M., Ercisli, S., Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J., & Gozlekci, S. (2016). Phenotypic and bioactive diversity on medlar fruits (Mespilus germanica L.). Erwerbs-Obstbau, 58(3), 185-191.
- Akın, Y., & Bostan, S.Z., 2018. Chemical pre-characterization of medlar genotypes in terme district (Samsun, Turkey). International Journal of Environmental Research and Technology,1(2), 08-10.
- Arena, M.E., Postemsky, P.D., & Curvetto, N.R. (2017). Changes in the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Berberis microphylla G. Forst. berries in relation to light intensity and fertilization. Scientia Horticulturae, 218, 63-71.
- Atay, E. (2013). Phenological Stages of Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.‘İstanbul’) according to the BBCH Scale. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 7(20), 103-107.
- Ayaz, F.A., Huang, H.S., Chuang, L.T., Vanderjagt, D.J., & Glew, R.H. (2002). The fatty asid composition of medlar (Mespilus germanica) fruit at different stages of development. Italian Journal of Food Science, 14,439-445.
- Aygun, A., & Taşci, A.R. (2013). Some fruit characteristics of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) genotypes grown in Ordu, Turkey. Scientific Papers Series B Horticulture, 57, 149-152.
- Bostan, S.Z., & İslam, A. (2007). A research on breeding by selection of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) types in Eastern Black sea region of Turkey. Proceedings of 5th National Horticultural Congress, p. 330-337.
- Canbay, H.S., Seçilmiş, H., Atay, E., & Oğüt, S. (2015). Determination of fruit characteristics, fatty acid profile and total antioxidant capacity of Mespilus germanica L. Fruit. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 3(11), 930-933.
- Caponio, F., Alloggio, V., & Gomes, T. (1999). PhenoTechniqueslic compounds of Virgin olive oil Influence paste preparation. Food Chemistry, 64, 203-209.
- Cemeroğlu, B. (2007). Food Analysis. Ankara: Publication of Food Technology Society.
- Cevahir, G., & Bostan, S. Z. (2021). Organic acids, sugars and bioactive compounds of promising medlar (Mespilus Germanica L.) genotypes selected from Turkey. International Journal of Fruit Science, 21(1), 312-322.
- Cosmulescu, S.N., Trandafir, I., Scrieciu, F., & Stoenescu, A.M. (2020). Content in organic acids of Mespilus spp. and Crataegus spp. genotypes. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 48(1), 171-176.
- Durul, M.S., & Unver, H. 2016. Morphological and chemical properties of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) fruits and changes in quality during ripening. Agrofor, 1(2), 133-140.
- Ercişli, S., Sengul, M., Yildiz, H., Sener, D., Duralija, B., Voca, S., & Dujmovic, P.D. (2012). Phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics of medlar fruits (Mespilus germanica L.). Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 85, 86-90.
- Glew, R.H., Ayaz, F.A., Sanz, C., VanderJagt, D.J., Huang, H.S., Chuang, L.T., & Strnad, M. (2003). Changes in sugars, organic acids and amino acids in medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) during fruit development and maturation. Food Chemistry, 83(3), 363-369.
- Gruz, J., Ayaz, F.A., Torun, H., & Strnad, M. (2011). Phenolic acid content and radical scavenging activity of extracts from medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) fruit at different stages of ripening. Food Chemistry, 124(1), 271-277.
- Güçlü, S.F., & Koyuncu, F. (2018). Morphological and Biological Characteristics of Medlar (Mespilus germanica) Tree. The 4th International Symposium on Euroasian Biodiversity, Kiev. Procceding book p.38.
- Gülçin, I., Topal, F., Öztürk Sarıkaya, S.B., Bursal, E., Bilsel, G., & Gören, A.C. (2011). Polyphenol contents and antioxidant properties of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.). Records of Natural Products, 5(3), 158–175.
- Gündoğdu, M., Özrenk, K., Ercişli, S., Kan, T., Kodad, O., & Hegedus, A. (2014). Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C content and some pomological characteristics of eleven hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) from Turkey. Biological Research, 47(1), 21.
- Hacıseferoğulları, H., Ozcan, M., Sonmete, M.H., & Ozbek, O. (2005). Some physical and chemical parameters of wild medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) fruit grown in Turkey. Journal of Food Engineering, 69, 1-7.
- İşbilir, S.S., Kabala, S.I., & Yagar, H. (2019). Assessment of in vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Capacities of Medlar (Mespilus germanica). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(2), 384-389.
- Koyuncu, F. (2004). Organic acid composition of native black mulberry fruit. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 40(4), 367-369.
- Nabavi, S.F., Nabavi, S.M., Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., & Asgarirad, H. (2011). The antioxidant activity of wild medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) fruit stem bark and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(2), 283–289.
- Oszmianski, J., Wojdylo, A., Lamer-Zarawska, E., & Swiader, K. (2007). Antioxidant tannins from Rosaceae plant roots. Food Chemistry, 100(2), 579-583.
- Selcuk, N., & Erkan, M. (2015). The Effects of Modified and Palliflex Controlled Atmosphere Storage on Postharvest Quality and Composition of ‘Istanbul’medlar fruit. Postharvest biology and Technology,99, 9-19.
- Shulaev, V., Korban, S.S., Sosinski, B., Abbott, A.G., Aldwinckle, H.S., Folta, K.M., Lezzoni, A., Main, D., Arus, P., Dandekar, A.M., Lewers, K., Brown, S.K., Davis, T.M., Gardiner, S.E., Potter, D., & Veilleux, R.E. (2008). Multiple models for Rosaceae genomics. Plant Physiology, 147, 985-1003.
- Walker, R.P., & Famiani, F. (2018). Organic acids in fruits: Metabolism, functions and contents. Horticultural Reviews, 45, 371-430.
- Yılmaz, A., Gerçekcioğlu, R., & Atasever, Ö.Ö. (2016). Determination of Pomological and Chemical Properties of Selected Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) Genotypes. Journal of New Results in Science, 5(11), 118-124.
Öz
Amaç: Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, muşmula meyvesinin (Mespilus germanica L. cv‘İstanbul’) organik asit, fenolik asit ve flavonoidleri üzerine olgunluk safhasının etkisini belirlemektir.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Bitkisel materyal olarak ‘İstanbul’ muşmula çeşidine ait meyveler kullanılmıştır. Meyveler olgunlaşmamış (ham), yarı olgun ve olgun olmak üzere 3 farklı olgunluk safhasında hasat edilmiştir. Meyvelerin, toplam fenolik bileşiklerine ilave olarak bazı organik asit, fenolik asit ve flavonoid içerikleri belirlenmiştir.
Araştırma Bulguları: Organik asitler sırasıyla; malik> tartarik> sitrik> oksalik> pirüvik> fumarik olarak bulunmuştur. Malik asit tüm olgunlaşma evrelerinde (sırasıyla 912.9 µg/g, 346.8 µg/g, 1006.4 µg/g) ana organik asit iken fumarik asit en az bulunanıdır. Fenolik asitlerden en çok bulunanı kafeik asittir. Muşmula meyvesindeki flavonoidler arasında kateşinler baskındır. Toplam fenolik bileşikler olgunlaşma ile artmıştır (22.98 mg GAE/100g ila 28.7 mg GAE/100g)
Sonuç: Türkiye'de tescilli ilk muşmula çeşidi olan Mespilus germanica L. cv.'İstanbul' meyvesinin organik asit, fenolik asit ve flavonoidleri farklı üç olgunlaşma evresinde (olgunlaşmamış, yarı olgun, olgun) tespit edilmiştir. Kafeik asit majör fenolik asit iken malik, tartarik ve sitrik asitler majör organik asitler olarak bulunmuş olup hasat zamanına göre değişmişlerdir. Muşmulanın nasıl kullanılacağına bağlı olarak hasat döneminin planlanması önerilebilir. Farmakolojik kullanım için olgunlaşmamış, taze meyve tüketimi için ise olgunluk döneminde hasat edilebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Mespilus germanica edible fruits harvest time harvest time seconder metabolites
Kaynakça
- Akbulut, M., Ercisli, S., Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J., & Gozlekci, S. (2016). Phenotypic and bioactive diversity on medlar fruits (Mespilus germanica L.). Erwerbs-Obstbau, 58(3), 185-191.
- Akın, Y., & Bostan, S.Z., 2018. Chemical pre-characterization of medlar genotypes in terme district (Samsun, Turkey). International Journal of Environmental Research and Technology,1(2), 08-10.
- Arena, M.E., Postemsky, P.D., & Curvetto, N.R. (2017). Changes in the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Berberis microphylla G. Forst. berries in relation to light intensity and fertilization. Scientia Horticulturae, 218, 63-71.
- Atay, E. (2013). Phenological Stages of Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.‘İstanbul’) according to the BBCH Scale. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 7(20), 103-107.
- Ayaz, F.A., Huang, H.S., Chuang, L.T., Vanderjagt, D.J., & Glew, R.H. (2002). The fatty asid composition of medlar (Mespilus germanica) fruit at different stages of development. Italian Journal of Food Science, 14,439-445.
- Aygun, A., & Taşci, A.R. (2013). Some fruit characteristics of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) genotypes grown in Ordu, Turkey. Scientific Papers Series B Horticulture, 57, 149-152.
- Bostan, S.Z., & İslam, A. (2007). A research on breeding by selection of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) types in Eastern Black sea region of Turkey. Proceedings of 5th National Horticultural Congress, p. 330-337.
- Canbay, H.S., Seçilmiş, H., Atay, E., & Oğüt, S. (2015). Determination of fruit characteristics, fatty acid profile and total antioxidant capacity of Mespilus germanica L. Fruit. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 3(11), 930-933.
- Caponio, F., Alloggio, V., & Gomes, T. (1999). PhenoTechniqueslic compounds of Virgin olive oil Influence paste preparation. Food Chemistry, 64, 203-209.
- Cemeroğlu, B. (2007). Food Analysis. Ankara: Publication of Food Technology Society.
- Cevahir, G., & Bostan, S. Z. (2021). Organic acids, sugars and bioactive compounds of promising medlar (Mespilus Germanica L.) genotypes selected from Turkey. International Journal of Fruit Science, 21(1), 312-322.
- Cosmulescu, S.N., Trandafir, I., Scrieciu, F., & Stoenescu, A.M. (2020). Content in organic acids of Mespilus spp. and Crataegus spp. genotypes. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 48(1), 171-176.
- Durul, M.S., & Unver, H. 2016. Morphological and chemical properties of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) fruits and changes in quality during ripening. Agrofor, 1(2), 133-140.
- Ercişli, S., Sengul, M., Yildiz, H., Sener, D., Duralija, B., Voca, S., & Dujmovic, P.D. (2012). Phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics of medlar fruits (Mespilus germanica L.). Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 85, 86-90.
- Glew, R.H., Ayaz, F.A., Sanz, C., VanderJagt, D.J., Huang, H.S., Chuang, L.T., & Strnad, M. (2003). Changes in sugars, organic acids and amino acids in medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) during fruit development and maturation. Food Chemistry, 83(3), 363-369.
- Gruz, J., Ayaz, F.A., Torun, H., & Strnad, M. (2011). Phenolic acid content and radical scavenging activity of extracts from medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) fruit at different stages of ripening. Food Chemistry, 124(1), 271-277.
- Güçlü, S.F., & Koyuncu, F. (2018). Morphological and Biological Characteristics of Medlar (Mespilus germanica) Tree. The 4th International Symposium on Euroasian Biodiversity, Kiev. Procceding book p.38.
- Gülçin, I., Topal, F., Öztürk Sarıkaya, S.B., Bursal, E., Bilsel, G., & Gören, A.C. (2011). Polyphenol contents and antioxidant properties of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.). Records of Natural Products, 5(3), 158–175.
- Gündoğdu, M., Özrenk, K., Ercişli, S., Kan, T., Kodad, O., & Hegedus, A. (2014). Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C content and some pomological characteristics of eleven hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) from Turkey. Biological Research, 47(1), 21.
- Hacıseferoğulları, H., Ozcan, M., Sonmete, M.H., & Ozbek, O. (2005). Some physical and chemical parameters of wild medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) fruit grown in Turkey. Journal of Food Engineering, 69, 1-7.
- İşbilir, S.S., Kabala, S.I., & Yagar, H. (2019). Assessment of in vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Capacities of Medlar (Mespilus germanica). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(2), 384-389.
- Koyuncu, F. (2004). Organic acid composition of native black mulberry fruit. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 40(4), 367-369.
- Nabavi, S.F., Nabavi, S.M., Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., & Asgarirad, H. (2011). The antioxidant activity of wild medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) fruit stem bark and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(2), 283–289.
- Oszmianski, J., Wojdylo, A., Lamer-Zarawska, E., & Swiader, K. (2007). Antioxidant tannins from Rosaceae plant roots. Food Chemistry, 100(2), 579-583.
- Selcuk, N., & Erkan, M. (2015). The Effects of Modified and Palliflex Controlled Atmosphere Storage on Postharvest Quality and Composition of ‘Istanbul’medlar fruit. Postharvest biology and Technology,99, 9-19.
- Shulaev, V., Korban, S.S., Sosinski, B., Abbott, A.G., Aldwinckle, H.S., Folta, K.M., Lezzoni, A., Main, D., Arus, P., Dandekar, A.M., Lewers, K., Brown, S.K., Davis, T.M., Gardiner, S.E., Potter, D., & Veilleux, R.E. (2008). Multiple models for Rosaceae genomics. Plant Physiology, 147, 985-1003.
- Walker, R.P., & Famiani, F. (2018). Organic acids in fruits: Metabolism, functions and contents. Horticultural Reviews, 45, 371-430.
- Yılmaz, A., Gerçekcioğlu, R., & Atasever, Ö.Ö. (2016). Determination of Pomological and Chemical Properties of Selected Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) Genotypes. Journal of New Results in Science, 5(11), 118-124.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Agronomi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Aralık 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2 |
