Öz
Fiziki
sermayenin yanı sıra insan sermayesi, büyüme ve kalkınma sürecini etkileyen
önemli bir unsurdur. 1980’li yılların sonuna doğru neo-klasik iktisatçılar
tarafından ileri sürülen yakınsama teorisinin reddedilmesiyle içsel büyüme
kuramları doğru ortaya çıkmıştır. İçsel büyüme kuramları iktisadi büyümeye etki
eden faktörlerden biri olarak kabul edilen insan sermayesi değişkenini dikkate
almaktadır. Bu doğrultu da yapılan çalışmalarda insana yatırım düzeyini
etkileyen eğitim, sağlık, ar-ge harcamaları gibi faktörlere yapılan
yatırımların iktisadi büyümeyi etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmada,
eğitim harcamalarında meydana gelen değişimin ülkelerin uluslararası alanda
katıldığı sınavlardan olan TIMMS ve PISA sınavı puanları ile arasındaki
ilişkinin belirlenmesi amacıyla sınava katılan ülkeler üzerinden analiz
yapılmıştır. Ülkelerin orta öğretime yaptığı eğitim yatırımları ve TIMMS sınavı
1995-2015 yıllarında matematik ve fen puanları alınmıştır. Ayrıca, PISA sınavı 2000-2015 yılları arasında okuma,
fen ve matematik sınavı puanları ele alınarak rassal etki panel veri modeli
yapısında genelleştirilmiş en küçük kareler yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen
bulgular doğrultusunda PISA ve TIMMS sınavında ülkelerin iktisadi büyümeleri
ile eğitim kalitesi arasındaki istatistiksel olarak anlamsız olduğu, ülke
bazında incelendiğinde ise bazı ülkelerin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu sonuçları
elde edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Altınok, N. & Murseli, H. (2007). International database on human capital quality. Economics Letters, 96(2), 237-244.
- Appleton, S., Atherton, P. & Bleaney, M. (2008). International school test scores and economic growth. Centre of Research in Economic Development and International Trade Universtiy of Nottingham, No. 08/04, 1-12.
- Aukrust O.& Bjerke J. (1959). Real capital and economics growth in Norway 1900-56. The review of Income and Wealth, 8(1), 80-118.
- Barro, R. J. (2001). Human capital and growth, The American Economic Review, 91, (2), Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. May, 12-17.
- Barro, R. J. & Xavier S. M. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223-251.
- Barro, R.J. (2013). Educational and economic growth. Annalys of Economics and Finance, 14(2). 301-328.
- Barro, R.J. & Lee, J. (2000). International data on educational attainment updates and implications, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper. No. 7911, 1-38.
- Becker, G. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70 (5) (Part 2: Investment in Human Beings), 9- 49.
- Bossworth, B.P. & Collins, S.M. (2003). The empirics of growth: An update. Brooking Papers on Economics Activity, 113-206.
- Chicwick B.R. (1974). Income inequality, regional analyses within a human capital framework. National Bureau of Economic Research. New-York: Columbia University Press.
- Çalışkan Ş., Karabacak M. & Meçik O. (2013). Türkiye’de eğitim ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: 1923-2011 (Kantitatif Bir Yaklaşım). Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi. 11(21), 29-48.
- Denison, E.F. (1962). Source of United States economic growth, Readings in economics. Ed. Paul A. Samuelson, John R.Coleman, Felicity Skidmore. Mcgraw Hill Book Company.
- Hanuskek, E.A. & Woessmann, L. (2009). Do better schools lead to more growth? cognitive skills. Economics Outcomes and Causation, Economics Working Papers 15112. Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1-61.
- Hanuskek, E.A. & Kimko, D.D. (2000). Schooling, labor-force quality and growth of nations. The American Economic Review, 90(5), 1184-1208.
- Harbison F. & Myers C.A. (1964). Education, manpower, and economic growth: strategies of human resource development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Lucas, R. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics. 22 (1988), 3-42.
- Lucas, R.E. (1990). Why doesn’t capital flow from rich to poor countries?. The American Economic Review, 80 (2), Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, 92-96.
- Mincer J. (1958). Investment in human capital and personal income distribution. Journal of Political Economy. 66(4), 281-302.
- Psacharopoulos, G. (1973). Returns to education an international comparison. New-York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
- Ramirez, F.O., Luo,X., Cshofer, E., & Meyer, J.W. (2006). Student achievement and economic growth. American Journal of Education, 113(1), 1-29.
- Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. The Journal of Political Economy, 94 (5), 1002-1037.
- Romer, P. (1994). The origins of endogenous growth. The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 8(1), 3-22.
- Schultz T.W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review. 51(1) , 1-17.
- Schultz, T.W. (1971). Investment in human capital. U.S.A.: The Free Press, Collier- Macmillan limited.
- Solow, R. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
- Taban, S. & Muhsin K. (2006). Beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme: nedensellik analizi 1969-2001. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 6(1), 159-182.
- Türkoğlu, A. (1999). Dünya ülkelerinden örneklerle karşılaştırmalı eğitim. Adana: Baki Kitapevi.
- Vaizey J. (1962). The economics of educatıon. Great Britain: The Free Press of Glencoe Inc.,Crowell-Collier Publishing Company.
Öz
In addition to physical capital, human capital is an important factor
affecting growth and development process. Towards the end of the 1980s, the
theory of internal growth emerged as a result of the rejection of the theory of
convergence proposed by neo-classical economists. The internal growth theories
take into account the human capital variable, which is considered to be one of
the factors affecting economic growth. In this study, it has been concluded that
investments in factors such as education, health and R & D expenditures
affecting the level of investment in human affect the economic growth. In this
study, an analysis was conducted on the countries participating in the exam in
order to determine the relationship between the TIMMS and PISA test scores,
which are the exams of the countries where the change in education expenditures
took place internationally. Maths and science scores were taken from the
educational investments of the countries for secondary education and for the
TIMMS exam in 1995-2015. In addition, PISA exam, 2000-2015 years, reading,
science and math exam scores were taken in the generalized least-squares method
of random effect panel data model was used. In the PISA and TIMMS examinations,
it was found that the countries were statistically insignificant between the
economic growth and the quality of education and the results were statistically
significant.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Altınok, N. & Murseli, H. (2007). International database on human capital quality. Economics Letters, 96(2), 237-244.
- Appleton, S., Atherton, P. & Bleaney, M. (2008). International school test scores and economic growth. Centre of Research in Economic Development and International Trade Universtiy of Nottingham, No. 08/04, 1-12.
- Aukrust O.& Bjerke J. (1959). Real capital and economics growth in Norway 1900-56. The review of Income and Wealth, 8(1), 80-118.
- Barro, R. J. (2001). Human capital and growth, The American Economic Review, 91, (2), Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. May, 12-17.
- Barro, R. J. & Xavier S. M. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223-251.
- Barro, R.J. (2013). Educational and economic growth. Annalys of Economics and Finance, 14(2). 301-328.
- Barro, R.J. & Lee, J. (2000). International data on educational attainment updates and implications, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper. No. 7911, 1-38.
- Becker, G. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70 (5) (Part 2: Investment in Human Beings), 9- 49.
- Bossworth, B.P. & Collins, S.M. (2003). The empirics of growth: An update. Brooking Papers on Economics Activity, 113-206.
- Chicwick B.R. (1974). Income inequality, regional analyses within a human capital framework. National Bureau of Economic Research. New-York: Columbia University Press.
- Çalışkan Ş., Karabacak M. & Meçik O. (2013). Türkiye’de eğitim ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: 1923-2011 (Kantitatif Bir Yaklaşım). Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi. 11(21), 29-48.
- Denison, E.F. (1962). Source of United States economic growth, Readings in economics. Ed. Paul A. Samuelson, John R.Coleman, Felicity Skidmore. Mcgraw Hill Book Company.
- Hanuskek, E.A. & Woessmann, L. (2009). Do better schools lead to more growth? cognitive skills. Economics Outcomes and Causation, Economics Working Papers 15112. Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1-61.
- Hanuskek, E.A. & Kimko, D.D. (2000). Schooling, labor-force quality and growth of nations. The American Economic Review, 90(5), 1184-1208.
- Harbison F. & Myers C.A. (1964). Education, manpower, and economic growth: strategies of human resource development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Lucas, R. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics. 22 (1988), 3-42.
- Lucas, R.E. (1990). Why doesn’t capital flow from rich to poor countries?. The American Economic Review, 80 (2), Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, 92-96.
- Mincer J. (1958). Investment in human capital and personal income distribution. Journal of Political Economy. 66(4), 281-302.
- Psacharopoulos, G. (1973). Returns to education an international comparison. New-York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
- Ramirez, F.O., Luo,X., Cshofer, E., & Meyer, J.W. (2006). Student achievement and economic growth. American Journal of Education, 113(1), 1-29.
- Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. The Journal of Political Economy, 94 (5), 1002-1037.
- Romer, P. (1994). The origins of endogenous growth. The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 8(1), 3-22.
- Schultz T.W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review. 51(1) , 1-17.
- Schultz, T.W. (1971). Investment in human capital. U.S.A.: The Free Press, Collier- Macmillan limited.
- Solow, R. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
- Taban, S. & Muhsin K. (2006). Beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme: nedensellik analizi 1969-2001. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 6(1), 159-182.
- Türkoğlu, A. (1999). Dünya ülkelerinden örneklerle karşılaştırmalı eğitim. Adana: Baki Kitapevi.
- Vaizey J. (1962). The economics of educatıon. Great Britain: The Free Press of Glencoe Inc.,Crowell-Collier Publishing Company.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 20 Mart 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 12 Eylül 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1 |