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Distribution and prevalence of root-knot nematode species in greenhouse vegetables in northern Iraq

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 46 Sayı: 3, 359 - 369, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1141029

Öz

The objective of the study was to determine the distribution and prevalence of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in greenhouse vegetables in Sulaymaniyah, Erbil and Duhok Provinces of northern Iraq. One hundred and eighty-seven greenhouses were surveyed during November and December 2018. Meloidogyne spp. were identified by perineal patterns and esterase phenotype. Meloidogyne were detected in 37% of the greenhouses surveyed and the prevalence were 40% in Sulaymaniyah, 38% in Duhok and 34% in Erbil. Meloidogyne javanica Treub, 1885 and Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid & White, 1919 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae), were found in 64 and 36% of the greenhouses infested with Meloidogyne, respectively. By province surveyed, M. incognita and M. javanica were detected in 23 and 15% of greenhouses in Duhok, 12 and 22% of greenhouses in Erbil, 10 and 30% of surveyed greenhouses in Sulaymaniyah, respectively. Meloidogyne spp. were found in arugula, cauliflower, cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, tomato and zucchini. The highest prevalence of Meloidogyne spp. were in cucumber (58%) and tomato (33%), which are the most commonly grown vegetables in greenhouses in the study area.

Destekleyen Kurum

Ondokuz Mayıs University

Proje Numarası

PYO. ZRT.1904.19.014

Teşekkür

The first author thanks Turks Abroad and Related Communities for provision of a Masters scholarship. Ihsan Saber is thanked for his valuable help during preparation of the manuscript.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Kubaicy, L. M. & R. F. Al-Sabe᾽a, 2014. Survey of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. association with eggplant plants in Ninevh province. Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12 (2): 289-301.
  • Al-Saaedy, H. A. & Z. A. Stephan, 1986. Root-knot nematodes on eggplant in Iraq. Nematologia Mediterranea, 14 (2): 283-284.
  • Al-Sabie, R. F. & S. N. Ami, 1990. Identification of races of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. in northern Iraq. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 8 (2): 83-87.
  • Ali, H. H., K. M. Fatah & A. I. Ahmed, 2014. First record of nematode root knot on Zennia elegans caused by Meloidogyne javanica plant in Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 32 (3): 276-277.
  • Aljuboori, F. K. & A. M. Al-Hakeem, 2020. The first report of- root-knot nematode on Cestrum nocturnum in Ninawa, Iraq. Plant Archives, 20 (2): 6778-6780.
  • Ami, S. N., S. Ghaeib & A. Shingaly, 2018. Disease incidence, identification, and monthly fluctuations in the population density of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne javanica on cucumber plants in Semel District, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment, 10 (1): 52-65.
  • Aydınlı, G., 2018. Detection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne luci Carneiro et al., 2014 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) in vegetable fields of Samsun Province. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 42 (3): 229-237.
  • Aydınlı, G. & S. Mennan, 2016. Identification of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) from greenhouses in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40 (5): 675-685.
  • Brito, J. A., R. Kaur, R. Cetintas, J. D. Stanley, M. L. Mendes, E. J. McAvoy, T. O. Powers & D. W. Dickson, 2008. Identification and isozyme characterization of Meloidogyne spp. infecting horticultural and agronomic crops, and weed plants in Florida. Nematology, 10 (5): 757-766.
  • Carneiro, R. M. D. G., M. R. A. Almeida & P. Queneherve, 2000. Enzyme phenotypes of Meloidogyne spp. populations. Nematology, 2 (6): 645-654.
  • Carneiro, R. G., P. Mazzafera & L. C. C. B. Ferraz, 1999. Carbon partitioning in soybean infected with Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Journal of Nematology, 31 (3): 348-355.
  • Carrillo-Fasio, J. A., A. Angúlo-Castro, J. Á. Martínez-Gallardo, F. Ayala-Tafoya, M. G. Yáñez-Juárez & J. E. Retes-Manjarrez, 2021. Distribution and incidence of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on pepper in Sinaloa, Mexico. Tropical Plant Pathology, 46 (2): 195-200.
  • Cofcewicz, E. T., R. M. D. Carneiro, P. Castagnone-Sereno & P. Quénéhervé, 2004. Enzyme phenotypes and genetic diversity of root-knot nematodes parasitising Musa in Brazil. Nematology, 6 (1): 85-95.
  • Coyne, D. L., H. H. Fourie & M. Moens, 2009. “Current and Future Management Strategies in Resource-Poor Farming, 444-475”. In: Root-Knot Nematodes (Eds. R. N. Perry, M. Moens & J. L. Starr). CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 488 pp.
  • Dickson, D. W., J. N. Sasser & D. Huising, 1970. Comparative disc-electrophoretic protein analyses of selected Meloidogyne, Ditylenchus, Heterodera, and Aphelenchus spp. Journal of Nematology, 2 (4): 286-293.
  • Esbenshade, P. R. & A. C. Triantaphyllou, 1985. Use of enzyme phenotypes for identification of Meloidogyne species (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Journal of Nematology, 17 (1): 6-20.
  • Garcia, L. E. & M. V. Sanchez-Puerta, 2012. Characterization of a root-knot nematode population of Meloidogyne arenaria from Tupungato (Mendoza, Argentina). Journal of Nematology, 44 (3): 291-301.
  • Ghaderi, R. & G. Karssen, 2020. An updated checklist of Meloidogyne Göldi, 1887 species, with a diagnostic compendium for second-stage juveniles and males. Journal of Crop Protection, 9 (2): 183-193.
  • Hanoon, W. M., Z. A. Altememe & A. M. A. Rasool, 2018. Morphological and molecular diagnosis of root knot nematode species associated with olive seedling and trees in Baghdad, Babil and Karbala/ Iraq. Rafidain Journal of Science, 27 (4): 138-150.
  • Hartman, K. M. & J. N. Sasser, 1985. “Identification of Meloidogyne Species on the Basis of Differential Host Test and Perineal-Pattern Morphology, 69-77”. In: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Volume II: Methodology (Eds. K. R. Barker, C. C. Carter & J. N. Sasser). North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 223 pp.
  • Hasan, S. T. & I. D. Abood, 2018. Identification of Meloidogyne spp. according to morphological characteristics, PCR- SCAR marker and 18S rDNA region in Iraq. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 11 (1): 50-56.
  • Hasan, S. T., I. D. Abood & A. M. A. Rasoul, 2020. Diagnostic of new species of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne cruciani) associated with egg plant in Babylon Governorate/Iraq based on morphological characters and molecular methods. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 26 (1): 69-74.
  • Hilal, Y. Y., M. K. Khessro, J. van Dam & K. Mahdi, 2022. Automatic water control system and environment sensors in a greenhouse. Water, 14 (7): 1166.
  • Hunt, D. J. & Z. A. Handoo, 2009. “Taxonomy, Identification and Principal Species, 55-97”. In: Root-Knot Nematodes (Eds. R. N. Perry, M. Moens & J. L. Starr). CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 488 pp.
  • Hussey, R. S. & G. J. W. Janssen, 2002. “Root-Knot Nematodes: Meloidogyne Species, 43-70”. In: Plant Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes (Eds. J. L. Starr, R. Cook & J. Bridge). CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 272 pp.
  • Janati, S., A. Houari, A. Wifaya, A. Essarioui, A. Mimouni, A. Hormatallah, M. Sbaghi, A. A. Dababat & F. Mokrini, 2018. Occurrence of the root-knot nematode species in vegetable crops in Souss Region of Morocco. The Plant Pathology Journal, 34 (4): 308-315.
  • Jongerden, J., W. Wolters, Y. Dijkxhoorn, F. Gür & M. Öztürk, 2019. The politics of agricultural development in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI). Sustainability, 11 (21): 5874.
  • Kandouh, B. H., A. E. Hasan & A. M. A. Rasoul, 2018. Occurrence, prominence and severity of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp) associated with okra in Najaf province. Journal of Research in Ecology, 6 (2): 2130-2138.
  • Katcho, Z. A.,1972. First occurrence of certain root-knot nematode species in Iraq. Plant Disease Reporter, 56 (9): 824.
  • Katcho, Z. A., A. H. Alwan & A. H. Bandar, 1976. Root-knot nematodes and their hosts in Iraq. Bulletin of Natural History Research Centre, 7 (1): 38-41.
  • Kolombia, Y. A., G. Karssen, N. Viaene, P. L. Kumar, N. de Sutter, L. Joos, D. L. Coyne & W. Bert, 2017. Diversity of root-knot nematodes associated with tubers of yam (Dioscorea spp.) established using isozyme analysis and mitochondrial DNA-based identification. Journal of Nematology, 49 (2): 177-188.
  • MoAWR, 2022. The Data of Greenhouses in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, KRG-Erbil, 5 pp.
  • Omer, A. M., 2016. Sustainable food production in greenhouses and its relations to the environment. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, 5 (3): 538-542.
  • Pais, C. S. & I. M. de O. Abrantes, 1989. Esterase and malate dehydrogenase phenotypes in Portuguese populations of Meloidogyne species. Journal of Nematology, 21 (3): 342-346.
  • Phani, V., M. R. Khan & T. K. Dutta, 2021. Plant-parasitic nematodes as a potential threat to protected agriculture: Current status and management options. Crop Protection, 144: 105573.
  • Sikora, R. A. & E. Fernández, 2005. “Nematode Parasites of Vegetables, 319-392”. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture (Eds. M. Luc, R. A. Sikora & J. Bridge). CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK, 871 pp.
  • Stephan, Z. A., 1997. “Iraq”. In: Plant Nematode Problems and Their Control in the Near East Region (Eds. M. A. Maqbool & B. Kerry), 320 pp. (Web page: https://www.fao.org/3/v9978e/v9978e0g.htm#iraq) (Date accessed: April, 2022).
  • Stephan, Z. A., A. H. Alwan & A. S. Al-Beldawi, 1977. General survey of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne sp., on tobacco in Iraq. Yearbook of Plant Protection Research, 1: 284-294.
  • Stephan, Z. A., A. H. Alwan & B. G. Antone, 1985. Occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes in vineyard soils in Iraq. Nematologia Mediterranea, 13 (2): 261-264.
  • Van Gundy, S. D., 1985. “Ecology of Meloidogyne spp. - Emphasis on Environmental Factors Affecting Survival and Pathogenicity, 177-182”. In: An Advance Treatise on Meloidogyne. Volume I: Biology and Control (Eds. J. N. Sasser & C. C. Carter). North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 223 pp.
  • Williamson, V. M. & C. A. Gleason, 2003. Plant-nematode interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 6 (4): 327-333.
  • Zijlstra, C., D. T. H. M. Donkers-Venne & M. Fargette, 2000. Identification of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria using sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) based PCR assays. Nematology, 2 (8): 847-853.

Kuzey Irak’taki sera sebzelerinde kök-ur nematodu türlerinin dağılımı ve yaygınlığı

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 46 Sayı: 3, 359 - 369, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1141029

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kuzey Irak’ın Süleymaniye, Erbil ve Duhok illerindeki sera sebzelerinde kök-ur nematodlarının (Meloidogyne spp.) dağılımının ve yaygınlığının belirlenmesidir. Yüz seksen yedi serada 2018 yılı Kasım ve Aralık aylarında sürvey yapılmıştır. Meloidogyne spp., perineal patternler ve esteraz fenotipi kullanılarak teşhis edilmiştir. Sürvey yapılan seraların %37’sinde Meloidogyne varlığı tespit edilmiş ve yaygınlık Süleymaniye’de %40, Duhok’da %38 ve Erbil’de %34’dür. Meloidogyne ile bulaşık seraların %64’ünde Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) ve %36’sında Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) bulunmuştur. Sürvey yapılan ile göre, M. incognita ve M. javanica, sırasıyla Duhok’da seraların %23 ve %15’de, Erbil’de seraların %12 ve %22’de, Süleymaniye’de seraların %10 ve %30’da tespit edilmiştir. Meloidogyne spp., roka, karnabahar, hıyar, patlıcan, marul, domates ve kabakta bulunmuştur. Meloidogyne spp.’nin en yüksek yaygınlığı, çalışma alanındaki seralarda en yoğun yetiştirilen sebzeler olan hıyar (%58) ve domates (%33)’de tespit edilmiştir.

Proje Numarası

PYO. ZRT.1904.19.014

Kaynakça

  • Al-Kubaicy, L. M. & R. F. Al-Sabe᾽a, 2014. Survey of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. association with eggplant plants in Ninevh province. Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12 (2): 289-301.
  • Al-Saaedy, H. A. & Z. A. Stephan, 1986. Root-knot nematodes on eggplant in Iraq. Nematologia Mediterranea, 14 (2): 283-284.
  • Al-Sabie, R. F. & S. N. Ami, 1990. Identification of races of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. in northern Iraq. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 8 (2): 83-87.
  • Ali, H. H., K. M. Fatah & A. I. Ahmed, 2014. First record of nematode root knot on Zennia elegans caused by Meloidogyne javanica plant in Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 32 (3): 276-277.
  • Aljuboori, F. K. & A. M. Al-Hakeem, 2020. The first report of- root-knot nematode on Cestrum nocturnum in Ninawa, Iraq. Plant Archives, 20 (2): 6778-6780.
  • Ami, S. N., S. Ghaeib & A. Shingaly, 2018. Disease incidence, identification, and monthly fluctuations in the population density of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne javanica on cucumber plants in Semel District, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment, 10 (1): 52-65.
  • Aydınlı, G., 2018. Detection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne luci Carneiro et al., 2014 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) in vegetable fields of Samsun Province. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 42 (3): 229-237.
  • Aydınlı, G. & S. Mennan, 2016. Identification of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) from greenhouses in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40 (5): 675-685.
  • Brito, J. A., R. Kaur, R. Cetintas, J. D. Stanley, M. L. Mendes, E. J. McAvoy, T. O. Powers & D. W. Dickson, 2008. Identification and isozyme characterization of Meloidogyne spp. infecting horticultural and agronomic crops, and weed plants in Florida. Nematology, 10 (5): 757-766.
  • Carneiro, R. M. D. G., M. R. A. Almeida & P. Queneherve, 2000. Enzyme phenotypes of Meloidogyne spp. populations. Nematology, 2 (6): 645-654.
  • Carneiro, R. G., P. Mazzafera & L. C. C. B. Ferraz, 1999. Carbon partitioning in soybean infected with Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Journal of Nematology, 31 (3): 348-355.
  • Carrillo-Fasio, J. A., A. Angúlo-Castro, J. Á. Martínez-Gallardo, F. Ayala-Tafoya, M. G. Yáñez-Juárez & J. E. Retes-Manjarrez, 2021. Distribution and incidence of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on pepper in Sinaloa, Mexico. Tropical Plant Pathology, 46 (2): 195-200.
  • Cofcewicz, E. T., R. M. D. Carneiro, P. Castagnone-Sereno & P. Quénéhervé, 2004. Enzyme phenotypes and genetic diversity of root-knot nematodes parasitising Musa in Brazil. Nematology, 6 (1): 85-95.
  • Coyne, D. L., H. H. Fourie & M. Moens, 2009. “Current and Future Management Strategies in Resource-Poor Farming, 444-475”. In: Root-Knot Nematodes (Eds. R. N. Perry, M. Moens & J. L. Starr). CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 488 pp.
  • Dickson, D. W., J. N. Sasser & D. Huising, 1970. Comparative disc-electrophoretic protein analyses of selected Meloidogyne, Ditylenchus, Heterodera, and Aphelenchus spp. Journal of Nematology, 2 (4): 286-293.
  • Esbenshade, P. R. & A. C. Triantaphyllou, 1985. Use of enzyme phenotypes for identification of Meloidogyne species (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Journal of Nematology, 17 (1): 6-20.
  • Garcia, L. E. & M. V. Sanchez-Puerta, 2012. Characterization of a root-knot nematode population of Meloidogyne arenaria from Tupungato (Mendoza, Argentina). Journal of Nematology, 44 (3): 291-301.
  • Ghaderi, R. & G. Karssen, 2020. An updated checklist of Meloidogyne Göldi, 1887 species, with a diagnostic compendium for second-stage juveniles and males. Journal of Crop Protection, 9 (2): 183-193.
  • Hanoon, W. M., Z. A. Altememe & A. M. A. Rasool, 2018. Morphological and molecular diagnosis of root knot nematode species associated with olive seedling and trees in Baghdad, Babil and Karbala/ Iraq. Rafidain Journal of Science, 27 (4): 138-150.
  • Hartman, K. M. & J. N. Sasser, 1985. “Identification of Meloidogyne Species on the Basis of Differential Host Test and Perineal-Pattern Morphology, 69-77”. In: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Volume II: Methodology (Eds. K. R. Barker, C. C. Carter & J. N. Sasser). North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 223 pp.
  • Hasan, S. T. & I. D. Abood, 2018. Identification of Meloidogyne spp. according to morphological characteristics, PCR- SCAR marker and 18S rDNA region in Iraq. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 11 (1): 50-56.
  • Hasan, S. T., I. D. Abood & A. M. A. Rasoul, 2020. Diagnostic of new species of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne cruciani) associated with egg plant in Babylon Governorate/Iraq based on morphological characters and molecular methods. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 26 (1): 69-74.
  • Hilal, Y. Y., M. K. Khessro, J. van Dam & K. Mahdi, 2022. Automatic water control system and environment sensors in a greenhouse. Water, 14 (7): 1166.
  • Hunt, D. J. & Z. A. Handoo, 2009. “Taxonomy, Identification and Principal Species, 55-97”. In: Root-Knot Nematodes (Eds. R. N. Perry, M. Moens & J. L. Starr). CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 488 pp.
  • Hussey, R. S. & G. J. W. Janssen, 2002. “Root-Knot Nematodes: Meloidogyne Species, 43-70”. In: Plant Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes (Eds. J. L. Starr, R. Cook & J. Bridge). CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 272 pp.
  • Janati, S., A. Houari, A. Wifaya, A. Essarioui, A. Mimouni, A. Hormatallah, M. Sbaghi, A. A. Dababat & F. Mokrini, 2018. Occurrence of the root-knot nematode species in vegetable crops in Souss Region of Morocco. The Plant Pathology Journal, 34 (4): 308-315.
  • Jongerden, J., W. Wolters, Y. Dijkxhoorn, F. Gür & M. Öztürk, 2019. The politics of agricultural development in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI). Sustainability, 11 (21): 5874.
  • Kandouh, B. H., A. E. Hasan & A. M. A. Rasoul, 2018. Occurrence, prominence and severity of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp) associated with okra in Najaf province. Journal of Research in Ecology, 6 (2): 2130-2138.
  • Katcho, Z. A.,1972. First occurrence of certain root-knot nematode species in Iraq. Plant Disease Reporter, 56 (9): 824.
  • Katcho, Z. A., A. H. Alwan & A. H. Bandar, 1976. Root-knot nematodes and their hosts in Iraq. Bulletin of Natural History Research Centre, 7 (1): 38-41.
  • Kolombia, Y. A., G. Karssen, N. Viaene, P. L. Kumar, N. de Sutter, L. Joos, D. L. Coyne & W. Bert, 2017. Diversity of root-knot nematodes associated with tubers of yam (Dioscorea spp.) established using isozyme analysis and mitochondrial DNA-based identification. Journal of Nematology, 49 (2): 177-188.
  • MoAWR, 2022. The Data of Greenhouses in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, KRG-Erbil, 5 pp.
  • Omer, A. M., 2016. Sustainable food production in greenhouses and its relations to the environment. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, 5 (3): 538-542.
  • Pais, C. S. & I. M. de O. Abrantes, 1989. Esterase and malate dehydrogenase phenotypes in Portuguese populations of Meloidogyne species. Journal of Nematology, 21 (3): 342-346.
  • Phani, V., M. R. Khan & T. K. Dutta, 2021. Plant-parasitic nematodes as a potential threat to protected agriculture: Current status and management options. Crop Protection, 144: 105573.
  • Sikora, R. A. & E. Fernández, 2005. “Nematode Parasites of Vegetables, 319-392”. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture (Eds. M. Luc, R. A. Sikora & J. Bridge). CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK, 871 pp.
  • Stephan, Z. A., 1997. “Iraq”. In: Plant Nematode Problems and Their Control in the Near East Region (Eds. M. A. Maqbool & B. Kerry), 320 pp. (Web page: https://www.fao.org/3/v9978e/v9978e0g.htm#iraq) (Date accessed: April, 2022).
  • Stephan, Z. A., A. H. Alwan & A. S. Al-Beldawi, 1977. General survey of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne sp., on tobacco in Iraq. Yearbook of Plant Protection Research, 1: 284-294.
  • Stephan, Z. A., A. H. Alwan & B. G. Antone, 1985. Occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes in vineyard soils in Iraq. Nematologia Mediterranea, 13 (2): 261-264.
  • Van Gundy, S. D., 1985. “Ecology of Meloidogyne spp. - Emphasis on Environmental Factors Affecting Survival and Pathogenicity, 177-182”. In: An Advance Treatise on Meloidogyne. Volume I: Biology and Control (Eds. J. N. Sasser & C. C. Carter). North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 223 pp.
  • Williamson, V. M. & C. A. Gleason, 2003. Plant-nematode interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 6 (4): 327-333.
  • Zijlstra, C., D. T. H. M. Donkers-Venne & M. Fargette, 2000. Identification of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria using sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) based PCR assays. Nematology, 2 (8): 847-853.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hoshang Hamad 0000-0002-4104-5331

Gökhan Aydınlı 0000-0002-3280-0411

Sevilhan Mennan 0000-0002-4346-8100

Proje Numarası PYO. ZRT.1904.19.014
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Temmuz 2022
Kabul Tarihi 21 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 46 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Hamad, H., Aydınlı, G., & Mennan, S. (2022). Distribution and prevalence of root-knot nematode species in greenhouse vegetables in northern Iraq. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46(3), 359-369. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1141029
AMA Hamad H, Aydınlı G, Mennan S. Distribution and prevalence of root-knot nematode species in greenhouse vegetables in northern Iraq. TED. Eylül 2022;46(3):359-369. doi:10.16970/entoted.1141029
Chicago Hamad, Hoshang, Gökhan Aydınlı, ve Sevilhan Mennan. “Distribution and Prevalence of Root-Knot Nematode Species in Greenhouse Vegetables in Northern Iraq”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 46, sy. 3 (Eylül 2022): 359-69. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1141029.
EndNote Hamad H, Aydınlı G, Mennan S (01 Eylül 2022) Distribution and prevalence of root-knot nematode species in greenhouse vegetables in northern Iraq. Turkish Journal of Entomology 46 3 359–369.
IEEE H. Hamad, G. Aydınlı, ve S. Mennan, “Distribution and prevalence of root-knot nematode species in greenhouse vegetables in northern Iraq”, TED, c. 46, sy. 3, ss. 359–369, 2022, doi: 10.16970/entoted.1141029.
ISNAD Hamad, Hoshang vd. “Distribution and Prevalence of Root-Knot Nematode Species in Greenhouse Vegetables in Northern Iraq”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 46/3 (Eylül 2022), 359-369. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1141029.
JAMA Hamad H, Aydınlı G, Mennan S. Distribution and prevalence of root-knot nematode species in greenhouse vegetables in northern Iraq. TED. 2022;46:359–369.
MLA Hamad, Hoshang vd. “Distribution and Prevalence of Root-Knot Nematode Species in Greenhouse Vegetables in Northern Iraq”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, c. 46, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 359-6, doi:10.16970/entoted.1141029.
Vancouver Hamad H, Aydınlı G, Mennan S. Distribution and prevalence of root-knot nematode species in greenhouse vegetables in northern Iraq. TED. 2022;46(3):359-6.