Araştırma Makalesi
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MISIRDA (Zea mays L.) FUNGAL ENFEKSİYONLAR SONUCU OLUŞAN FUMONİSİNLERİN İNSAN VE ÇEVRE SAĞLIĞI AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 9 - 19, 21.02.2014

Handan Altınok Murat Dikilitaş

Öz

Mısırda hastalıklara neden olan Fusarium spp. ve bunların oluşturdukları toksik metabolitler, üzerinde oldukça çalışılan araştırma konuları arasındadır. Fusarium moniliforme (Sheldon) [(=F.
verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg, teleomorph Gibberella moniliformis (Wineland) (=G. fujikuroi (Sawada Ito in Ito & Kimura, mating population A)] mısırda toksin üreten en yaygın fungus olup, mısır ve mısıra dayalı ürünlerin tüketilmesi sonucunda insan ve hayvanlarda önemli toksikozlara neden olmaktadır. Mısırda kontaminasyonun büyük bir kısmını oluşturan Fumonisin
B1 (FB1)’in yüksek toksik etkiye sahip olduğu araştırıcılar tarafından rapor edilmiş olup, global olarak tehlike sınırı düzeyinde bulunmaktadır. Toksin oluşumunu etkileyen çok sayıda faktör
bulunmakla beraber, çevresel faktörler en önde gelenler arasındadır. Bu derlemede, mısır bitkisinde Fusarium moniliforme ve Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg (teleomorph:
Gibberella intermedia), tarafından üretilen fumonisinlerin insan ve hayvan sağlığı açısından önemi, etki mekanizmaları, bu toksine yönelik dünyada ve ülkemizde uygulanan yasal
düzenlemeler, fumonisinlerin detoksifikasyon stratejileri konularında yapılan çalışmalar özetlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mısır Fusarium moniliforme Fusarium proliferatum fumonisin

Kaynakça

  • Abbas, H.K. ve Shier W.T. 1997. Phytotoxicity of australifungin and fumonisins to weeds. In: Proceedings of the 1997 Brighton Crop Protection Conferenceweeds. Croydon, UK, British Crop Protection Council, pp 795-800.
  • Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.N. ve Blackwell, M. 1996. Introductory Mycology, John Willey & Sons Inc. USA 869 p.
  • Altınok, H.H. 2009. In vitro production of fumonisin B1 and B2 by Fusarium moniliforme and the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma harzianum. Annals of Microbiology, 59 (3): 509-516.
  • Altıparmak, G., Büyük, O., Erdurmuş, D. ve Tunalı, B. 2009. Orta ve Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde mısır ekim alanlarındaki fungal floranın belirlenmesi ve Fusarium spp.’nin deoxynivalenol oluşturma durumlarının incelenmesi. Türkiye III. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, 15-18 Temmuz,Van, s. 136.
  • Anonim, 2006. Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü Bilgisayar Verileri, Ankara.
  • Anonymous, 2006. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 setting maximum levels of certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L364, 5-24.
  • Anonymous, 2008. Managing Fusarium mycotoxin risk in wheat intended for human food-harvest 2008. Topic Sheet No 102. HGCA: London.
  • Anonymous, 2009. Recommended Lists 2009/10 for cereals and oilseeds. HGCA: London.
  • Awaludin, N., Nagata, R., Kawasaki, T. ve Kushiro, M. 2009. Preparation of an InHouse Reference Material Containing Fumonisins in Thai Rice and Matrix Extension of the Analytical Method for Japanese Rice. Toxins, (1): 188-195.
  • Bankole, S.A., Mabekoje, O.O ve Enikuomehin, O.A. 2003. Fusarium moniliforme and FB1 in stored maize from Ogun State, Nigeria. Tropical Science, 43: 76-79.
  • Bata, A. ve Lasztity, R. 1999. Detoxification of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed by microorganisms. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 10: 223-228.
  • Bryden, W.L., Ravindran, G., Amba, M.T., Gill R.J. ve Burgess, L.W. 1996. Mycotoxin Contamination of maize grown in Australia, the Philippines and Vietnam.Miraglia M., Breva C. and Onori R. (ed). Ninth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Rome, 27-31 May 1996: Abstract book. Rome, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, pp 41.
  • Burns, T.D., Snook, M.E., Riley, R.T. ve Voss, K.A. 2008. Fumonisin concentrations and in vivo toxicity of nixtamalized Fusarium verticillioides culture material: Evidence for fumonisin–matrix interactions. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46: 2841-2848.
  • Calistru, C., Mclean, M. ve Berjak,P. 1997. In vitro studies on the potential for biological control of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium moniliforme by Trichoderma species: a study of the production of extracellular metabolites by Trichoderma species. Mycopathologia, 137: 115-124.
  • Chet, I. 1987. Trichoderma-application, mode of action and potential as a biocontrol agent of soilborne plant pathogenic fungi. Innovative Approaches to Plant Disease Control (Ed) Chet I., Wiley, New York, pp. 137-16.
  • Chu, F.S. ve Li, G.Y. 1994. Simultaneous occurrence of fumonisin B1 and other mycotoxins in moldy corn collected from the People's Republic of China in regions with high incidences of esophageal cancer. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(3): 847-852.
  • Colvin, B.M. ve Harrison, L.R. 1992. Fumonisin-induced pulmonary oedema and hydrothorax in swine. Mycopathologia, 117: 79-82.
  • Czerwiecki, L. 1998. Trace analysis of the Fusarium mycotoxins-Fumonisins in corn products as a tool of prevention of mycotoxin contamination of food. Revue Medical Veterinary, 149 (6): 506.
  • Demir, C., Şimşek, O.ve Arıcı, M. 2005. Proceedings of II. National Mycotoxin Symposium, Edtrs. Heperkan, D. Kaya G D. and Güler, F.K., 67, Istanbul Technical University.
  • Desjardins, A.E., Plattner, R.D. ve Nelson, P.E. 1994. Fumonisin production and other traits of Fusarium moniliforme strains from maize in northeast Mexico. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60: 1695-1697.
  • Desjardins, A.E., Plattner, R.D. ve Nelson, P.E. 1997. Production of fumonisin B1 and moniliformin by Gibberella fujikuroi from rice from various geographic areas. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(5): 1838-1842.
  • Desjardins, A.E. ve Proctor, R.H. 2001. Biochemistry and genetics of Fusarium toxins “Alınmıştır: Fusarium (eds) Summerell, B.A., Leslie, J.F. Backhouse, D. Bryden, W.L. and Burgess, L.W., Paul. E. Nelson, Memorial Symposium APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA. pp.5069”
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EVALUATION of FUMONISIN FROM the PERSPECTIVE of HUMAN and ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FORMED AFTER FUNGAL INFECTIONS in CORN PLANTS(Zea mays L.)

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 9 - 19, 21.02.2014

Handan Altınok Murat Dikilitaş

Öz

Fusarium species causing diseases on corn plants and their toxic metabolites are one of the most commonly investigated subjects. Fusarium moniliforme (Sheldon) [(=F. verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg, teleomorph Gibberella moniliformis (Wineland) (=G. fujikuroi (Sawada Ito in Ito & Kimura, mating population A)] is one of the toxin producing fungi that causes toxicity in human and animals as a result of consumption of contaminated corn and corn products. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), formed as a result of contamination in corns, has high toxicity and globally, it is regarded as highly dangerous. Although there are many factors effecting the formation of the toxin, environmental factors are one of the preceding factors. In this review, the impact of fumonisins produced by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg (teleomorph: Gibberella intermedia) on corn plants, and their mode of action, legislation in our country and in the world, their importance for human and animal health as well as their detoxification strategies are summarized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Corn Fusarium moniliforme Fusarium proliferatum fumonisin

Kaynakça

  • Abbas, H.K. ve Shier W.T. 1997. Phytotoxicity of australifungin and fumonisins to weeds. In: Proceedings of the 1997 Brighton Crop Protection Conferenceweeds. Croydon, UK, British Crop Protection Council, pp 795-800.
  • Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.N. ve Blackwell, M. 1996. Introductory Mycology, John Willey & Sons Inc. USA 869 p.
  • Altınok, H.H. 2009. In vitro production of fumonisin B1 and B2 by Fusarium moniliforme and the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma harzianum. Annals of Microbiology, 59 (3): 509-516.
  • Altıparmak, G., Büyük, O., Erdurmuş, D. ve Tunalı, B. 2009. Orta ve Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde mısır ekim alanlarındaki fungal floranın belirlenmesi ve Fusarium spp.’nin deoxynivalenol oluşturma durumlarının incelenmesi. Türkiye III. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, 15-18 Temmuz,Van, s. 136.
  • Anonim, 2006. Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü Bilgisayar Verileri, Ankara.
  • Anonymous, 2006. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 setting maximum levels of certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L364, 5-24.
  • Anonymous, 2008. Managing Fusarium mycotoxin risk in wheat intended for human food-harvest 2008. Topic Sheet No 102. HGCA: London.
  • Anonymous, 2009. Recommended Lists 2009/10 for cereals and oilseeds. HGCA: London.
  • Awaludin, N., Nagata, R., Kawasaki, T. ve Kushiro, M. 2009. Preparation of an InHouse Reference Material Containing Fumonisins in Thai Rice and Matrix Extension of the Analytical Method for Japanese Rice. Toxins, (1): 188-195.
  • Bankole, S.A., Mabekoje, O.O ve Enikuomehin, O.A. 2003. Fusarium moniliforme and FB1 in stored maize from Ogun State, Nigeria. Tropical Science, 43: 76-79.
  • Bata, A. ve Lasztity, R. 1999. Detoxification of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed by microorganisms. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 10: 223-228.
  • Bryden, W.L., Ravindran, G., Amba, M.T., Gill R.J. ve Burgess, L.W. 1996. Mycotoxin Contamination of maize grown in Australia, the Philippines and Vietnam.Miraglia M., Breva C. and Onori R. (ed). Ninth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Rome, 27-31 May 1996: Abstract book. Rome, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, pp 41.
  • Burns, T.D., Snook, M.E., Riley, R.T. ve Voss, K.A. 2008. Fumonisin concentrations and in vivo toxicity of nixtamalized Fusarium verticillioides culture material: Evidence for fumonisin–matrix interactions. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46: 2841-2848.
  • Calistru, C., Mclean, M. ve Berjak,P. 1997. In vitro studies on the potential for biological control of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium moniliforme by Trichoderma species: a study of the production of extracellular metabolites by Trichoderma species. Mycopathologia, 137: 115-124.
  • Chet, I. 1987. Trichoderma-application, mode of action and potential as a biocontrol agent of soilborne plant pathogenic fungi. Innovative Approaches to Plant Disease Control (Ed) Chet I., Wiley, New York, pp. 137-16.
  • Chu, F.S. ve Li, G.Y. 1994. Simultaneous occurrence of fumonisin B1 and other mycotoxins in moldy corn collected from the People's Republic of China in regions with high incidences of esophageal cancer. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(3): 847-852.
  • Colvin, B.M. ve Harrison, L.R. 1992. Fumonisin-induced pulmonary oedema and hydrothorax in swine. Mycopathologia, 117: 79-82.
  • Czerwiecki, L. 1998. Trace analysis of the Fusarium mycotoxins-Fumonisins in corn products as a tool of prevention of mycotoxin contamination of food. Revue Medical Veterinary, 149 (6): 506.
  • Demir, C., Şimşek, O.ve Arıcı, M. 2005. Proceedings of II. National Mycotoxin Symposium, Edtrs. Heperkan, D. Kaya G D. and Güler, F.K., 67, Istanbul Technical University.
  • Desjardins, A.E., Plattner, R.D. ve Nelson, P.E. 1994. Fumonisin production and other traits of Fusarium moniliforme strains from maize in northeast Mexico. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60: 1695-1697.
  • Desjardins, A.E., Plattner, R.D. ve Nelson, P.E. 1997. Production of fumonisin B1 and moniliformin by Gibberella fujikuroi from rice from various geographic areas. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(5): 1838-1842.
  • Desjardins, A.E. ve Proctor, R.H. 2001. Biochemistry and genetics of Fusarium toxins “Alınmıştır: Fusarium (eds) Summerell, B.A., Leslie, J.F. Backhouse, D. Bryden, W.L. and Burgess, L.W., Paul. E. Nelson, Memorial Symposium APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA. pp.5069”
  • Desjardins, A. 2006. Fusarium Mycotoxins: chemistry, genetics, and biology American Phytopathological Society Press, 260p.
  • Doko, M.B., Rapior, S. ve Visconti, A. 1994. Screening for FB1 and FB2 in corn and corn-based foods and feeds from France. In: Abstracts of the 7th International Congress of the IUMS Mycology Division, Prague, Czech Republic, 3-8 July 1994, p 468.
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  • Farrar, J.J. ve Davis R.M. 1991. Relationships among ear morphology, western flower thrips and Fusarium ear rot of corn. Phytopathology, 81: 661-666.
  • FDA 2001. Fumonisin levels in human foods and animal feeds. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park.
  • Galvano, F., Piva, A., Ritieni, A. ve Galvano, G. 2001. Dietary Strategies to Counteract the Effects of Mycotoxins: A Review. Journal of Food Protection, 64: 120-131.
  • Gelderbloom, W.C.A., Jaskiewicz, K., Marasas, W.F.O., Thiel, P.G., Horak, R.M., Vleggaar, R. ve Kriek, P.J. 1988. Fumonisins-novel mycotoxins with cancerpromoting activity produced by Fusarium moniliforme. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54: 18061811.
  • Glenn, A.E. 2007. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium species in animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 137: 213-240.
  • Gromadzka, K., Waskiewicz, A. Chelkowski, J. ve Golinski P. 2008. Zearalenone and its metabolites: occurrence, detection, toxicity and guidelines. World Mycotoxin Journal, 1 (2): 209-220.
  • Hendricks, K. 1999. Fumonisins and neural tube defects in South Texas, Epidemiology 10: 198-200.
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  • IARC 1999. Overall evaluations of carcinojenicity to humans. IARC monographs, 1-73: 1-36.
  • Idahor, K.O. 2010. Global distribution of Fumonisin B1-A review. Acta SATECH 3(2): 25-32.
  • JEFCA 2001. Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food (WHO Food Additives Series No. 47), 56th Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
  • Jurado, M., Marín, P., Callejas, C., Moretti, A., Vazquez, C. ve Gonzalez-Jaen M.T. 2010. Genetic variability and Fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum. Food Microbiology, 27: 50-57.
  • Karlovsky, P. 1999. Biological Detoxification of Fungal Toxins and Its Use in Plant Breeding, Feet and Food Production. Natural Toxins, 7: 1-23.
  • Keser, O. ve Kutay, H.C. 2009. Mikotoksinlerin önlenmesinde kullanılan bazı yöntemler II. Kimyasal ve Biyolojik yöntemler. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veterinerlik Fakültesi Dergisi, 35 (1): 1930.
  • Krska, R., Welzig, E. and Boudra, H. 2007. Analysis of Fusarium toxins in feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 137: 241-264.
  • Lee, U.S., Lee, M.Y., Shin, K.S., Min, Y.S., Cho, C.M. ve Ueno, Y. 1994. Production of FB1 and FB2 by Fusarium moniliforme isolated from Korean corn kernels for feed. Mycotoxin Research, 10: 67-72.
  • Leslie, J.F., Marasas, W.F.O., Shephard, G.S., Sydenham, E.W., Stockenstrom, S. ve Thiel P.G. 1996. Duckling toxicity and the production of fumonisin and moniliformin by isolates in the A and F mating population of Gibberella fujikuroi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62: 1182-1187.
  • Lew H., Adler A. ve Edinger W., 1991. Moniliformin and the European corn borer. Mycotoxin Research, 7: 71-76.
  • Marasas, W.F.O., Wehner, F.C., Rensburg, S.J., ve Schalkwyk, S. 1981. Mycoflora of corn produced in human Esophagel cancer areas in Trankei, Southern Africa. Phytopathology, 71: 792-796.
  • Marasas, W. F. 0., Kellerman, T. S., Gelderblom, W. C. A., Coetzer, J. A. W., Thiel, P. G. ve van der Lugt, J. J. 1988. Leukoencephalomalacia in a horse induced by fumonisin B, isolated from Fusarium moniliforme. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 55: 197203.
  • Marasas, W.F.O., Riley, R.T., Hendricks, K.A., Stevens, V.L., Sadler, T.O. 2004. Fumonisins disrupt sphingolipid metabolism, folate transport, and neural tube development in embryo culture and in vivo: a potential risk factor for human neural tube defects amongnpopulations consuming fumonisin-contaminated maize. The Journal of Nutrition, 134: 711-716.
  • McLean, M. 1996. The phytotoxicity of Fusarium metabolites: an update since 1989. Mycopathologia, 133: 163-179.
  • Mclean, M. ve Dutton, M.F. 1995. Cellular interactions and metabolism of aflatoxin: An Update. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 65 (2): 163-192.
  • Meister, U., Symmank, H. ve Dahlke, H., 1996. Investigation and evaluation of the contamination of native and imported cereals with fumonisins. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 203: 528-533.
  • Miller, J.D., Savard, M.E., Sibilia A., Rapior, S., Hocking, A.D. ve Pitt, J.I. 1993. Production of fumonisins and fusarins by Fusarium moniliforme from Southeast Asia. Mycologia, 85: 385-391.
  • Miller, J.D., Savard M.E., Schaafsma A.W., Seifert K.A. ve Reid L.M. 1995. Mycotoxin production by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum from Ontario and occurrence of fumonisin in the 1993 corn crop. The Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 17: 233-239.
  • Miller, J.D. 2001. Factors That Affect the Occurrence of Fumonisin. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109 (2): 321-324.
  • Missmer, S.A., Suarez, L., Felkner, M., Wang, E., Merrill Jr., A.H., Rothman, K.J. ve Hendricks, K.A. 2006. Exposure to fumonisins and the occurrence of neural tube defects along the Texas-Mexico border. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114: 237-241.
  • Morgavi, D.P. ve Riley, R.T. 2007. An historical overview of field disease outbreaks known or suspected to be caused by consumption of feeds contaminated with Fusarium toxins. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 137: 201-212.
  • Munkvold, G.P. ve Desjardins A.E. 1997. Fumonisins in maize. Can we reduce their occurrence? Plant Disease, 81: 556-565.
  • Musser, S.M. ve Plattner, R.D. 1997. Fumonisin composition in cultures of Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum and F. nygami. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45: 1169-1173.
  • Nelson, P.E., Plattner, R.D., Shackelford, D.D. ve Desjardins, A.E. 1991. Production of fumonisins by Fusarium moniliforme strains from various substrates and geographic areas. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57: 24102412.
  • Nelson, P.E., Desjardins, A.E., ve Plattner, R.D. 1993.Fumonisins, mycotoxins prouced by Fusarium species; biology, chemistry, and significance. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 311:233-252.
  • Omurtag, G. Z. Yazıcıoğlu, D. Beyoğlu D., Tozan, A.ve Atak, G. 2005. Mycotoxins Studies in Turkey, Proceedings of II. National Mycotoxin Symposium, Edtrs. Heperkan, D. Kaya G D. and Güler, F.K., 73, Istanbul Technical University.
  • Pitt, J.I. 2000. Toxigenic fungi: Which are Important? Medical Mycology, 38: 17-22. Piva, G., Galvano, F., Pietri, A. ve Piva, A. 1995. Detoxification Methods of Aflatoxins. A Review. Nutrition Research, 15(5): 767-776.
  • Pray, C., Rheeder,J., Gouse, M., Volkwyn, Y., van der Westhuizen, L. ve Shephard, G.S. 2009. Can Bt Maize reduce exposure to the mycotoxin fumonisin in South Africa? International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference, Beijing, China, August, 16: 22.
  • Rao, K.N., Reddy, B.V., Girisham, S., Reddy, S.M. 2010. Factors influencing fumonisins (B1) production by Fusarium moniliforme. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 3(2): 213-215.
  • Riley, R.T., Voss, K.A., Norred W.P., Sharma, R.P., Wang, E. ve Merrll, A.H. 1998. Fumonisins: mechanism of mycotoxicity. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire, 149 (6): 617-626.
  • Ross, P.F., Nelson, P.E., Richard, J.L., Osweiler, G.D., Rice, L.G., Plattner, R.D. ve Wilson, T.M. 1990. Production of fumonisins by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum isolates associated with equine leukoencephalomalacia and a pulmonary edema syndrome in swine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56: 3225-3226.
  • Rustom, I.Y.S. 1997. Aflatoxin in Food and Feed: Occurrence, Legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food Chemistry, 59 (1): 57-67.
  • Samarajeewa, U., Sen, A.C., Cohen, M.D. ve Wei, C.I. 1990. Detoxification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds by physical and chemical methods. Journal of Food Protection, 53 (6): 489-501.
  • Shelby, R.A., White D.G. ve Bauske E.M. 1994. Differential fumonisin production in maize hybrids. Plant Disease, 78: 582584.
  • Shephard, G.S. 1998. Chromatographic determination of the fumonisin mycotoxins. Journal of Chromatography, A815: 31-39.
  • Stack, M.E. ve Eppley, R. M. 1992. Liquid chromatographic determination of FB1 and FB2 in corn and corn products. Journal-Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 75: 834-837.
  • Sydenham, E.W., Shephard, G.S., Thiel, P.G., Marasas, W.F.O. ve Stockenstrom, S. 1991. Fumonisin contamination of commercial corn-based human foodstuffs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 39: 2014-2018.
  • Sydenham, E.W., Marasas, W.F.O., Shephard, G.S., Thiel, P.G. ve Hirooka, E.Y. 1992. Fumonisin concentrations in Brazilian feeds associated with field outbreaks of confirmed and suspected animal mycotoxicoses. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40: 994-997.
  • Sydenham, E.W., Shephard, G.S., Gelderblom, W.C.A., Thiel, P.G. ve Marasas, W.F.O. 1993. Fumonisins: Their implications for human and animal health. Proceedings of the UK Workshop on Occurrence and Signification of Mycotoxins. Scudamore K. (ed). Slough, UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Central Science Laboratory, pp 42-48.
  • Tanaka, K., Sago, Y., Zheng, Y., Nakagawa, H. ve Kushiro, M., 2007. Mycotoxins in rice. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 119: 59-66.
  • Thrane, U. 2001. Development in the taxonomy of Fusarium species based on secondary metabolites “Alınmıştır: Fusarium (eds) Summerell, B.A., Leslie, J.F. Backhouse, D. Bryden, W.L. and Burgess, L.W., Paul. E. Nelson, Memorial Symposium APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA. pp. 29-49”
  • Uçkun, Z. ve Yıldız, M. 2005. Proceedings of II. National Mycotoxin Symposium, Edtrs. Heperkan, D. Kaya G D. and Güler, F.K. 80, Istanbul Technical University.
  • Ueno, Y., Aoyama, S., Sugiura, Y., Wang, D.S., Lee, U.S., Hirooka, E.Y., Hara, S., Karki, T., Chen, G. ve Yu, S-Z. 1993: A limited survey of fumonisins in corn and corn-based products in Asian countries. Mycotoxin Research, 9: 27-34.
  • Urry, M.H., Wehrmeister, H.L., Hodge, E.B. ve Hidy, P.H. 1966. The structure of zearalenone. Tetrahedron Letters, No. 27: 3109-3114.
  • Van Egmond, H.P. 2004. Natural Toxins: Risks, Regulations and the analytical situation in Europe. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 378: 1152-1160.
  • Viljoen, J.H., Marasas, W.F.O. ve Thiel, P.G. 1994. Fungal infection and mycotoxic contamination of commercial maize. “Alınmıştır: Proceedings of the 10th South African Maize Breeding Symposium. Du Plessis J.G., Van Rensberg J.B.J., McLaren N.W. and Flett B. C. (eds.). Potchefstroom, South Africa, Department of Agriculture, pp. 26-37”
  • Visconti, A., Boenke, A., Doko, M.B., Solfrizzo, M. ve Pascale, M. 1995. Occcurrence of fumonisins in Europe and the BCR-Measurements and testing projects. Natural Toxins, 3: 269-274.
  • Voss, K.A., Smith, G.W. ve Haschek, W.M. 2007. Fumonisins: Toxicokinetics, mechanism of action and toxicity. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 137: 299325.
  • WHO, Geneva 2000. International Programme on Chemical Society. Monographs on Environmental Health Criteria for FB1.World Health Organisation, pp 126.
  • Wu, F. 2006. Mycotoxin Reduction in Bt Corn: Potential Economic, Health and Regulatory Impacts. Transgenic Research, 15: 277-289.
  • Yates, I.E., Meredith F., Smart W., Bacon C.W. ve Jaworski A.J. 1999. Trichoderma viride suppresses fumonisin B1 production by Fusarium moniliforme. Journal of Food Protection, 66: 1326-1332.
Toplam 86 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği
Bölüm Derleme Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Handan Altınok

Murat Dikilitaş Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Şubat 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Şubat 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Altınok, H., & Dikilitaş, M. (2014). MISIRDA (Zea mays L.) FUNGAL ENFEKSİYONLAR SONUCU OLUŞAN FUMONİSİNLERİN İNSAN VE ÇEVRE SAĞLIĞI AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Harran Tarım Ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(3), 9-19.
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