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Structural, Technical and Socio-Economic Analysis of Organic Milk Producing Farms

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 54 Sayı: 1, - , 01.03.2013

Bahri Bayram İbrahim Ak Vecihi Aksakal Halit Mazlum

Öz

The first of the main problem of today’s modern dairy cow are associated with reproduction. The early postpartum period after calving which is one of the physiological periods is the most sensitive and biological forced of cow. Adverse effects of udder and genital tract inflammations together with the type and shape of birth observed directly on reproductive performance in dairy cattle. The purpose of this study, to determine relationships between days open (DO), the interval from calving to first insemination (INTERVAL) and services per conception (SPC), and mastitis cases detected during the postpartum period in Holstein Friesian Dairy Cows. For this purpose, as research material was used 1778 lactation and reproduction records which consist of 28 twin births, 66 abortion and stillbirths and detected 135 clinical mastitis data in the first 60 days following the calving between 1998-2001 in Ceylanpınar Agriculture Farming. The interval from calving to first postpartum artificial insemination and services per conception was effected by clinical mastitis cases in the first 60 days after birth (P<0.001). According to result of contrast test, cows that did not have clinical mastitis first postpartum 20 day and between postpartum 2160 day had increased likely pregnancy at the first insemination ODDS: 1.255 (95 %- CI: 0.721- 2.183) and ODDS: 2.354 (95 %CI: 1.351- 4.101), compared with cows that had clinical mastitis same periods. Cows that had inseminated from calving to first postpartum 60 day had decreased likely of pregnancy at the first insemination (ODDS: 0.612 (95 %- CI: 0.504- 0.744) compared with cows insemination postpartum 60 day). High yield negatively affected reproductive performance (P<0.001). In order to keep within the limits of optimal criteria for reproductive performance in dairy cattle, in addition to managing a successful in the prenatal and post-natal period, especially for health of the udder and genital hygiene, principles of asepsis and antisepsis should be performed carefully.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Postpartum mastitis days open services per conception.

Kaynakça

  • Alpizar, E., Spicer, L.J. 1994. Effects of interleukin-6 on proliferation and folliclestimulating hormoneinduced estradiol production by bovine granulose cells in vitro: dependence on size of follicle. Biol. Reprod. 50: 38-43.
  • Barker, A. R., Schrick, F. N., Lewis, M. J., Dowlen, H. H., Oliver, S. P. 1998. Influence of clinical mastitis during early lactation on reproductive performance of Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81: 1285– 1290.
  • Berry, D. P., Lee, J. M., Macdonald, K. A., Stafford, K., Matthews, L., Roche, J. R. 2007. Associations among body condition score, body weight, somatic cell count, and clinical mastitis in seasonal calving dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 634- 648.
  • Bromfield, J. J. ve Sheldon, I. M. 20 Lipopolysaccharide initiates inflammation in bovine garanulosa cells via the TLR h pathway and perturbs oocyte meiotic progression in vitro. Reproduction Development 152(12): 5029- 40.
  • Butler, W.R. 2000. Nutritional interactions with reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 60: 449–457.
  • Butler, W.R. 2003. Energy balance relationships with follicular development, ovulation and fertility in postpartum dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 83: 2112
  • Chebel, R. C., Santos, J. E. P., Reynolds, J. P., Cerri, R. L. A., Juchem, S. O., Overton, M. 2004. Factors affecting conception rate after artificial insemination and pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 84: 239–255.
  • Chebel, R. C. 2007. Mastitis effects on reproduction. NMC Regional Meeting Proceedings. http://nmconline.org/articles/repro.pdf (10 Ağustos 2013).
  • Dematawewa, C.M.B., Berger, P.J. 1998. Genetic and phenotypic parameters for 305-day yield, fertility, and survival in Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 81: 2700– 270
  • Fışgın, N. T. 2004. Sepsis. O.M.Ü. Tıp Dergisi. 21(2): 100- 109.
  • Fourichon, C., Seegers, H., Malher, X. 2000. Effect of disease on reproduction in the dairy cow: a meta analysis. Theriogenology 53: 1729-1759.
  • Garcia-Ispierto, I., Lopez-Gatius, F., Bech-Sabat, G., Santolaria, P., Yaniz, J. L., Nogareda, C. 2007. Climate factors affecting conception rate of high producing dairy cows in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology 67: 1379- 85.
  • Gautam, G., Nakao, T., Yusuf, M., Koike, K. 2009. Prevalence of endometritis during the postpartum period and its impact on subsequent reproductive performance in two Japanese dairy herds. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 116: 175-187.
  • Gilbert, R.O., Shin, S.T., Guard, C.L., Erb, H.N., Frajblat, M. 2005. Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows, Theriogenology 64: 1879-1888.
  • Gunay, A., Gunay, U. 2008. Effects of clinical mastitis on reproductive performance in Holstein cows. Acta Vet. (Brno) 77:555–560.
  • Hansen, P.J., Drost, M., Rivera, R. M., Paula-Lopes, F. F., al-Katanani, Y. M., Krininger, C. E. 2001. Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production: causes and strategies for mitigation. Theriogenology 55: 91- 103.
  • Hertl, J. A., Gröhn, Y. T., Leach, J. D., Bar, D., Bennet, G. J., Gonzales, R. N., Rauch, B. J., Welcome, F. L., Tauer, L. W., Schukken, Y. H. 2010. Effects of clinical mastitis caused by gram positive and gram negative bacteria and other organisms on the probability of conception in New York State Holstein Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93(4): 155115
  • Ispierto, G.I, Lopez- Gatius, F, Santolaria, P., Yaniz, J.L., Nogareda, C., Lopez-Bejar, M. 2007. Factors affecting the fertility of high producing dairy herds in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology 67: 632–638. Lavon, Y., Leitner. G., Klipper, E., Moallem. U., Meidan, R., Wolfenson, D. 2011a. Subclinical, chronic intramammary infection lowers steroid concentrations and gene expression in bovine preovulatory follicles. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 40: 98–109.
  • Lavon, Y., Ezra, E., Leitner, G., Wolfenson, D. 2011b. Association of conception rate with pattern and level of somatic cell count elevation relative to time of insemination in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 94:4538– 45
  • Leblanc, S. 2010. Assessing the association of the level of milk production with reproductive performance in dairy cattle. J. Reprod. Dev. 56: S1–S7.
  • Lima, F.S., Risco, C.A., Thatcher, M.J., Benzaquen, M.E., Archbald, L.F., Santos, .E.P. 200 Comparison of reproductive performance in lactating cows bred by natural service or timed artificial insemination J. Dairy Sci. 92: 5456–5466.
  • Lopez-Gatius, F. 2003. Is fertility declining in dairy cattle? A retrospective study in northeastern Spain Theriogenology 60: 89–99
  • Lopez, H., Satter, L.D., Wiltbank, M. 2004. Relationship between level of milk production and estrous behaviour of lactating dairy cows Anim. Reprod. Sci. 81: 209–223.
  • Lopez- Gatius, F., Ispierto, I.G., Santolaria, P., Yaniz, J., Nogareda, C., Bejar, M.L. 2006. Screening for high fertility in high- producing dairy cows. Theriogenology 65: 678- 1689.
  • Lucy, M.C. 2001. Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will it end? J. Dairy Sci. 84: 1277–1293.
  • Moore, D. A., Cullor, J. S.,. BonDurant, R. H., Sischo, W. M. 1991. Preliminary field evidence for the association of clinical mastitis with altered interestrus intervals in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 36: 257–265.
  • Nava- Trujilla, H., Soto- Bellosa, E., Hoet, A. E. 2010. Effects of clinical mastitis from calving to first service on reproductive performance in dualpurpose cows. Animal Reproduction Science 121(12): 12- 16.
  • Opsomer, G., Coryn, M., Deluyker, H., de Kruit, A. 19 An analysis of ovarian dysfunction in high yielding dairy cows after calving based on progesterone profiles. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 33: 193- 204. Overton, M.W., Sischo, W.M. 2005. Comparison of reproductive performance by artificial insemination versus natural service sires in California dairies Theriogenology 64: 603–613.
  • Petroff, M.G., B.K. Petroff, and J.L. Pate. 2001. Mechanisms of cytokine-induced death of cultured bovine luteal cells. Reproduction 121:753.
  • Piccardi. M., Capitaine Funes, A., Balzarini, M., Bo, G.A. 2013. Some factors affecting the number of days open in Argentinean dairy herds.Theriogenology 79(5): 760- 765.
  • Pryce, J.E., Harris, B.L. 2004. Genetic and economic evaluation of dairy cow body condition score in New Zealand Interbull Bull 32:82–85.
  • Thatcher, W.W., Bilby, T.R., Bartolome, J.A., Silvestre, F., Staples, C.R., Santos, J.E.P. 2006. Strategies for improving fertility in the modern dairy cow. Theriogenology 65: 30–44.
  • Roche, J. R., Lee, J. M., Macdonald, K. A., Berry, D. P. 200 Relationships among body condition score, body weight, milk production variables in pasture based dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 3802- 3815.
  • Santos, J.E.P., Rutigliano, H.M., SáFilho, M.F. 2009. Risk factors for resumption of postpartum cyclicity and embryonic survival in lactating dairy cows Anim. Reprod. Sci. 110: 207–221.
  • SAS (2005) Institute SAS/STAT Software for Windows 1 SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC
  • Schrick, F. N., M. E. Hockett, A. M. Saxton, M. J. Lewis, H. H. Dowlen, and S. P. Oliver. 2001. Influence of subclinical mastitis during early lactation on reproductive parameters. J. Dairy Sci. 84: 1407–1412.
  • Sheldon, I. M., Cronin, J., Goetze. L., Donofrio, G., Schuberth, H. J. 2009. Defining postpartum uterine disease and the mechanisms of infection and immunity in the female reproductive tract in cattle. Biol. Reprod. 81:1025–1032.
  • Skarzynski, D.J., Miyamoto, Y., Okuda, K. 2000. Production of prostaglandin F 2b by cultured bovine endometrial cells in response to tumor necrosis factor b: cell type specificity and intracellular mechanisms. Biol. Reprod. 62: 1116.
  • Waller, K.P., I.G. Colditz, K. Östensson. 2003. Cytokines in mammary lymph and milk during endotoxin-induced bovine mastitis. Res. Vet. Sci. 74: Washburn, S.P., Silvia, W.J., Brown, C.H., McDaniel, B.T., McAllister, A.J. 2002. Trends in reproductive performance in Southeastern Holstein and Jersey DHI herds. J. Dairy Sci. 85: 244–251.
  • Weigel, K.A. 2004. Improving the reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle through genetic selection. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 86– 92.
  • Wenz, J.R., G.M. Barrington, F.B. Garry, K.D. McSweeney, R.P. Dinsmore, G. Goodell, and R.J. Callan. 2001. Bacteremia associated with naturally occurring acute coliform mastitis dairy cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 219: 976-981.
  • Wiltbank, M., Lopez, H., Sartori, R., Sangsritavong, S., Gümen, A. 2006. Changes in reproductive physiology of lactating dairy cows due to elevated steroid metabolism. Theriogenology 65: 17–29.
  • Windig, J. J., Calus, M. P. L., Veerkamp, R. F. 2005. Influence of Herd Environment on Health and Fertility and Their Relationship with Milk Production. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 335-347.
  • Yang, F. L., Shan Li, X., Yang, B. Z., Zang, Y., Zang, X. F., Qui. G. S., Liang, X. W. 2012. Clinical mastitis from calving to next conception negatively affected reproductive performance of dairy cows in Nanning, China. African Journal of Biotechnology 11(10): 2574- 2580.

Organik Süt Üreten İşletmelerin Yapısal, Teknik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Analizleri

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 54 Sayı: 1, - , 01.03.2013

Bahri Bayram İbrahim Ak Vecihi Aksakal Halit Mazlum

Öz

Günümüz modern süt sığırcılığının önde gelen sorunları arasında üremeye ilişkin olanlar ilk sıralarda yer almaktadır. Doğum sonrası erken postpartum dönem, ineğin biyolojik olarak oldukça zorlandığı ve en duyarlı olduğu fizyolojik dönemlerinden birisidir. Süt sığırlarında doğum tipi ve şekli ile birlikte, söz konusu dönemde gelişen meme ve genital sistem yangılarının olumsuz etkileri, doğrudan üreme performansı üzerinde görülmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Siyah Alaca süt sığırlarında servis periyodu/ aşıma açık gün sayısı (SP), doğum- ilk tohumlama arasında geçen süre (İTGS) ve gebelik başına tohumlama sayısı (GBTS) gibi çeşitli döl verimi ölçütleri ile ineğe ilişkin makro çevre faktörleri ve doğum sonrası dönemde saptanan mastitis olgularının ilişkisini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, araştırmanın materyalini Ceylanpınar Tarım İşletmesi’nde yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca ineklere ait 1998- 2001 yılları arasında gerçekleşen 1778 adet laktasyon ve üreme kayıtları ile 28 adet ikiz doğum, 66 adet (abort + ölü doğum) ve doğumu takip eden ilk 60 günde saptanan 135 adet klinik mastitise ait bilgiler oluşturmuştur. Doğum sonrası ilk 60 gün içerisinde gelişen klinik mastitis olgularının, doğum- ilk tohumlama arası süre ve gebelik başına tohumlama sayısı üzerine etkili olduğu (P<0.001), kontrast test sonuçları ile bu dönemde klinik mastitis göstermeyen ineklerin, doğum sonrası ilk 20 gün ve 21- 60. günler arasında mastitis saptanan ineklere (referans düzey) oranla, tek tohumlamada gebe kalma olasılığının sırasıyla 1.255 (95 %- CI: 0.721- 2.183) ve 2.354 (95 %- CI: 1.351- 4.101) kat daha fazla olduğu saptanmıştır. Postpartum dönem 60. günden önce tohumlanan ineklerde, daha geç tohumlananlara göre, ilk tohumlamada gebe kalma olasılığının daha düşük 0.612 (95 %- CI: 0.504- 0.744) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yüksek verim, incelenen üreme özelliklerini olumsuz etkilemiştir (P<0.001). Süt sığırlarında döl verimi ölçütlerinin optimal sınırlar içinde tutulabilmesi için, doğum öncesi ve sonrası dönemde başarılı bir yönetimin yanı sıra, başta meme ve genital sistem sağlığı açısından temizlik, hijyen ve dezenfeksiyon ilkeleri titizlikle yerine getirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Doğum sonrası dönem mastitis servis periyodu gebelik başına tohumlama sayısı

Kaynakça

  • Alpizar, E., Spicer, L.J. 1994. Effects of interleukin-6 on proliferation and folliclestimulating hormoneinduced estradiol production by bovine granulose cells in vitro: dependence on size of follicle. Biol. Reprod. 50: 38-43.
  • Barker, A. R., Schrick, F. N., Lewis, M. J., Dowlen, H. H., Oliver, S. P. 1998. Influence of clinical mastitis during early lactation on reproductive performance of Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81: 1285– 1290.
  • Berry, D. P., Lee, J. M., Macdonald, K. A., Stafford, K., Matthews, L., Roche, J. R. 2007. Associations among body condition score, body weight, somatic cell count, and clinical mastitis in seasonal calving dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 634- 648.
  • Bromfield, J. J. ve Sheldon, I. M. 20 Lipopolysaccharide initiates inflammation in bovine garanulosa cells via the TLR h pathway and perturbs oocyte meiotic progression in vitro. Reproduction Development 152(12): 5029- 40.
  • Butler, W.R. 2000. Nutritional interactions with reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 60: 449–457.
  • Butler, W.R. 2003. Energy balance relationships with follicular development, ovulation and fertility in postpartum dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 83: 2112
  • Chebel, R. C., Santos, J. E. P., Reynolds, J. P., Cerri, R. L. A., Juchem, S. O., Overton, M. 2004. Factors affecting conception rate after artificial insemination and pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 84: 239–255.
  • Chebel, R. C. 2007. Mastitis effects on reproduction. NMC Regional Meeting Proceedings. http://nmconline.org/articles/repro.pdf (10 Ağustos 2013).
  • Dematawewa, C.M.B., Berger, P.J. 1998. Genetic and phenotypic parameters for 305-day yield, fertility, and survival in Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 81: 2700– 270
  • Fışgın, N. T. 2004. Sepsis. O.M.Ü. Tıp Dergisi. 21(2): 100- 109.
  • Fourichon, C., Seegers, H., Malher, X. 2000. Effect of disease on reproduction in the dairy cow: a meta analysis. Theriogenology 53: 1729-1759.
  • Garcia-Ispierto, I., Lopez-Gatius, F., Bech-Sabat, G., Santolaria, P., Yaniz, J. L., Nogareda, C. 2007. Climate factors affecting conception rate of high producing dairy cows in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology 67: 1379- 85.
  • Gautam, G., Nakao, T., Yusuf, M., Koike, K. 2009. Prevalence of endometritis during the postpartum period and its impact on subsequent reproductive performance in two Japanese dairy herds. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 116: 175-187.
  • Gilbert, R.O., Shin, S.T., Guard, C.L., Erb, H.N., Frajblat, M. 2005. Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows, Theriogenology 64: 1879-1888.
  • Gunay, A., Gunay, U. 2008. Effects of clinical mastitis on reproductive performance in Holstein cows. Acta Vet. (Brno) 77:555–560.
  • Hansen, P.J., Drost, M., Rivera, R. M., Paula-Lopes, F. F., al-Katanani, Y. M., Krininger, C. E. 2001. Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production: causes and strategies for mitigation. Theriogenology 55: 91- 103.
  • Hertl, J. A., Gröhn, Y. T., Leach, J. D., Bar, D., Bennet, G. J., Gonzales, R. N., Rauch, B. J., Welcome, F. L., Tauer, L. W., Schukken, Y. H. 2010. Effects of clinical mastitis caused by gram positive and gram negative bacteria and other organisms on the probability of conception in New York State Holstein Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93(4): 155115
  • Ispierto, G.I, Lopez- Gatius, F, Santolaria, P., Yaniz, J.L., Nogareda, C., Lopez-Bejar, M. 2007. Factors affecting the fertility of high producing dairy herds in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology 67: 632–638. Lavon, Y., Leitner. G., Klipper, E., Moallem. U., Meidan, R., Wolfenson, D. 2011a. Subclinical, chronic intramammary infection lowers steroid concentrations and gene expression in bovine preovulatory follicles. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 40: 98–109.
  • Lavon, Y., Ezra, E., Leitner, G., Wolfenson, D. 2011b. Association of conception rate with pattern and level of somatic cell count elevation relative to time of insemination in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 94:4538– 45
  • Leblanc, S. 2010. Assessing the association of the level of milk production with reproductive performance in dairy cattle. J. Reprod. Dev. 56: S1–S7.
  • Lima, F.S., Risco, C.A., Thatcher, M.J., Benzaquen, M.E., Archbald, L.F., Santos, .E.P. 200 Comparison of reproductive performance in lactating cows bred by natural service or timed artificial insemination J. Dairy Sci. 92: 5456–5466.
  • Lopez-Gatius, F. 2003. Is fertility declining in dairy cattle? A retrospective study in northeastern Spain Theriogenology 60: 89–99
  • Lopez, H., Satter, L.D., Wiltbank, M. 2004. Relationship between level of milk production and estrous behaviour of lactating dairy cows Anim. Reprod. Sci. 81: 209–223.
  • Lopez- Gatius, F., Ispierto, I.G., Santolaria, P., Yaniz, J., Nogareda, C., Bejar, M.L. 2006. Screening for high fertility in high- producing dairy cows. Theriogenology 65: 678- 1689.
  • Lucy, M.C. 2001. Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will it end? J. Dairy Sci. 84: 1277–1293.
  • Moore, D. A., Cullor, J. S.,. BonDurant, R. H., Sischo, W. M. 1991. Preliminary field evidence for the association of clinical mastitis with altered interestrus intervals in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 36: 257–265.
  • Nava- Trujilla, H., Soto- Bellosa, E., Hoet, A. E. 2010. Effects of clinical mastitis from calving to first service on reproductive performance in dualpurpose cows. Animal Reproduction Science 121(12): 12- 16.
  • Opsomer, G., Coryn, M., Deluyker, H., de Kruit, A. 19 An analysis of ovarian dysfunction in high yielding dairy cows after calving based on progesterone profiles. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 33: 193- 204. Overton, M.W., Sischo, W.M. 2005. Comparison of reproductive performance by artificial insemination versus natural service sires in California dairies Theriogenology 64: 603–613.
  • Petroff, M.G., B.K. Petroff, and J.L. Pate. 2001. Mechanisms of cytokine-induced death of cultured bovine luteal cells. Reproduction 121:753.
  • Piccardi. M., Capitaine Funes, A., Balzarini, M., Bo, G.A. 2013. Some factors affecting the number of days open in Argentinean dairy herds.Theriogenology 79(5): 760- 765.
  • Pryce, J.E., Harris, B.L. 2004. Genetic and economic evaluation of dairy cow body condition score in New Zealand Interbull Bull 32:82–85.
  • Thatcher, W.W., Bilby, T.R., Bartolome, J.A., Silvestre, F., Staples, C.R., Santos, J.E.P. 2006. Strategies for improving fertility in the modern dairy cow. Theriogenology 65: 30–44.
  • Roche, J. R., Lee, J. M., Macdonald, K. A., Berry, D. P. 200 Relationships among body condition score, body weight, milk production variables in pasture based dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 3802- 3815.
  • Santos, J.E.P., Rutigliano, H.M., SáFilho, M.F. 2009. Risk factors for resumption of postpartum cyclicity and embryonic survival in lactating dairy cows Anim. Reprod. Sci. 110: 207–221.
  • SAS (2005) Institute SAS/STAT Software for Windows 1 SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC
  • Schrick, F. N., M. E. Hockett, A. M. Saxton, M. J. Lewis, H. H. Dowlen, and S. P. Oliver. 2001. Influence of subclinical mastitis during early lactation on reproductive parameters. J. Dairy Sci. 84: 1407–1412.
  • Sheldon, I. M., Cronin, J., Goetze. L., Donofrio, G., Schuberth, H. J. 2009. Defining postpartum uterine disease and the mechanisms of infection and immunity in the female reproductive tract in cattle. Biol. Reprod. 81:1025–1032.
  • Skarzynski, D.J., Miyamoto, Y., Okuda, K. 2000. Production of prostaglandin F 2b by cultured bovine endometrial cells in response to tumor necrosis factor b: cell type specificity and intracellular mechanisms. Biol. Reprod. 62: 1116.
  • Waller, K.P., I.G. Colditz, K. Östensson. 2003. Cytokines in mammary lymph and milk during endotoxin-induced bovine mastitis. Res. Vet. Sci. 74: Washburn, S.P., Silvia, W.J., Brown, C.H., McDaniel, B.T., McAllister, A.J. 2002. Trends in reproductive performance in Southeastern Holstein and Jersey DHI herds. J. Dairy Sci. 85: 244–251.
  • Weigel, K.A. 2004. Improving the reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle through genetic selection. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 86– 92.
  • Wenz, J.R., G.M. Barrington, F.B. Garry, K.D. McSweeney, R.P. Dinsmore, G. Goodell, and R.J. Callan. 2001. Bacteremia associated with naturally occurring acute coliform mastitis dairy cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 219: 976-981.
  • Wiltbank, M., Lopez, H., Sartori, R., Sangsritavong, S., Gümen, A. 2006. Changes in reproductive physiology of lactating dairy cows due to elevated steroid metabolism. Theriogenology 65: 17–29.
  • Windig, J. J., Calus, M. P. L., Veerkamp, R. F. 2005. Influence of Herd Environment on Health and Fertility and Their Relationship with Milk Production. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 335-347.
  • Yang, F. L., Shan Li, X., Yang, B. Z., Zang, Y., Zang, X. F., Qui. G. S., Liang, X. W. 2012. Clinical mastitis from calving to next conception negatively affected reproductive performance of dairy cows in Nanning, China. African Journal of Biotechnology 11(10): 2574- 2580.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Bahri Bayram

İbrahim Ak Bu kişi benim

Vecihi Aksakal Bu kişi benim

Halit Mazlum Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2013
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Nisan 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 54 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bayram, B., Ak, İ., Aksakal, V., Mazlum, H. (2013). Organik Süt Üreten İşletmelerin Yapısal, Teknik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Analizleri. Hayvansal Üretim, 54(1).
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