Role of the Fungal Flora on Kernel Rot of Chestnuts

Deniz Çakar; Prof. Dr.seçil Akıllı

doi:10.24180/ijaws.1252736

Araştırma Makalesi

Role of the Fungal Flora on Kernel Rot of Chestnuts

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 143 - 152, 21.08.2023

Deniz Çakar Prof. Dr.seçil Akıllı

https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.1252736

Öz

In order to determine the fungi causing kernel rot on chestnut, 150 chestnut kernels were collected from chestnut forests of Düzce province. Ninety-eight of the kernels showed necrosis at various sizes, while the rest of 52 were healthy in appearance. Twelve fungi were recovered from the necrotic kernels, while four from the healthy kernels. The most frequently isolated fungus from the necrotic kernels was Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi, obtained from 24 of the kernels. It was also isolated from 5 healthy kernels and produced necrosis when inoculated on the intact kernels. Besides G. smithogilvyi; 11 fungi; Diplodina castanea (1), Botrytis cinerea (6), Aureobasidium sp. (4), Alternaria alternata (2), Alternaria tenuissima (1), Penicillium spp. (19), Trichoderma sp. (12), Cladosporium sp. (2), Cylindrocarpon sp. (2), Mucor sp. (10), Rhizopus stolonifer (5) and bacterial growth were also recovered from necrotic kernels. On the other hand, G. smithogilvyi (5), Penicillium sp. (9), Trichoderma sp. (6), Mucor sp. (3) and bacterial growth were also found out from the symptomless kernels. G. smithogilvyi, D. castanea, B. cinerea, Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. produced necrosis at varying rates when inoculated on to intact kernels. Compared to other species, Penicillium sp. showed the lowest rate of pathogenicity, which was the dominant fungus on the healthy fruits and recovered from 9 of them.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Castanea sativa, chestnut rot, fungal flora

Destekleyen Kurum

Proje Numarası

Teşekkür

We are thankful to Prof. Dr. Salih Maden who suggest to work with his opinions and suggesstions. We thank to the staff of General Directory of Forestry. We are also thankful to Mine Konuk who is the technician of Western Black Sea Forestry Research Institute for help with providing samples.

Kaynakça

Adamčíková, K., Juhásová, G., Kobza, M., & Ondrušková, E. (2013). Diversity of microfungi on branches of Castanea sativa in Slovakia. Polish Botanical Journal, 58, 741-746. https://doi.org/10.2478/pbj-2013-0049.
Aguín-Casal, O.; Rial-Martínez, C.; Piñón-Esteban, P.; Sainz, M. J.; Regueira-Paz, N.; Mansilla Vázquez, J. P.; & Salinero-Corral, C. (2022). First report of Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi causing chestnut brown rot on nuts and burrs of sweet chestnut in Spain. Plant Disease ja. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0322-PDN.
Akıllı, S., Katırcıoğlu, Y. Z., & Maden, S. (2011, Haziran 14-17). Kestane Tohumlarının Fungal Florası Üzerinde Çalışmalar. IV. Tohumculuk Kongresi, Samsun, Türkiye.
Akıllı Şimşek, S., Katırcıoğlu, Y. Z., Çakar, D., Rigling, D., & Maden, S. (2019). Impact of fungal diseases on common box (Buxus sempervirens L.) vegetation in Turkey. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 153(4), 1203-1220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-01636-4.
Barnett, H. L., & Hunter, B. B. (1972). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. Burgess Publishing Company. Minnesota.
Blaiotta, G., Di Capua, M., Romano, A., Coppola, R., & Aponte, M. (2014). Optimization of water curing for the preservation of chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) and evaluation of microbial dynamics during process. Food Microbiology, 42, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2014.02.009.
Conedera, M., Tinner, W., Krebs, P., de Rigo, D., & Caudullo, G. (2016). Castanea sativa in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Houston Durrant, T., Mauri, A. (Eds.), European Atlas of Forest Tree Species (pp. e0125e0+). Publication Office of the European Union.
Crous, P. W., Summerell, B. A., Shivas, R. G., Burgess, T. I., Decock, C. A., Dreyer, L. L, Granke, L. L, Guest, D. I., Hardy, G. E. S. T. J., Hausbeck, M. K., Hüberli, D., Jung, T., Koukol, O., Lennox, C. L., Liew, E. C. Y., Lombard, L., McTaggart, A. R., Pryke, J. S., Roets, F., Saude, C., Shuttleworth, L. A., Stukely, M. J. C., Vánky, K., Webster, B. J., Windstam, S. T., & Groenewald, J. Z. (2012). Fungal planet description sheets: 107–127. Persoonia, 28, 138–182. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158512X652633.
Çakar, D., & Şimşek, S. A. (2022). First report of Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi causing nut rot on Castanea sativa in Turkey. New Disease Reports, 46(1), e12105. https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12105.
Dar, M. A., & Rai, M. (2013). Biological and Phylogenetic Analyses, Evidencing the Presence of Gnomoniopsis sp. in India, Causing Canker of Chestnut Trees: a New Report. Indian Forester, 139(1), 37-42.
Dennert, F., Broggini, G., Gessler, C., & Storari, M. (2015). Gnomoniopsis castanea is the main chestnut nut rot agent in Switzerland. Phytopathologia Mediterrranea, 54(2), 199-211. https://doi.org/10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediterr-14712.
Donis-González, I. R., Guyer, D. E., & Fulbright, D. W. (2016). Quantification and identification of microorganisms found on shell and kernel of fresh edible chestnuts in Michigan. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(13), 4514–4522. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7667.
FAOSTAT D (2023). Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Statistical database. http://www.fao.org/faostat. [Access date: February 10, 2023].
Fernandez-Conradi, P., Borowiec, N., Capdevielle, X., Castagneyrol, B., Maltoni, A., Robin, C., Selvi, F., Halder, I. V., Vétillard, F., & Jakcel, H. (2017). Plant neighbour identity and invasive pathogen infection affect associational resistance to an invasive gall wasp. Biological Invasions, 20, 1459-1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1637-4.
Gaffuri, F., Longa, C. M. O., Turchetti, T., Danti, R., & Maresi, G. (2017). ‘Pink rot’: infection of Castanea sativa fruits by Colletotrichum acutatum. Forest Pathology, 47(2), e12307. https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12307.
Gentile, S., Valentino, D., Visentin, I., & Tamietti, G. (2009). Discula pascoe infections of sweet chestnut fruits in North- West Italy. Australian Nutgrower, 23, 23-25.
Glass, N. L., & Donaldson, G. C. (1995). Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Applied and Environ-mental Microbiology, 61, 1323-1330.
Jaklitsch, W. M., & Voglmayr, H. (2019). European species of Dendrostoma (Diaporthales). Mycokeys, 59, 1–26. https://doi.org/ 10.3897/mycokeys.59.37966.
Jermini, M., Conedera, M., Sieber, T.N., Sassella, A., Schӓrer, H., Jelmini, G. et al. (2006) Influence of fruit treatments on perishability during cold storage of sweet chestnuts. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86, 877-885. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2428.
Jiang, N., & Tian, C. (2019). An emerging pathogen from rotted chestnut in China: Gnomoniopsis daii sp. nov. Forests, 10, 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10111016.
Jiang, N., Voglmayr, H., Bian, D. R., Piao, C. G., Wang, S. K., & Li, Y. (2021). Morphology and phylogeny of Gnomoniopsis (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales) from fagaceae leaves in China. Journal of Fungi, 7(10), 792. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7100792.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analyses across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096.
Lewis, A., Gorton, C., Rees, H., Webber, J., & Pérez-Sierra, A. (2017). First report of Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi causing lesions and cankers of sweet chestnut in the United Kingdom. New Disease Reports, 35, 20. https://doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2017.035.020.
Liang, L., & Wang, G. (2003). Studies on the Varieties and Pathogenic Ability of the Pathogenic Fungi of Chinese Chestnut Seed in Different Production Areas of China. Forest Research, Beijing, 16(3), 284-288.
Linaldeddu, B. T., Deidda, A., Scanu, B., Franceschini, A., Alves, A., Abdollahzadeh, J., & Phillips, A. J. L. (2016). Phylogeny, morphology and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae, Diatrypaceae and Gnomoniaceae associated with branch diseases of hazelnut in Sardinia (Italy). European Journal of Plant Pathology, 146(2), 259-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-0912-z.
Lione, G., Giordano, L., Sillo, F., & Gonthier, P. (2015). Testing and modelling the effects of climate on the incidence of the emergent nut rot agent of chestnut Gnomoniopsis castanea. Plant Pathology, 64(4), 852-863. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12319.
Lione, G., Danti, R., Fernandez-Conradi, P., Ferreira-Cardoso, J. V., Lefort, F., Marques, G., Meyer, J. B., Prospero, S., Radócz, L., Turchetti, T., Vettraino, A. M., & Gonthier, P. (2019). The emerging pathogen of chestnut Gnomoniopsis castaneae: the challenge posed by a versatile fungus. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 153(3), 671-685. https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:18430.
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Kestane Meyve Çürüklüğünde Fungal Floranın Rolü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 143 - 152, 21.08.2023

Deniz Çakar Prof. Dr.seçil Akıllı

https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.1252736

Öz

Meyve çürüklüğüne neden olan fungusları belirlemek için, Düzce ilinde bulunan kestane ormalarından 150 adet kestane meyvesi toplanmıştır. Toplanan meyvelerin 98 tanesinde farklı ölçülerde nekrozlar görülmüş olup, 52 adedinin ise semptomsuz olduğu gözlenmiştir. Nekrozlu meyveden 12 farklı fungus tespit edilirken, sağlıklı meyvelerden 4 farklı fungus tespit edilmiştir. Nekrozlu meyvede en sık rastlanan fungus Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi (24) olmuştur. Ayrıca semptom göstermeyen 5 meyveden de bu fungus izole edilmiştir. Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi’nin yanısıra, nekrozlu meyvelerden Diplodina castanea (1), Botrytis cinerea (6), Aureobasidium sp. (4), Alternaria alternata (2), Alternaria tenuissima (1), Penicillium spp. (19), Trichoderma sp. (12), Cladosporium sp. (2), Cylindrocarpon sp. (2), Mucor sp. (10), Rhizopus stolonifer (5) olmak üzere 11 fungus izole edilmiş ve bakteriyel gelişmeler tespit edilmiştir. Semptomsuz meyvelerde ise G. smithogilvyi (5), Penicillium sp. (9), Trichoderma sp. (6), Mucor sp. (3) ve bakteriyel gelişmeler tespit edilmiştir. Meyvelerden izole edilen G. smithogilvyi, D. castanea, B. cinerea, Cladosporium sp. ve Penicillim sp. olmak üzere 5 türün patojenitesi yapılmış olup, meyvede patojen olduğu saptanmıştır. Penicillium sp. diğer türlere göre az da olsa patojenite göstermiştir. Semptomsuz meyveden yapılan fungus izolasyonunda ise en sık tespit edilen Penicillium sp. (9) olmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Castanea sativa, meyve çürüklüğü, fungal flora

Proje Numarası

Kaynakça

Adamčíková, K., Juhásová, G., Kobza, M., & Ondrušková, E. (2013). Diversity of microfungi on branches of Castanea sativa in Slovakia. Polish Botanical Journal, 58, 741-746. https://doi.org/10.2478/pbj-2013-0049.
Aguín-Casal, O.; Rial-Martínez, C.; Piñón-Esteban, P.; Sainz, M. J.; Regueira-Paz, N.; Mansilla Vázquez, J. P.; & Salinero-Corral, C. (2022). First report of Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi causing chestnut brown rot on nuts and burrs of sweet chestnut in Spain. Plant Disease ja. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0322-PDN.
Akıllı, S., Katırcıoğlu, Y. Z., & Maden, S. (2011, Haziran 14-17). Kestane Tohumlarının Fungal Florası Üzerinde Çalışmalar. IV. Tohumculuk Kongresi, Samsun, Türkiye.
Akıllı Şimşek, S., Katırcıoğlu, Y. Z., Çakar, D., Rigling, D., & Maden, S. (2019). Impact of fungal diseases on common box (Buxus sempervirens L.) vegetation in Turkey. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 153(4), 1203-1220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-01636-4.
Barnett, H. L., & Hunter, B. B. (1972). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. Burgess Publishing Company. Minnesota.
Blaiotta, G., Di Capua, M., Romano, A., Coppola, R., & Aponte, M. (2014). Optimization of water curing for the preservation of chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) and evaluation of microbial dynamics during process. Food Microbiology, 42, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2014.02.009.
Conedera, M., Tinner, W., Krebs, P., de Rigo, D., & Caudullo, G. (2016). Castanea sativa in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Houston Durrant, T., Mauri, A. (Eds.), European Atlas of Forest Tree Species (pp. e0125e0+). Publication Office of the European Union.
Crous, P. W., Summerell, B. A., Shivas, R. G., Burgess, T. I., Decock, C. A., Dreyer, L. L, Granke, L. L, Guest, D. I., Hardy, G. E. S. T. J., Hausbeck, M. K., Hüberli, D., Jung, T., Koukol, O., Lennox, C. L., Liew, E. C. Y., Lombard, L., McTaggart, A. R., Pryke, J. S., Roets, F., Saude, C., Shuttleworth, L. A., Stukely, M. J. C., Vánky, K., Webster, B. J., Windstam, S. T., & Groenewald, J. Z. (2012). Fungal planet description sheets: 107–127. Persoonia, 28, 138–182. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158512X652633.
Çakar, D., & Şimşek, S. A. (2022). First report of Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi causing nut rot on Castanea sativa in Turkey. New Disease Reports, 46(1), e12105. https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12105.
Dar, M. A., & Rai, M. (2013). Biological and Phylogenetic Analyses, Evidencing the Presence of Gnomoniopsis sp. in India, Causing Canker of Chestnut Trees: a New Report. Indian Forester, 139(1), 37-42.
Dennert, F., Broggini, G., Gessler, C., & Storari, M. (2015). Gnomoniopsis castanea is the main chestnut nut rot agent in Switzerland. Phytopathologia Mediterrranea, 54(2), 199-211. https://doi.org/10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediterr-14712.
Donis-González, I. R., Guyer, D. E., & Fulbright, D. W. (2016). Quantification and identification of microorganisms found on shell and kernel of fresh edible chestnuts in Michigan. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(13), 4514–4522. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7667.
FAOSTAT D (2023). Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Statistical database. http://www.fao.org/faostat. [Access date: February 10, 2023].
Fernandez-Conradi, P., Borowiec, N., Capdevielle, X., Castagneyrol, B., Maltoni, A., Robin, C., Selvi, F., Halder, I. V., Vétillard, F., & Jakcel, H. (2017). Plant neighbour identity and invasive pathogen infection affect associational resistance to an invasive gall wasp. Biological Invasions, 20, 1459-1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1637-4.
Gaffuri, F., Longa, C. M. O., Turchetti, T., Danti, R., & Maresi, G. (2017). ‘Pink rot’: infection of Castanea sativa fruits by Colletotrichum acutatum. Forest Pathology, 47(2), e12307. https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12307.
Gentile, S., Valentino, D., Visentin, I., & Tamietti, G. (2009). Discula pascoe infections of sweet chestnut fruits in North- West Italy. Australian Nutgrower, 23, 23-25.
Glass, N. L., & Donaldson, G. C. (1995). Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Applied and Environ-mental Microbiology, 61, 1323-1330.
Jaklitsch, W. M., & Voglmayr, H. (2019). European species of Dendrostoma (Diaporthales). Mycokeys, 59, 1–26. https://doi.org/ 10.3897/mycokeys.59.37966.
Jermini, M., Conedera, M., Sieber, T.N., Sassella, A., Schӓrer, H., Jelmini, G. et al. (2006) Influence of fruit treatments on perishability during cold storage of sweet chestnuts. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86, 877-885. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2428.
Jiang, N., & Tian, C. (2019). An emerging pathogen from rotted chestnut in China: Gnomoniopsis daii sp. nov. Forests, 10, 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10111016.
Jiang, N., Voglmayr, H., Bian, D. R., Piao, C. G., Wang, S. K., & Li, Y. (2021). Morphology and phylogeny of Gnomoniopsis (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales) from fagaceae leaves in China. Journal of Fungi, 7(10), 792. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7100792.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analyses across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096.
Lewis, A., Gorton, C., Rees, H., Webber, J., & Pérez-Sierra, A. (2017). First report of Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi causing lesions and cankers of sweet chestnut in the United Kingdom. New Disease Reports, 35, 20. https://doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2017.035.020.
Liang, L., & Wang, G. (2003). Studies on the Varieties and Pathogenic Ability of the Pathogenic Fungi of Chinese Chestnut Seed in Different Production Areas of China. Forest Research, Beijing, 16(3), 284-288.
Linaldeddu, B. T., Deidda, A., Scanu, B., Franceschini, A., Alves, A., Abdollahzadeh, J., & Phillips, A. J. L. (2016). Phylogeny, morphology and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae, Diatrypaceae and Gnomoniaceae associated with branch diseases of hazelnut in Sardinia (Italy). European Journal of Plant Pathology, 146(2), 259-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-0912-z.
Lione, G., Giordano, L., Sillo, F., & Gonthier, P. (2015). Testing and modelling the effects of climate on the incidence of the emergent nut rot agent of chestnut Gnomoniopsis castanea. Plant Pathology, 64(4), 852-863. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12319.
Lione, G., Danti, R., Fernandez-Conradi, P., Ferreira-Cardoso, J. V., Lefort, F., Marques, G., Meyer, J. B., Prospero, S., Radócz, L., Turchetti, T., Vettraino, A. M., & Gonthier, P. (2019). The emerging pathogen of chestnut Gnomoniopsis castaneae: the challenge posed by a versatile fungus. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 153(3), 671-685. https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:18430.
Magro, P., Speranza, S., Stacchiotti, M., Martignoni, D., & Paparatti, B. (2010). Gnomoniopsis associated with necrosis of leaves and chestnut galls induced by Dryocosmus kuriphilus. Plant pathology, 59(6), 1171-1171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02336.x.
Maresi, G., Longa, O., & Turchetti, T. (2013). Brown rot on nuts of Castanea sativa Mill: an emerging disease and its causal agent. iForest, 6(5), 294-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02336.x. OGM, (2020). Türkiye Orman Varlığı. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/ormanlarimiz-sitesi/TurkiyeOrmanVarligi/Yayinlar/2020%20T%C3%BCrkiye%20Orman%20Varl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1.pdf. [Access date: February 21, 2023].
Overy, D. P., Seifert, K. A., Savard, M. E., & Frisvad, J. C. (2003). Spoilage fungi and their mycotoxins in commercially marketed chestnuts. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 88(1), 69–77. 10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00086-2.
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Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Bitki Bilimi
Bölüm	Bitki Koruma
Yazarlar	Deniz Çakar 0000-0002-6269-404X Prof. Dr.seçil Akıllı 0000-0002-5055-1391
Proje Numarası	-
Erken Görünüm Tarihi	14 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi	21 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi	18 Şubat 2023
Kabul Tarihi	5 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA	Çakar, D., & Akıllı, P. D. (2023). Role of the Fungal Flora on Kernel Rot of Chestnuts. Uluslararası Tarım Ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 143-152. https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.1252736

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