Entropic Assessment of Sleeping Comfort

Mustafa Özilgen; Deniz Kayalı; Bayram Yılmaz; Yavuz Yavuz

doi:10.5541/ijot.1108911

Araştırma Makalesi

Entropic Assessment of Sleeping Comfort

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 64 - 73, 01.09.2022

Mustafa Özilgen Deniz Kayalı Bayram Yılmaz Yavuz Yavuz

https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1108911

Öz

In the literature longevity and comfort are evaluated in terms of entropy generation and export rates. When people cannot export entropy, they experience discomfort. Effect of bedding, pajamas and levels of body coverage have been assessed in 270 cases by referring to body weight and height of 25 years old women. By 160 cm tall and 50 kg women, at 0 °C of room temperature, entropy export rates were 6.0x10--3 and 7.4x10--3 W/kg K, while they were sleeping on their back and on the side, respectively. The results showed that entropy export became more difficult as the body temperature approached the room temperature. Textile properties, including heat transfer and wicking rates of sweat removal were also important while exporting the entropy. The results of this study may be employed while designing beds or beddings, pajamas and comforters to achieve a more comfortable sleeping environment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sleeping preferences, metabolic heat generation, entropy generation, sweating

Kaynakça

D. I. Rifkin, M.W. Long, M.J. Perry. “Climate change and sleep: A systematic review of the literature and conceptual framework.” Sleep Med Rev, 42,3–9, 2018; https://doi.10.1016/j.smrv.2018.07.007.
C. Yildiz, V.A. Bilgin, B Yilmaz, M. Özilgen, M. “Organisms live at far-from-equilibrium with their surroundings while maintaining homeostasis, importing exergy and exporting entropy.” Int. J. Exergy, 31 (3), 287-300, 2020; https://doi.10.1504/ijex.2020.10027921.
S.S. Gilbert, C.J. van den Heuvel, S.A. Ferguson, D. Dawson, “Thermoregulation as a sleep signalling system,” Sleep Med. Rev., 8(2), 81–93, 2004; https://doi.10.1016/S1087-0792(03)00023-6.
O. Troynikov, G.C. Watson, N. Nawaz. “Sleep environments and sleep physiology: A review.” J. Therm. Biol., 78(2),192–203,2018; https://doi.10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.09.012.
G. Zoccoli, R. Amici, R. “Sleep and autonomic nervous system.” Curr. Opin. Physiol., 15, 128–133, 2020; https://doi.10.1016/j.cophys.2020.01.002.
J.L. Hylden, F. Anton, R.L. Nahin, “Spinal lamina I projection neurons in the rat: collateral innervation of parabrachial area and thalamus.” Neuroscience, 28(1) 27-37, 1989; https://doi.10.1016/0306-4522(89)90229-7.
A.D. Craig, A.D., M.C. Bushnell, E.T. Zhang, A. Blomqvist. “A thalamic nucleus specific for pain and temperature sensation.” Nature, 372(6508), 770-773, 1994; https://doi.org/10.1038/372770a0.
L.C. Tan, Z.A. Knight, Z.A. “Regulation of body temperature by the nervous system.” Neuron, 98(1), 31–48, 2019; https://doi.10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.022.
A.S. Tubbs, H. K. Dollish, F Fernandez, M.A. Grandner, “The basics of sleep physiology and behavior.” Elsevier, 2019, USA.
S. Tekin, Y. Erden, S. Sandal, E. Etem Onalan, F. Ozyalin, H. Ozen, B. Yilmaz. “Effects of apelin on reproductive functions: relationship with feeding behavior and energy metabolism.” Arch Physiol Biochem, 123: 9-15, 2017.
L.M. Kay, S.M. Sherman. “An argument for an olfactory thalamus.” Trends Neurosci. 30(2). 47-53, 407; https://doi.10.1016/j.tins.2006.11.007.
J. Hall, M. Hall, M. “Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology”. 14th Ed., Elsevier, USA, 2020.
R. Szymusiak. Body temperature and sleep. Handb Clin Neurol. 156:341-351, 2018.
I. Kuş, B. Yılmaz, B, H. Öner, M. Ögetürk, H. Keleştimur. “Ultrastructural examination of the mutual interrelationship between the pineal gland and the testis in the male rat.” Arch Androl, 45(2), 119-124, 2000; https://doi.10.1080/014850100418819.
L.C. Lack, M. Gradisar, E.J.W. van Someren, H.R. Wright, K. Lushington. ”The relationship between insomnia and body temperatures,” Sleep Med. Rev. 12(4), 307–317, 2008; https://doi.10.1016/j.smrv.2008.02.003.
I. Aklan, N. Sayar Atasoy, Y. Yavuz, T. Ates, I. Coban, F. Koksalar, et al. “NTS catecholamine neurons mediate hypoglycemic hunger via medial hypothalamic feeding pathways.” Cell Metab. 31(2) 313–326.e5, 2020; https://doi.10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.016
D.C. Fonseca, P. Sala, B. de Azevedo Muner Ferreira, J. Reis, R.S. Torrinhas, L. Bendavid, D.L. Waitzberg, D.L. “Body weight control and energy expenditure,” Clin. Nutr. Exp., 20, 55-59, 2018; https://doi.10.1016/j.yclnex.2018.04.001.
I. Park, M. Kayaba, K. Iwayama, H. Ogata, Y. Sengoku, K. Tokuyama, M. Satoh, M. “Relationship between metabolic rate and core body temperature during sleep in human.” Sleep Med., 16(suppl. 1), S186-S187, 2015; https://doi.10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.1377.
R.D. Fealey, R.D. “Interoception and autonomic nervous system reflexes thermoregulation.” Handb. Clin. Neurol. 117, 79-88 2013; https://doi.10.1016/B978-0-444-53491-0.00007-9.
K. Satoh, K. Mishima. Hypothermic action of exogenously administered melatonin is dose-dependent in humans. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 24(6), 334-340, 2001; https://doi.10.1097/00002826-200111000-00004.
B. Yilmaz, D.P. Gilmore, C.A. Wilson, C.A. “Inhibition of the pre-ovulatory LH surge in the rat by central noradrenergic mediation: Involvement of an anaesthetic (urethane) and opioid receptor agonists”. Biogenic. Amines, 12, 423-435, 1996.
K. Tsuzuki, Y. Mochizuki, K. Maeda, Y. Nabeshima, T. Ohata, V. Draganova, V. “The effect of a cold environment on sleep and thermoregulation with insufficient bedding assuming an emergency evacuation.” Energy Build., 207(109562), 1-8, 2020; https://doi.10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109562.
L. Lan, K. Tsuzuki, Y.F. Liu, Y.F. Z.W. Lian. “Thermal environment and sleep quality: A review,” Energy Buildings, 149, 101–113, 2017; https://doi.10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.05.043.
K. Hey-sang, S. Michielsen, E. Den Hartog. “Wicking in textiles at rates comparable to human sweating.” Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., . 622(126726),1-9, 2021; https://doi.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126726.
M.E. Öngel, C. Yıldız, C. Akpınaroğlu, B. Yilmaz, M. Özilgen M. “Why women may live longer than men do? A telomere-length regulated and diet-based entropic assessment” Clin. Nutr., 40(3), 1186–1191, 2021; https://doi.10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.030.
L. Hayflick (2007). “Biological aging is no longer an unsolved problem.” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1100(1), 13, 2007; https://doi.10.1196/annals.1395.001.
M.E. Todhunter, R.W. Sayaman, M. Miyano, M. M.A. LaBarge. “Tissue aging: the integration of collective and variant responses of cells to entropic forces over time.” Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 54, 121–129, 2018; https://doi.10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.016.
C. Silva, K. Annamalai, K. ”Entropy generation and human aging: Lifespan entropy and effect of physical activity level.” Entropy, 10,(2), 100–123, 2008; https://doi.10.3390/entropy-e10020100.
K. Annamalai, C. Silva. ”Entropy stress and scaling of vital organs over life span based on allometric laws.” Entropy, 14(12), 2550–2577, 2012; https://doi.10.3390/e14122550.
H. Caliskan. “Energetic and exergetic comparison of the human body for the summer season.” Energy Convers. 76, 169-176, 2013; doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.07.045.
C.E.K. Mady, M.S. Ferreira, J.I., Yanagihara, P.H.N. Saldiva, S de Oliveira Jr. “Modeling the exergy behavior of human body.” Energy, 45(1), 546-553, 2012; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.02.064.
D.S. Molliet, CEK Mady, “Exergy analysis of the human body to assess thermal comfort conditions: comparison of the thermal responses of males and females”, Case Stud. Therm. Eng.; 25(100912), 1-8, 2021; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.100972.
F. Mete, E. Kilic, A. Somay, B. Yilmaz. “Effects of heat stress on endocrine functions and behavior in the pre-pubertal rats.” Ind J Med Res., 135(2), 233-239, 2012.
C. Yildiz, A.S. Semerciöz, B.H. Yalçinkaya, T.D. Ipek, E. Öztürk-Özışık, M. Özilgen M. “Entropy generation and accumulation in biological systems.” Int. J. Exergy 33(4), 444-468 2020; https://doi.10.1504/IJEX.2020.111691.
C.M. Blatteis. “Fever: pathological or physiological, injurious or beneficial?” J. Therm. Biol., Vol. 28(1), 1-13, 2003; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4565(02)00034-7.
B.V. Holcombe, B.N. Hoshke. “Dry heat transfer characteristics of underwear fabrics,” Text. Res. J., 53(6), 368–374, 1983; https://doi.10.1177/004051758305300608.
R.J. De Dear, E. Arens, Z. Hui, M. Oguro. “Convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients for individual human body segments.” Int. J. Biometeorol., 40(3), 141–156, 1997; https://doi.10.1007/s004840050035.
R.G. McMurray, J. Soares, C.J. Caspersen, T. McCurdy, T. “Examining variations of resting metabolic rate of adults: A public health perspective.” Med Sci Sports Exerc., 46(7), 1352–1358, 2014; https://doi.10.1249/MSS.0000000000000232.
M. Özilgen. “Handbook of Food Process Modeling and Statistical Quality Control,” CRC Books, 2nd ed. Taylor and Francis, USA, 2011.
J. Weibezahn, C. Schlieker, P. Tessarz, A. Mogk, B. Bukau. “Novel insights into the mechanism of chaperone-assisted protein disaggregation. “Biol. Chem. Vol 386(8), 739–744, 2005; https://doi.10.1515/BC.2005.08.
J. Karjalainen, M. Viitasalo. “Fever and cardiac rhythm.” Arch. Intern. Med., 14,(6), 169-171, 1986; https://doi.10.1001/archinte.1986.00360180179026.
E.S. Skarpsno, P.S. Mork, T.I.L. Nilsen, A. Holtermann. “Sleep positions and nocturnal body movements based on free-living accelerometer recordings: association with demographics, lifestyle, and insomnia symptoms.” Nat. Sci Sleep, 9,267-275, 2017; https://doi.10.2147/NSS.S145777.
E. Schrödinger. “What is life? The physical aspects of a living cell.” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1944.
I. Prigogine, J-M. Wiame. “Biologie et thermodynamique des phénomènes irréversibles.” Experientia 2(11), 451-453, 1946; https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02153597.
Y. Demirel. “Nonequilibrium thermodynamics in engineering and science.” J. Phys. Chem. B, 108(1), 31–43, 2003; https://doi.org/10.1021/jp030405g.
G. Collell, G. J Fauert, J. “Brain and cognition: A connection from thermodynamics and information theory.“ Front. Psychol., 6(818) 7-11, 2015 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00818.
J. Lewins, J. “Entropy pollution of the environment: A teaching approach to the second law.” Int. J. Mech. Eng. Educ. 39(1), 60-67; https://doi.10.7227/IJMEE.39.1.5.
M. Özilgen, “Review on biothermodynamics applications: timeline, challenges, and opportunities.” Int. J. Energy. Res. 41, 1513 – 1533, 2017; doi:org/10.1007/BF02153597. I. Aoki, “Entropy flow and entropy production in the human body in basal conditions.” J. Theor. Biol. 141, 11-21, 1989.
I. Aoki, “Entropy production in human life span: A thermodynamical measure for aging.” Age 17, 29-31, 1994.
U. Lucia, G. Grisolia. “The Gouy-Stodola theorem: From irreversibility to sustainability - the thermodynamic human development.” Sustainability, 13, 3995; 2021; doi:org/10.3390/su13073995

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 64 - 73, 01.09.2022

Mustafa Özilgen Deniz Kayalı Bayram Yılmaz Yavuz Yavuz

https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1108911

Öz

Kaynakça

D. I. Rifkin, M.W. Long, M.J. Perry. “Climate change and sleep: A systematic review of the literature and conceptual framework.” Sleep Med Rev, 42,3–9, 2018; https://doi.10.1016/j.smrv.2018.07.007.
C. Yildiz, V.A. Bilgin, B Yilmaz, M. Özilgen, M. “Organisms live at far-from-equilibrium with their surroundings while maintaining homeostasis, importing exergy and exporting entropy.” Int. J. Exergy, 31 (3), 287-300, 2020; https://doi.10.1504/ijex.2020.10027921.
S.S. Gilbert, C.J. van den Heuvel, S.A. Ferguson, D. Dawson, “Thermoregulation as a sleep signalling system,” Sleep Med. Rev., 8(2), 81–93, 2004; https://doi.10.1016/S1087-0792(03)00023-6.
O. Troynikov, G.C. Watson, N. Nawaz. “Sleep environments and sleep physiology: A review.” J. Therm. Biol., 78(2),192–203,2018; https://doi.10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.09.012.
G. Zoccoli, R. Amici, R. “Sleep and autonomic nervous system.” Curr. Opin. Physiol., 15, 128–133, 2020; https://doi.10.1016/j.cophys.2020.01.002.
J.L. Hylden, F. Anton, R.L. Nahin, “Spinal lamina I projection neurons in the rat: collateral innervation of parabrachial area and thalamus.” Neuroscience, 28(1) 27-37, 1989; https://doi.10.1016/0306-4522(89)90229-7.
A.D. Craig, A.D., M.C. Bushnell, E.T. Zhang, A. Blomqvist. “A thalamic nucleus specific for pain and temperature sensation.” Nature, 372(6508), 770-773, 1994; https://doi.org/10.1038/372770a0.
L.C. Tan, Z.A. Knight, Z.A. “Regulation of body temperature by the nervous system.” Neuron, 98(1), 31–48, 2019; https://doi.10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.022.
A.S. Tubbs, H. K. Dollish, F Fernandez, M.A. Grandner, “The basics of sleep physiology and behavior.” Elsevier, 2019, USA.
S. Tekin, Y. Erden, S. Sandal, E. Etem Onalan, F. Ozyalin, H. Ozen, B. Yilmaz. “Effects of apelin on reproductive functions: relationship with feeding behavior and energy metabolism.” Arch Physiol Biochem, 123: 9-15, 2017.
L.M. Kay, S.M. Sherman. “An argument for an olfactory thalamus.” Trends Neurosci. 30(2). 47-53, 407; https://doi.10.1016/j.tins.2006.11.007.
J. Hall, M. Hall, M. “Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology”. 14th Ed., Elsevier, USA, 2020.
R. Szymusiak. Body temperature and sleep. Handb Clin Neurol. 156:341-351, 2018.
I. Kuş, B. Yılmaz, B, H. Öner, M. Ögetürk, H. Keleştimur. “Ultrastructural examination of the mutual interrelationship between the pineal gland and the testis in the male rat.” Arch Androl, 45(2), 119-124, 2000; https://doi.10.1080/014850100418819.
L.C. Lack, M. Gradisar, E.J.W. van Someren, H.R. Wright, K. Lushington. ”The relationship between insomnia and body temperatures,” Sleep Med. Rev. 12(4), 307–317, 2008; https://doi.10.1016/j.smrv.2008.02.003.
I. Aklan, N. Sayar Atasoy, Y. Yavuz, T. Ates, I. Coban, F. Koksalar, et al. “NTS catecholamine neurons mediate hypoglycemic hunger via medial hypothalamic feeding pathways.” Cell Metab. 31(2) 313–326.e5, 2020; https://doi.10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.016
D.C. Fonseca, P. Sala, B. de Azevedo Muner Ferreira, J. Reis, R.S. Torrinhas, L. Bendavid, D.L. Waitzberg, D.L. “Body weight control and energy expenditure,” Clin. Nutr. Exp., 20, 55-59, 2018; https://doi.10.1016/j.yclnex.2018.04.001.
I. Park, M. Kayaba, K. Iwayama, H. Ogata, Y. Sengoku, K. Tokuyama, M. Satoh, M. “Relationship between metabolic rate and core body temperature during sleep in human.” Sleep Med., 16(suppl. 1), S186-S187, 2015; https://doi.10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.1377.
R.D. Fealey, R.D. “Interoception and autonomic nervous system reflexes thermoregulation.” Handb. Clin. Neurol. 117, 79-88 2013; https://doi.10.1016/B978-0-444-53491-0.00007-9.
K. Satoh, K. Mishima. Hypothermic action of exogenously administered melatonin is dose-dependent in humans. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 24(6), 334-340, 2001; https://doi.10.1097/00002826-200111000-00004.
B. Yilmaz, D.P. Gilmore, C.A. Wilson, C.A. “Inhibition of the pre-ovulatory LH surge in the rat by central noradrenergic mediation: Involvement of an anaesthetic (urethane) and opioid receptor agonists”. Biogenic. Amines, 12, 423-435, 1996.
K. Tsuzuki, Y. Mochizuki, K. Maeda, Y. Nabeshima, T. Ohata, V. Draganova, V. “The effect of a cold environment on sleep and thermoregulation with insufficient bedding assuming an emergency evacuation.” Energy Build., 207(109562), 1-8, 2020; https://doi.10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109562.
L. Lan, K. Tsuzuki, Y.F. Liu, Y.F. Z.W. Lian. “Thermal environment and sleep quality: A review,” Energy Buildings, 149, 101–113, 2017; https://doi.10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.05.043.
K. Hey-sang, S. Michielsen, E. Den Hartog. “Wicking in textiles at rates comparable to human sweating.” Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., . 622(126726),1-9, 2021; https://doi.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126726.
M.E. Öngel, C. Yıldız, C. Akpınaroğlu, B. Yilmaz, M. Özilgen M. “Why women may live longer than men do? A telomere-length regulated and diet-based entropic assessment” Clin. Nutr., 40(3), 1186–1191, 2021; https://doi.10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.030.
L. Hayflick (2007). “Biological aging is no longer an unsolved problem.” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1100(1), 13, 2007; https://doi.10.1196/annals.1395.001.
M.E. Todhunter, R.W. Sayaman, M. Miyano, M. M.A. LaBarge. “Tissue aging: the integration of collective and variant responses of cells to entropic forces over time.” Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 54, 121–129, 2018; https://doi.10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.016.
C. Silva, K. Annamalai, K. ”Entropy generation and human aging: Lifespan entropy and effect of physical activity level.” Entropy, 10,(2), 100–123, 2008; https://doi.10.3390/entropy-e10020100.
K. Annamalai, C. Silva. ”Entropy stress and scaling of vital organs over life span based on allometric laws.” Entropy, 14(12), 2550–2577, 2012; https://doi.10.3390/e14122550.
H. Caliskan. “Energetic and exergetic comparison of the human body for the summer season.” Energy Convers. 76, 169-176, 2013; doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.07.045.
C.E.K. Mady, M.S. Ferreira, J.I., Yanagihara, P.H.N. Saldiva, S de Oliveira Jr. “Modeling the exergy behavior of human body.” Energy, 45(1), 546-553, 2012; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.02.064.
D.S. Molliet, CEK Mady, “Exergy analysis of the human body to assess thermal comfort conditions: comparison of the thermal responses of males and females”, Case Stud. Therm. Eng.; 25(100912), 1-8, 2021; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.100972.
F. Mete, E. Kilic, A. Somay, B. Yilmaz. “Effects of heat stress on endocrine functions and behavior in the pre-pubertal rats.” Ind J Med Res., 135(2), 233-239, 2012.
C. Yildiz, A.S. Semerciöz, B.H. Yalçinkaya, T.D. Ipek, E. Öztürk-Özışık, M. Özilgen M. “Entropy generation and accumulation in biological systems.” Int. J. Exergy 33(4), 444-468 2020; https://doi.10.1504/IJEX.2020.111691.
C.M. Blatteis. “Fever: pathological or physiological, injurious or beneficial?” J. Therm. Biol., Vol. 28(1), 1-13, 2003; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4565(02)00034-7.
B.V. Holcombe, B.N. Hoshke. “Dry heat transfer characteristics of underwear fabrics,” Text. Res. J., 53(6), 368–374, 1983; https://doi.10.1177/004051758305300608.
R.J. De Dear, E. Arens, Z. Hui, M. Oguro. “Convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients for individual human body segments.” Int. J. Biometeorol., 40(3), 141–156, 1997; https://doi.10.1007/s004840050035.
R.G. McMurray, J. Soares, C.J. Caspersen, T. McCurdy, T. “Examining variations of resting metabolic rate of adults: A public health perspective.” Med Sci Sports Exerc., 46(7), 1352–1358, 2014; https://doi.10.1249/MSS.0000000000000232.
M. Özilgen. “Handbook of Food Process Modeling and Statistical Quality Control,” CRC Books, 2nd ed. Taylor and Francis, USA, 2011.
J. Weibezahn, C. Schlieker, P. Tessarz, A. Mogk, B. Bukau. “Novel insights into the mechanism of chaperone-assisted protein disaggregation. “Biol. Chem. Vol 386(8), 739–744, 2005; https://doi.10.1515/BC.2005.08.
J. Karjalainen, M. Viitasalo. “Fever and cardiac rhythm.” Arch. Intern. Med., 14,(6), 169-171, 1986; https://doi.10.1001/archinte.1986.00360180179026.
E.S. Skarpsno, P.S. Mork, T.I.L. Nilsen, A. Holtermann. “Sleep positions and nocturnal body movements based on free-living accelerometer recordings: association with demographics, lifestyle, and insomnia symptoms.” Nat. Sci Sleep, 9,267-275, 2017; https://doi.10.2147/NSS.S145777.
E. Schrödinger. “What is life? The physical aspects of a living cell.” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1944.
I. Prigogine, J-M. Wiame. “Biologie et thermodynamique des phénomènes irréversibles.” Experientia 2(11), 451-453, 1946; https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02153597.
Y. Demirel. “Nonequilibrium thermodynamics in engineering and science.” J. Phys. Chem. B, 108(1), 31–43, 2003; https://doi.org/10.1021/jp030405g.
G. Collell, G. J Fauert, J. “Brain and cognition: A connection from thermodynamics and information theory.“ Front. Psychol., 6(818) 7-11, 2015 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00818.
J. Lewins, J. “Entropy pollution of the environment: A teaching approach to the second law.” Int. J. Mech. Eng. Educ. 39(1), 60-67; https://doi.10.7227/IJMEE.39.1.5.
M. Özilgen, “Review on biothermodynamics applications: timeline, challenges, and opportunities.” Int. J. Energy. Res. 41, 1513 – 1533, 2017; doi:org/10.1007/BF02153597. I. Aoki, “Entropy flow and entropy production in the human body in basal conditions.” J. Theor. Biol. 141, 11-21, 1989.
I. Aoki, “Entropy production in human life span: A thermodynamical measure for aging.” Age 17, 29-31, 1994.
U. Lucia, G. Grisolia. “The Gouy-Stodola theorem: From irreversibility to sustainability - the thermodynamic human development.” Sustainability, 13, 3995; 2021; doi:org/10.3390/su13073995

Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Termodinamik ve İstatistiksel Fizik, Mühendislik
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Mustafa Özilgen Deniz Kayalı Bayram Yılmaz Yavuz Yavuz
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2022 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA	Özilgen, M., Kayalı, D., Yılmaz, B., Yavuz, Y. (2022). Entropic Assessment of Sleeping Comfort. International Journal of Thermodynamics, 25(3), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1108911
AMA	Özilgen M, Kayalı D, Yılmaz B, Yavuz Y. Entropic Assessment of Sleeping Comfort. International Journal of Thermodynamics. Eylül 2022;25(3):64-73. doi:10.5541/ijot.1108911
Chicago	Özilgen, Mustafa, Deniz Kayalı, Bayram Yılmaz, ve Yavuz Yavuz. “Entropic Assessment of Sleeping Comfort”. International Journal of Thermodynamics 25, sy. 3 (Eylül 2022): 64-73. https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1108911.
EndNote	Özilgen M, Kayalı D, Yılmaz B, Yavuz Y (01 Eylül 2022) Entropic Assessment of Sleeping Comfort. International Journal of Thermodynamics 25 3 64–73.
IEEE	M. Özilgen, D. Kayalı, B. Yılmaz, ve Y. Yavuz, “Entropic Assessment of Sleeping Comfort”, International Journal of Thermodynamics, c. 25, sy. 3, ss. 64–73, 2022, doi: 10.5541/ijot.1108911.
ISNAD	Özilgen, Mustafa vd. “Entropic Assessment of Sleeping Comfort”. International Journal of Thermodynamics 25/3 (Eylül 2022), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1108911.
JAMA	Özilgen M, Kayalı D, Yılmaz B, Yavuz Y. Entropic Assessment of Sleeping Comfort. International Journal of Thermodynamics. 2022;25:64–73.
MLA	Özilgen, Mustafa vd. “Entropic Assessment of Sleeping Comfort”. International Journal of Thermodynamics, c. 25, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 64-73, doi:10.5541/ijot.1108911.
Vancouver	Özilgen M, Kayalı D, Yılmaz B, Yavuz Y. Entropic Assessment of Sleeping Comfort. International Journal of Thermodynamics. 2022;25(3):64-73.

Kapak Resmi İndir

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin