Evaluation of the Relationship between Epiphytic Diatoms and Water Quality Parameters in the Büyükçekmece Reservoir

Tümer Orhun Aykut; Neslihan Balkıs; Turgay Durmuş; Cüneyt Nadir Solak

Araştırma Makalesi

Evaluation of the Relationship between Epiphytic Diatoms and Water Quality Parameters in the Büyükçekmece Reservoir

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 80 Sayı: 1, 54 - 68, 15.06.2021

Tümer Orhun Aykut Neslihan Balkıs Turgay Durmuş Cüneyt Nadir Solak

Öz

Objective: In this study carried out in Büyükçekmece Reservoir, the composition, distribution, seasonal changes of epiphytic diatoms that live on the surfaces of plants, and the effects of environmental parameters on these organisms were investigated, and it was aimed to reveal the water quality of the reservoir.

Materials and Methods: In order to determine the seasonal changes of epiphytic diatom species in Büyükçekmece Reservoir, water and material samples were collected from five stations in 2019. In the study, water temperature, salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH values, which are among the basic ecological variables, were measured. Epiphytic diatom samples were obtained from Phragmites sp. species. Also, Spearman's rank correlation, Shannon–Weaver diversity index, Cluster (Bray–Curtis and Euclidean Distance), and ordination analysis (DCA and CCA) were applied in the study.

Results: 66 epiphytic diatom species were identified in this study, and 36 of these species are new records for the reservoir. Most epiphytic diatom species were obtained in August, and the lowest number was obtained in November. According to the pH values, it was determined that the reservoir is alkaline. In addition, it was determined that the main factors affecting the distribution of epiphytic diatom species in the reservoir are temperature and conductivity, and it was revealed that ecological variables affect species distribution.

Conclusion: According to conductivity and DO values, it was determined that the reservoir was of very good and of good quality, and in terms of DO values, the reservoir was mainly oligotrophic. However, station 5 was mesotrophic during the August sampling period, station 4 was mesotrophic, and station 5 was eutrophic in November. Also, Büyükçekmece Reservoir was found in poor and moderate status according to H' classification.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Epiphytic diatoms, Bacillariophyceae, correlation, Water quality, Istanbul, Turkey

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

118Y347

Teşekkür

The authors are grateful to Dr. Hüsamettin Balkıs, Dr. Muharrem Balcı, and Dr. Benin Toklu–Alıçlı from Istanbul University for their valuable assistance in field sampling. They also thank Elif Yılmaz for her support in preparing diatom frustules. In addition, the authors thank TÜBİTAK (BİDEB-2237, Project No: 1129B371901423) for their contribution to the implementation of ordination analysis.

Kaynakça

1. Medlin LK, Kooistra WHCF, Gersonde R, Sims PA, Wellbrock U. Is the origin of diatoms related to the end-Permian mass extinction? Nova Hedwigia 1997; 65: 1–11.
2. Round FE, Crawford RM, Mann DG. Biology of diatoms, the diatoms: Biology and morphology of the genera. Sandgren CD, editor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990. 746 p.
3. Ács É, Szabó K, Tóth B, Kiss KT. Investigation of benthic algal communities, especially diatoms of some Hungarian streams in connection with reference conditions of the Water Framework Directives. Acta Bot Hung 2004; 46 (3–4): 255–78.
4. Soininen J, Paavola R, Muotka T. Benthic diatom communities in boreal streams: community structure in relation to environmental and spatial gradients, Ecography 2004; 27(3): 330–42.
5. Cumming BF, Wilson SE, Hall RI, Smol JP. Diatoms from British Columbia (Canada) Lakes and their relationship to salinity, nutrients and other limnological variables. Bibliotecha Diatomalogica 1995. 207 p.
6. Battarbee RW, Charles DF, Dixit SS, Renberg I. Diatoms as indicators of surface water acidity. Stoermer EF, Smol JP, editors. The Diatoms: Applications for the environmental and earth sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999. pp. 98–121.
7. John J. Bioassessment on health of aquatic systems by the use of diatoms. Ambasht RS, Ambasht NK, editors. Modern Trends in Applied Aquatic Ecology. New York, USA: Kluwer Academic Publications; 2003. pp. 1–20.
8. Taylor JC, Harding WR, Archibald CGM. An illustrated guide to some common diatom species from South Africa. Gezina, South Africa: Water Research Commission; 2007. Report No: 282/07.
9. Bozarth A, Maier UG, Zauner S. Diatoms in biotechnology: modern tools and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82: 195–201.
10. Official Journal of the European Communities. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2000; 327: 1–73.
11. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey. Water pollution control regulations. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey 2004; No: 25687.
12. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey. Surface water quality management regulation. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey 2016; No: 29797.
13. Dalkıran N, Zünbülgil B, Karacaoğlu D, Dere Ş. Uluabat gölü epifitik diyatomelerinin uzun dönemdeki değişimleri. LimnoFish 2016; 2(3): 153–163.
14. Stener-Kovács C, Buczkó K, Hajnal É, Padisák J. Epiphytic, littoral diatoms as bioindicators of shallow lake trophic status: Trophic Diatom Index for Lakes (TDIL) developed in Hungary. Hydrobiologia 2007; 589: 141–154.
15. Sanal M, Demir N. Use of the epiphytic diatoms to estimate the ecological status of Lake Mogan. Appl Ecol Environ Sci 2018; 16(3): 3529–43.
16. Solak CN, Çetin T, Karaaslan Y, Kaleli A, Yılmaz E, Duran M, Kıvanç G, Kimençe, T, Aynur–Koyunoğlu, Ş., Çankaya, B.F., Yılmaz-Aşık, D. Common diatoms of phytobenthos in Gediz River Basin. Turkish Journal of Water Science & Management 2019; 3(2): 58–70.
17. Demir N, Atay D. Kurtboğazı ve Çamlıdere Baraj Göllerinin Fitoplanktonu. In: X. National Fisheries Symposium, 1999; p. 577–87.
18. Directorate General for State Hydraulic Works (DSİ). Büyükçekmece Barajı ve tesisleri ikmal inşaatı aylık iş durumu. DSİ papers, Istanbul; 1985.
19. İSKİ. “Büyükçekmece Barajı son 14 gün içindeki mevcut su hacimleri” https://www.iski.istanbul/web/tr-TR/baraj-doluluk, Last Accessed Date: 03 May 2021.
20. İSKİ. “Baraj Doluluk Oranları - Mevcut Su Miktarının Barajlara Göre Dağılımı”. http://www.iski.istanbul/web/tr-TR/baraj-doluluk, Last Accessed Date: 11 November 2019.
21. Winter JG, Duthie HC. Epilithic diatoms as indicators of stream total N and total P concentration. J North Am Benthol Soc 2000; 19(1): 32–49.
22. Hendey NI. A revised check-list of British marine diatoms. J Mar Biolog Assoc UK 1974; 54(2): 277–300.
23. Battarbee RW, Cameron NG, Golding P, Brooks SJ, Switsur R, Harkness D, McGovern A. Evidence for Holocene climate variability from the sediments of a Scottish remote mountain lake. J Quat Sci 2001; 16(4): 339–346.
24. Hustedt F. Heft 10: Bacillariophyta (Diatomeae). Pascher A. editor. Die Süsswasser-Flora Mitteleuropas. Jena, Germany: Verlag von Gustav Fischer; 1930. 466 p.
25. Patrick R, Reimer CW. The diatoms of the United States, Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Philadelphia. Philadelphia, USA: Wiley; 1966. 688 p.
26. Patrick R, Reimer CW. The diatoms of the United States Vol.2, Part 1. Philadelphia, USA: Wiley; 1975.
27. Krammer K, Lange–Bertalot N. Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag; 1991.
28. Krammer K, Lange–Bertalot N. Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae, Kritische Ergänzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis Teil 1-4. Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag; 1991.
29. Krammer K, Lange–Bertalot N. Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae 1. Teil: Naviculaceae. Berlin, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag; 1997.
30. Krammer K, Lange–Bertalot N. Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. Berlin, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag; 1997.
31. Siegel S. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York, USA: McGraw–Hill; 1956.
32. Shannon CE, Weaver W. The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana, USA: The University of Illinois Press; 1949.
33. Clarke KR, Warwick RM. Change in marine communities: An approach to statistical analysis and interpretation (2nd edition). Plymouth, England: Primer–E; 2001.
34. Lepš J, Šmilauer P. 2003. Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press; 2003.
35. McCune B, Mefford MJ. PC–ORD, Multivariate analysis of ecological data (Version 6.22) Oregon, USA: MjM software; 2011.
36. Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 2001; 4(1): 1–9.
37. Balkis–Ozdelice N, Solak CN, Durmus T. The use of phytoplankton communities to determination of the ecological status of Büyükçekmece Dam-Lake and the investigation of water quality problems. TÜBİTAK, Ankara; 2020. Report No: 118Y347.
38. Temel M. Büyükçekmece Gölü bentik alg florası, Kısım II: Epilitik ve epifitik alg toplulukları. In: X. National Fisheries Symposium, Adana: 22–24 September 1999; 877–86.
39. Temel M. Büyükçekmece Gölü Bentik Alg Florası, Süleyman Demirel Univ. Eğirdir Su Ürün. Fak. Derg. 1996–1997; 5: 173–90.
40. Temel M. The phytoplankton of Lake Büyükçekmece, İstanbul, Turkey, Pak J Bot 2002; 34(1): 81–92.
41. Aktan–Turan Y, Aykulu G, Albay M, Okgerman H, Akçaalan R, Gürevin C, Dorak Z. Büyükçekmece Gölü’nde aşırı artış gösteren fitoplankterlerin gelişimini kontrol eden faktörlerin araştırılması. TÜBİTAK, Ankara. 2006. Report No: 103Y127.
42. Gulecal Y, Temel M. Water quality and phytoplankton diversity in Büyükçekmece Watershed, Turkey. J Water Resource Prot 2014; 6: 55–61.
43. Yilmaz N. Water quality assessment based on the phytoplankton composition of Buyukcekmece Dam Lake and its influent streams (Istanbul), Turkey. Desalin Water Treat 2019; 159: 3–12.
44. Akköz C, Güler S. The algal flora of Topçu Lake (Yozgat) I: Epilytic and Epiphytic Algler. S Ü Fen Ed Fak Fen Derg 2004; 23: 7–14.
45. Szabo K, Tihamer KK, Taba G, Acs E. Epiphytic diatoms of the Tisza River, Kisköre Reservoir and some oxbows of the Tisza River after the cyanide and heavy metal pollution in 2000. Acta Bot Croat 2005; 64(1): 1–46.
46. Shaawiat AO, Hassan FM. Qualitative and quantitative study of epiphytic diatoms on two macrophytes in a lotic ecosystem, Iraq. Indian J Ecol 2017; 44(3): 504–515.
47. Round FE. An investigation of two benthic algal communities in Malham Tarn, Yorkshire. J Ecol 1953; 41(1): 174–197.
48. Round FE. Studies on bottom living algae in same lakes of English lake district. Part III. The distribution on the sediments of algal group other than the Bacillariophyceae. J Ecol 1957; 45(2): 649–664.
49. Round FE. Studies on bottom living algae in same lakes of English lake district. Part III. The distribution of Bacillariophyceae on the sediments. J Ecol 1957; 45(2): 343–360.
50. Cox EJ. 1991. What is the basis for using diatoms as monitors of river quality? Whitton BA, Rott E, Fredrich G, editors. Use of algae for monitoring rivers. Innsbruck, Austria: Universitat Innsbruck; 1991.
51. Lange–Bertalot H, Hofmann G, Werum M, Cantonati M. Freshwater benthic diatoms of Central Europe: Over 800 common species used in ecological assessment. Koeltz Botanical Books; 2017. 942 p.
52. Koçer MAT, Şen B. The seasonal succession of diatoms in phytoplankton of a soda lake (Lake Hazar, Turkey). Turk J Bot 2012; 36: 738–746.
53. Kelly M, Acs E, Bertrin V, Bennion H, Borics G, Burgess A, Denys L, Ecke F, Kahlert M, Karjalainen SM. et al. Water Framework Directive intercalibration technical report: Lake phytobenthos ecological assessment methods. Publications Office of the European Union; 2014. pp.125,
54. Kindt AC, Small PF. Correlation between temperature, colonization rate, and population density of the diatom Cocconeis placentula in freshwater streams. J Freshw Ecol 2002; 17(3): 441–445.

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 80 Sayı: 1, 54 - 68, 15.06.2021

Tümer Orhun Aykut Neslihan Balkıs Turgay Durmuş Cüneyt Nadir Solak

Öz

Proje Numarası

118Y347

Kaynakça

1. Medlin LK, Kooistra WHCF, Gersonde R, Sims PA, Wellbrock U. Is the origin of diatoms related to the end-Permian mass extinction? Nova Hedwigia 1997; 65: 1–11.
2. Round FE, Crawford RM, Mann DG. Biology of diatoms, the diatoms: Biology and morphology of the genera. Sandgren CD, editor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990. 746 p.
3. Ács É, Szabó K, Tóth B, Kiss KT. Investigation of benthic algal communities, especially diatoms of some Hungarian streams in connection with reference conditions of the Water Framework Directives. Acta Bot Hung 2004; 46 (3–4): 255–78.
4. Soininen J, Paavola R, Muotka T. Benthic diatom communities in boreal streams: community structure in relation to environmental and spatial gradients, Ecography 2004; 27(3): 330–42.
5. Cumming BF, Wilson SE, Hall RI, Smol JP. Diatoms from British Columbia (Canada) Lakes and their relationship to salinity, nutrients and other limnological variables. Bibliotecha Diatomalogica 1995. 207 p.
6. Battarbee RW, Charles DF, Dixit SS, Renberg I. Diatoms as indicators of surface water acidity. Stoermer EF, Smol JP, editors. The Diatoms: Applications for the environmental and earth sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999. pp. 98–121.
7. John J. Bioassessment on health of aquatic systems by the use of diatoms. Ambasht RS, Ambasht NK, editors. Modern Trends in Applied Aquatic Ecology. New York, USA: Kluwer Academic Publications; 2003. pp. 1–20.
8. Taylor JC, Harding WR, Archibald CGM. An illustrated guide to some common diatom species from South Africa. Gezina, South Africa: Water Research Commission; 2007. Report No: 282/07.
9. Bozarth A, Maier UG, Zauner S. Diatoms in biotechnology: modern tools and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82: 195–201.
10. Official Journal of the European Communities. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2000; 327: 1–73.
11. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey. Water pollution control regulations. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey 2004; No: 25687.
12. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey. Surface water quality management regulation. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey 2016; No: 29797.
13. Dalkıran N, Zünbülgil B, Karacaoğlu D, Dere Ş. Uluabat gölü epifitik diyatomelerinin uzun dönemdeki değişimleri. LimnoFish 2016; 2(3): 153–163.
14. Stener-Kovács C, Buczkó K, Hajnal É, Padisák J. Epiphytic, littoral diatoms as bioindicators of shallow lake trophic status: Trophic Diatom Index for Lakes (TDIL) developed in Hungary. Hydrobiologia 2007; 589: 141–154.
15. Sanal M, Demir N. Use of the epiphytic diatoms to estimate the ecological status of Lake Mogan. Appl Ecol Environ Sci 2018; 16(3): 3529–43.
16. Solak CN, Çetin T, Karaaslan Y, Kaleli A, Yılmaz E, Duran M, Kıvanç G, Kimençe, T, Aynur–Koyunoğlu, Ş., Çankaya, B.F., Yılmaz-Aşık, D. Common diatoms of phytobenthos in Gediz River Basin. Turkish Journal of Water Science & Management 2019; 3(2): 58–70.
17. Demir N, Atay D. Kurtboğazı ve Çamlıdere Baraj Göllerinin Fitoplanktonu. In: X. National Fisheries Symposium, 1999; p. 577–87.
18. Directorate General for State Hydraulic Works (DSİ). Büyükçekmece Barajı ve tesisleri ikmal inşaatı aylık iş durumu. DSİ papers, Istanbul; 1985.
19. İSKİ. “Büyükçekmece Barajı son 14 gün içindeki mevcut su hacimleri” https://www.iski.istanbul/web/tr-TR/baraj-doluluk, Last Accessed Date: 03 May 2021.
20. İSKİ. “Baraj Doluluk Oranları - Mevcut Su Miktarının Barajlara Göre Dağılımı”. http://www.iski.istanbul/web/tr-TR/baraj-doluluk, Last Accessed Date: 11 November 2019.
21. Winter JG, Duthie HC. Epilithic diatoms as indicators of stream total N and total P concentration. J North Am Benthol Soc 2000; 19(1): 32–49.
22. Hendey NI. A revised check-list of British marine diatoms. J Mar Biolog Assoc UK 1974; 54(2): 277–300.
23. Battarbee RW, Cameron NG, Golding P, Brooks SJ, Switsur R, Harkness D, McGovern A. Evidence for Holocene climate variability from the sediments of a Scottish remote mountain lake. J Quat Sci 2001; 16(4): 339–346.
24. Hustedt F. Heft 10: Bacillariophyta (Diatomeae). Pascher A. editor. Die Süsswasser-Flora Mitteleuropas. Jena, Germany: Verlag von Gustav Fischer; 1930. 466 p.
25. Patrick R, Reimer CW. The diatoms of the United States, Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Philadelphia. Philadelphia, USA: Wiley; 1966. 688 p.
26. Patrick R, Reimer CW. The diatoms of the United States Vol.2, Part 1. Philadelphia, USA: Wiley; 1975.
27. Krammer K, Lange–Bertalot N. Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag; 1991.
28. Krammer K, Lange–Bertalot N. Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae, Kritische Ergänzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis Teil 1-4. Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag; 1991.
29. Krammer K, Lange–Bertalot N. Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae 1. Teil: Naviculaceae. Berlin, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag; 1997.
30. Krammer K, Lange–Bertalot N. Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. Berlin, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag; 1997.
31. Siegel S. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York, USA: McGraw–Hill; 1956.
32. Shannon CE, Weaver W. The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana, USA: The University of Illinois Press; 1949.
33. Clarke KR, Warwick RM. Change in marine communities: An approach to statistical analysis and interpretation (2nd edition). Plymouth, England: Primer–E; 2001.
34. Lepš J, Šmilauer P. 2003. Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press; 2003.
35. McCune B, Mefford MJ. PC–ORD, Multivariate analysis of ecological data (Version 6.22) Oregon, USA: MjM software; 2011.
36. Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 2001; 4(1): 1–9.
37. Balkis–Ozdelice N, Solak CN, Durmus T. The use of phytoplankton communities to determination of the ecological status of Büyükçekmece Dam-Lake and the investigation of water quality problems. TÜBİTAK, Ankara; 2020. Report No: 118Y347.
38. Temel M. Büyükçekmece Gölü bentik alg florası, Kısım II: Epilitik ve epifitik alg toplulukları. In: X. National Fisheries Symposium, Adana: 22–24 September 1999; 877–86.
39. Temel M. Büyükçekmece Gölü Bentik Alg Florası, Süleyman Demirel Univ. Eğirdir Su Ürün. Fak. Derg. 1996–1997; 5: 173–90.
40. Temel M. The phytoplankton of Lake Büyükçekmece, İstanbul, Turkey, Pak J Bot 2002; 34(1): 81–92.
41. Aktan–Turan Y, Aykulu G, Albay M, Okgerman H, Akçaalan R, Gürevin C, Dorak Z. Büyükçekmece Gölü’nde aşırı artış gösteren fitoplankterlerin gelişimini kontrol eden faktörlerin araştırılması. TÜBİTAK, Ankara. 2006. Report No: 103Y127.
42. Gulecal Y, Temel M. Water quality and phytoplankton diversity in Büyükçekmece Watershed, Turkey. J Water Resource Prot 2014; 6: 55–61.
43. Yilmaz N. Water quality assessment based on the phytoplankton composition of Buyukcekmece Dam Lake and its influent streams (Istanbul), Turkey. Desalin Water Treat 2019; 159: 3–12.
44. Akköz C, Güler S. The algal flora of Topçu Lake (Yozgat) I: Epilytic and Epiphytic Algler. S Ü Fen Ed Fak Fen Derg 2004; 23: 7–14.
45. Szabo K, Tihamer KK, Taba G, Acs E. Epiphytic diatoms of the Tisza River, Kisköre Reservoir and some oxbows of the Tisza River after the cyanide and heavy metal pollution in 2000. Acta Bot Croat 2005; 64(1): 1–46.
46. Shaawiat AO, Hassan FM. Qualitative and quantitative study of epiphytic diatoms on two macrophytes in a lotic ecosystem, Iraq. Indian J Ecol 2017; 44(3): 504–515.
47. Round FE. An investigation of two benthic algal communities in Malham Tarn, Yorkshire. J Ecol 1953; 41(1): 174–197.
48. Round FE. Studies on bottom living algae in same lakes of English lake district. Part III. The distribution on the sediments of algal group other than the Bacillariophyceae. J Ecol 1957; 45(2): 649–664.
49. Round FE. Studies on bottom living algae in same lakes of English lake district. Part III. The distribution of Bacillariophyceae on the sediments. J Ecol 1957; 45(2): 343–360.
50. Cox EJ. 1991. What is the basis for using diatoms as monitors of river quality? Whitton BA, Rott E, Fredrich G, editors. Use of algae for monitoring rivers. Innsbruck, Austria: Universitat Innsbruck; 1991.
51. Lange–Bertalot H, Hofmann G, Werum M, Cantonati M. Freshwater benthic diatoms of Central Europe: Over 800 common species used in ecological assessment. Koeltz Botanical Books; 2017. 942 p.
52. Koçer MAT, Şen B. The seasonal succession of diatoms in phytoplankton of a soda lake (Lake Hazar, Turkey). Turk J Bot 2012; 36: 738–746.
53. Kelly M, Acs E, Bertrin V, Bennion H, Borics G, Burgess A, Denys L, Ecke F, Kahlert M, Karjalainen SM. et al. Water Framework Directive intercalibration technical report: Lake phytobenthos ecological assessment methods. Publications Office of the European Union; 2014. pp.125,
54. Kindt AC, Small PF. Correlation between temperature, colonization rate, and population density of the diatom Cocconeis placentula in freshwater streams. J Freshw Ecol 2002; 17(3): 441–445.

Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Tümer Orhun Aykut 0000-0002-0791-8127 Neslihan Balkıs 0000-0001-8030-7480 Turgay Durmuş 0000-0002-8242-1823 Cüneyt Nadir Solak 0000-0003-2334-4271
Proje Numarası	118Y347
Yayımlanma Tarihi	15 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi	4 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2021 Cilt: 80 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA	Aykut TO, Balkıs N, Durmuş T, Solak CN. Evaluation of the Relationship between Epiphytic Diatoms and Water Quality Parameters in the Büyükçekmece Reservoir. Eur J Biol. Haziran 2021;80(1):54-68.

Kapak Resmi İndir

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin