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Situation Of Forest Carbon Projects In Carbon Markets

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 5, 872 - 881, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.837015

Öz

Global cooperation activities are being carried out within the framework of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreements to stabilize the increasing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Forests that play a key role in combating climate change are among the most important issues discussed during the climate change negotiations. There are two important pillars of the forestry sector in climate change. One is mitigation and the other is adaptation. Issues related to forestry interviewed in the scope of mitigation are Land use , land use change and forestry (LULUCF) and REDD +. The mechanism for mitigation is carbon markets. The rate of forestry projects in carbon markets is low. Turkey is traded on the voluntary carbon market is achieving very low income according to the mandatory carbon market. However, the carbon credits that are traded are provided by the renewable energy sector. These credits are in Turkey need to combat climate change in forestry activities both actively involved in the negotiations for the benefit of the mechanisms created in this context and should maintain this attitude. Turkey must make changes in the organizational and technical infrastructure besides negotiations.

Kaynakça

  • Bouyer, O. & Serengil, Y. (2017). Cost-Benefit Assessment of Implementing LULUCF Accounting Rules in Turkey. In: Carbon Management, Technologies, and Trends in Mediterranean Ecosystems. Springer, Dordrecht, 89-129p.
  • CAT, (2019). Warming Projections Global Update, London, UK, 33p.
  • Coşkun, A.A. & Gençay, G. (2011). Kyoto Protocol and “Deforestation” A Legal Analysis On Turkish Environment And Forest Legislation. Forest Policy and Economics, 13 (5), 366–377.
  • Dagoumas, A.S., Papagiannis, G.K., & Dokopoulos P.S. (2006). An economic assessment of the Kyoto Protocol Application. Energy Policy, 34 (1), 26-39.
  • FAO, (2008). Strategic Framework for Forests and Climate Change, Forest Day, Poznan, 57p.
  • FRA, (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Main Report, FAO Forestry Paper 163, Rome, 378p.
  • Gençay, G., Birben, Ü. & Aydın, A. (2019). To Be “A Developed Country” Or Not To Be? The Effect Of The Paris Agreement On Turkish Forest Law. Environ Monit. Assess., 191 (2109), 1-14.
  • Hamrick, K. & Gallant, M. (2017). Fertile Ground State of Forest Carbon Finance 2017. Wahington, USA, 88p.
  • ICAP, (2019). Emissions Trading Worldwide: Status Report 2019. Berlin, Germany, 12p.
  • IPCC, (2013a). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
  • IPCC, (2013b). Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
  • IPCC, (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151p.
  • Janowiak, M., Connelly, W.J., Dante-Wood, K., Domke, G.M., Giardina, C. et al., (2017). Considering forest and grassland carbon in land management General Technical Report (GTR),WO-95 USDA Forest Service, Washington, 76p.
  • Kuş, M., Ülgen, H., Güneş, Y., Kırış, R., Özel, A. & Zeydanlı, U., (2017). Carbon Certification of Afforestation and Reforestation Areas in Turkey. In: Erşahin, S., Kapur, S., Akça, E., Namlı, A. & Erdoğan H.(Eds), Carbon Management, Technologies, and Trends in Mediterranean Ecosystems. The Anthropocene: Politik-Economics-Society-Science 15,Springer, 159p.
  • Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R.M., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Hauck, J. et al. (2018). Global Carbon Budget 2018. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 2141–2194,
  • Liua, S., Wilkes, A., Lia, Y., Gaoa, Q., Wana, Y., Maa, X. & Qin, X. (2016). Contribution of different sectors to developed countries’ fulfillment of GHG emission reduction targets under the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Environmental Science & Policy, 61, 143-153.
  • Lorenz, K. & Lal, R. (2010). Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems. Springer, Dordrecht, 239p.
  • Mackey, B.G., Keith, H. Berry, S.L. & Lindenmayer, D.B., (2008). Green Carbon: The Role Of Natural Forests in carbon storage. Part1. A Green Carbon Account Of Australia’s South-Eastern Eucalypt Forests And Policy Implications. ANU Press, Canberra, 47p.
  • NC, (2016). Sixth National Communication Of Turkey. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Ankara, 155 p.
  • NC, (2017). Seventh National Communication Of Turkey. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. Ankara, 195p.
  • NIR, (2019). National Inventory Report, Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, 567p.
  • Öztekin, Ç. (2019). Ormancılık Projelerinin Karbon Piyasalarındaki Yeri ve Türkiye Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. KTÜ Fen Bilimleri Ensitüsü, Trabzon, Türkiye, 128p.
  • Serengil, Y. (1995). Küresel Isınma ve Olası Ekolojik Sonuçları. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, 45 (1-2), 135-152.
  • Schimel, D. (2006). Terrestrial Ecosystem and Carbon Cycle. Global Change Biology,1 (1), 77 - 91.
  • Toksoy, D. & Bayramoğlu, M.M., (2017). Kırsal Kalkınma ve Orman Köyleri, KTÜ Yayınları No:244, Trabzon, Türkiye, 232p.
  • Toksoy, D. & Bayramoğlu, M.M. (2020). Tarımsal Ormancılık. Serander, Trabzon, Türkiye, 200p.
  • UNFCCC, (1992). United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change. FCCC/INFORMAL/84, GE.05-62220,(E) 200705, Rio, Brazil, 25p.
  • UNFCCC, (2005). Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its first session, held at Montreal from 28 November to 10 December 2005, Addendum, Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol at its first session, 11/CMP.1 Modalities, rules and guidelines for emissions trading under Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2.

Karbon Piyasalarında Ormancılık Karbon Projelerinin Durumu

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 5, 872 - 881, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.837015

Öz

Atmosferdeki artan sera gazı emisyonlarını stabilize etmek için Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi, Kyoto Protokolü ve Paris Anlaşmaları çerçevesinde küresel işbirliği çalışmaları yürütülmektedir. İklim Değişikliğiyle mücadele kilit rol oynayan ormanlar iklim değişikliği müzakerelerinde görüşülen en önemli konular arasında yer almaktadır. İklim değişikliğinde ormancılık sektörünün iki önemli ayağı bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan biri azaltım diğeri ise uyumdur. Azaltım kapsamında müzakerelerde görüşülen ormancılıkla ilgili hususlar Arazi kullanımı arazi kullanım değişikliği ve ormancılık (LULUCF) ve REDD konularıdır. Uyum ise; iklim değişikliğinin etkilerine yanıt olarak ekolojik, sosyal ve ekonomik sistemlerdeki düzenlemeleri ifade etmektedir ve iklim değişikliği nedeniyle ortaya çıkabilecek risklerin yönetimini kapsamaktadır. Ormancılıkta uyum iklim değişikliği odaklı sürdürülebilir orman yönetimi anlamına gelmektedir. Azaltımla ilgili mekanizma karbon piyasalarıdır. Karbon piyasalarında ormancılık projelerinin oranı ise düşüktür. Türkiye gönüllü karbon piyasalarında işlem görmekte olup zorunlu karbon piyasalarına göre oldukça düşük gelir elde etmektedir. Bununla birlikte işlem gören karbon kredileri yenilenebilir enerji sektöründen sağlanmaktadır. Bu krediler içinde ormancılık faaliyetleri bulunmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte Türkiye, müzakereler haricinde de kurumsal ve teknik alt yapısında değişiklikler yapmak zorundadır.

Kaynakça

  • Bouyer, O. & Serengil, Y. (2017). Cost-Benefit Assessment of Implementing LULUCF Accounting Rules in Turkey. In: Carbon Management, Technologies, and Trends in Mediterranean Ecosystems. Springer, Dordrecht, 89-129p.
  • CAT, (2019). Warming Projections Global Update, London, UK, 33p.
  • Coşkun, A.A. & Gençay, G. (2011). Kyoto Protocol and “Deforestation” A Legal Analysis On Turkish Environment And Forest Legislation. Forest Policy and Economics, 13 (5), 366–377.
  • Dagoumas, A.S., Papagiannis, G.K., & Dokopoulos P.S. (2006). An economic assessment of the Kyoto Protocol Application. Energy Policy, 34 (1), 26-39.
  • FAO, (2008). Strategic Framework for Forests and Climate Change, Forest Day, Poznan, 57p.
  • FRA, (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Main Report, FAO Forestry Paper 163, Rome, 378p.
  • Gençay, G., Birben, Ü. & Aydın, A. (2019). To Be “A Developed Country” Or Not To Be? The Effect Of The Paris Agreement On Turkish Forest Law. Environ Monit. Assess., 191 (2109), 1-14.
  • Hamrick, K. & Gallant, M. (2017). Fertile Ground State of Forest Carbon Finance 2017. Wahington, USA, 88p.
  • ICAP, (2019). Emissions Trading Worldwide: Status Report 2019. Berlin, Germany, 12p.
  • IPCC, (2013a). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
  • IPCC, (2013b). Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
  • IPCC, (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151p.
  • Janowiak, M., Connelly, W.J., Dante-Wood, K., Domke, G.M., Giardina, C. et al., (2017). Considering forest and grassland carbon in land management General Technical Report (GTR),WO-95 USDA Forest Service, Washington, 76p.
  • Kuş, M., Ülgen, H., Güneş, Y., Kırış, R., Özel, A. & Zeydanlı, U., (2017). Carbon Certification of Afforestation and Reforestation Areas in Turkey. In: Erşahin, S., Kapur, S., Akça, E., Namlı, A. & Erdoğan H.(Eds), Carbon Management, Technologies, and Trends in Mediterranean Ecosystems. The Anthropocene: Politik-Economics-Society-Science 15,Springer, 159p.
  • Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R.M., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Hauck, J. et al. (2018). Global Carbon Budget 2018. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 2141–2194,
  • Liua, S., Wilkes, A., Lia, Y., Gaoa, Q., Wana, Y., Maa, X. & Qin, X. (2016). Contribution of different sectors to developed countries’ fulfillment of GHG emission reduction targets under the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Environmental Science & Policy, 61, 143-153.
  • Lorenz, K. & Lal, R. (2010). Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems. Springer, Dordrecht, 239p.
  • Mackey, B.G., Keith, H. Berry, S.L. & Lindenmayer, D.B., (2008). Green Carbon: The Role Of Natural Forests in carbon storage. Part1. A Green Carbon Account Of Australia’s South-Eastern Eucalypt Forests And Policy Implications. ANU Press, Canberra, 47p.
  • NC, (2016). Sixth National Communication Of Turkey. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Ankara, 155 p.
  • NC, (2017). Seventh National Communication Of Turkey. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. Ankara, 195p.
  • NIR, (2019). National Inventory Report, Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, 567p.
  • Öztekin, Ç. (2019). Ormancılık Projelerinin Karbon Piyasalarındaki Yeri ve Türkiye Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. KTÜ Fen Bilimleri Ensitüsü, Trabzon, Türkiye, 128p.
  • Serengil, Y. (1995). Küresel Isınma ve Olası Ekolojik Sonuçları. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, 45 (1-2), 135-152.
  • Schimel, D. (2006). Terrestrial Ecosystem and Carbon Cycle. Global Change Biology,1 (1), 77 - 91.
  • Toksoy, D. & Bayramoğlu, M.M., (2017). Kırsal Kalkınma ve Orman Köyleri, KTÜ Yayınları No:244, Trabzon, Türkiye, 232p.
  • Toksoy, D. & Bayramoğlu, M.M. (2020). Tarımsal Ormancılık. Serander, Trabzon, Türkiye, 200p.
  • UNFCCC, (1992). United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change. FCCC/INFORMAL/84, GE.05-62220,(E) 200705, Rio, Brazil, 25p.
  • UNFCCC, (2005). Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its first session, held at Montreal from 28 November to 10 December 2005, Addendum, Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol at its first session, 11/CMP.1 Modalities, rules and guidelines for emissions trading under Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Devlet Toksoy 0000-0002-4096-1979

Çiğdem Öztekin 0000-0001-8643-4886

Mahmut M. Bayramoğlu 0000-0002-0870-5094

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 9 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Toksoy, D., Öztekin, Ç., & Bayramoğlu, M. M. (2020). Situation Of Forest Carbon Projects In Carbon Markets. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 5(5), 872-881. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.837015


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