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Karyotype Symmetry/Asymmetry Index (S/AI) in Bovidae Taxa

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 28 - 37

Halil Erhan Eroğlu

https://doi.org/10.55213/kmujens.1427150

Öz

The chromosomal data, particularly karyotype asymmetry, provide valuable information on karyotypic phylogeny and speciation. The karyotype asymmetry is a good expression of the general morphology of chromosomes. The S/AI is a formula used to calculate the karyotype asymmetry. The formula was applied to 79 species and five subspecies from 46 genera for female individuals and 72 species and five subspecies from 42 genera for male individuals in the Bovidae family. According to the S/AI values between 1.2903 and 3.0000, the dendrograms were drawn to demonstrate the interspecies relationships in the family. The karyotypes of females were symmetrical in 10 species and two subspecies from 6 genera and between symmetrical and asymmetrical in 69 species and three subspecies from 40 genera. Male karyotypes were symmetrical in 10 species and two subspecies from 6 genera and between symmetrical and asymmetrical in 62 species and three subspecies from 36 genera. The dendrograms will contribute to phylogenetic studies in mammals. Already, they showed results similar to those of molecular taxonomy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Interspecific relationships Karyotypic variations Chromosome

Kaynakça

  • ADW (2024). https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bovidae/
  • Bagirov VА, Klenovitskiy PM, Iolchiev BS, Zinovieva NA, Kalashnikov VV, Shilo OV, Soloshenko VA, Nasibov SN, Kononov VP, Kolesnikov AV (2012). Cytogenetic characteristic of Ovis ammon ammon, O. nivicola borealis and their hybrids. Agricultural Biology, 6:43-48.
  • Bernischke K, Kumamoto AT (1980). The chromosomes of the Nilgiri tahr Hemitragus hylocrius. International Zoo Yearbook, 20:274-275.
  • Benirschke K, Ruedi D, Muller H, Kumamoto AT, Wagner KL, Downes HS (1980). The unusual karyotype of the lesser kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 26:85-92.
  • Benirschke K, Soma H, Ito T (1972). The chromosomes of the Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus (Temminck). Proceedings of the Japan Academy, 48(8):608-612.
  • Bibi FA (2013). Multi-calibrated mitochondrial phylogeny of extant Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia) and the importance of the fossil record to systematics. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13:166.
  • Bibi F, Tyler J (2022). Evolution of the bovid cranium: morphological diversification under allometric constraint. Communications Biology, 5:69.
  • Bunch TD, Wang S, Zhang Y, Liu A, Lin S (2000). Chromosome evolution of the blue sheep/bharal (Pseudois nayaur). Journal of Heredity, 91(2):168-170.
  • Chandra HS, Hungerford DA, Wagner J (1967). Chromosomes of five artiodactyl mammals. Chromosoma, 21(2):211-220.
  • Claro F, Hayes H, Cribiu EP (1994). The C-, G-, and R-banded karyotypes of the Scimitar-horned Oryx (Oryx dammah). Hereditas, 120:1-6.
  • Claro F, Hayes H, Cribiu EP (1996). The karyotype of the addax and its comparison with karyotypes of other species of Hippotraginae antelopes. Hereditas, 124:223-227.
  • Cribiu EP, Asmondé JF, Durand V, Greth A, Anagariyah S (1990). Robertsonian chromosome polymorphism in the Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 54(3-4):161-163.
  • Eroğlu HE (2015). Which chromosomes are subtelocentric or acrocentric? A new karyotype symmetry/asymmetry index. Caryologia, 68(3):239-245.
  • Eroğlu HE, Şimşek N, Koç M, Hamzaoğlu E (2013). Karyotype analysis of some Minuartia L. (Caryophyllaceae) taxa. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 299(1):67-73.
  • Fordyce-Boyer R, Sanger T, Loskutoff N, Kumamoto AT, Johnston L, Armstrong D (1995). Comparative cytogenetic study of the Roan and Sable antelope, Hippotragus equinus and Hippotragus niger. Applied Cytogenetics, 21:189-191.
  • Gallagher Jr DS, Davis SK, De Donato M, Burzlaff JD, Womack JE, Taylor JF, Kumamoto AT (1999). A molecular cytogenetic analysis of the tribe Bovini (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovinae) with an emphasis on sex chromosome morphology and NOR distribution. Chromosome Research, 7:481-492.
  • Gallagher Jr DS, Womack JE (1967). Chromosome conservation in the Bovidae. Journal of Heredity, 83:287-298.
  • Gerneke WH (1967). Cytogenetic investigation on normal and malformed animals, with special reference to intersexes. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 34(1):219-299.
  • Hard WL (1969). The chromosomes of duikers. Mammalian Chromosomes Newsletter, 10:216.
  • Hsu TC, Benirschke K (1968). Oryx gazella (Cape oryx, gemsbok). An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Springer.
  • Hsu TC, Benirschke K (1971). Tragelaphus strepsiceros (Greater kudu). An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Springer.
  • Hsu TC, Benirschke K (1974). Gazella spekei (Speke’s gazelle). An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Springer.
  • Hsu TC, Benirschke K (1975). Gazella granti (Grant’s gazelle). An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Springer.
  • Iannuzzi L, Di Meo GP, Perucatti A (1996). G- and R-banded prometaphase karyotypes in goat (Capra hircus L.). Caryologia, 49:267-277.
  • Itis (2023). https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180704#null
  • Iucnredlist (2023). https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?taxonomies=100491&searchType=species
  • Kingswood SC, Jones ML (1998). Cryptic chromosomal variation in suni Neotragus moschatus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae). Animal Conservation, 1:95-100.
  • Kingswood SC, Kumamoto AT, Charter SJ, Houck ML, Benirschke K (2000). Chromosomes of the antelope genus Kobus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae): karyotypic divergence by centric fusion rearrangements. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 91(1-4):128-133.
  • Kumamoto AT, Charter SJ, Houck ML, Frahm M (1996). Chromosomes of Damaliscus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae): simple and complex centric fusion rearrangements. Chromosome Research, 4:614-621.
  • Kumamoto AT, Kingswood SC, Hugo W (1994). Chromosomal divergence in allopatric populations of Kirk's dik-dik, Madoqua kirki (Artiodactyla, Bovidae). Journal of Mammalogy, 75:357-364.
  • Liu RQ, Chen YZ, Shi LM, Zhang CZ (1994). Comparative studies on karyotypes between N.cranbrooki and N.g.griseus. Zoological Research, 15(4):49-54.
  • Liu K, Wu X, Wei ZY, Bai CL, Su GH, Li GP (2014). Comparative of the cytogenetic characteristics of Pantholops hodgsonii and other three species in Bovidae. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 34(1):71-79.
  • Low RJ, Benirschke K (1973). The chromosome complement and banding pattern of the lowland Anoa, Anoa depressicornis depressicornis. Chromosome Information Service, 15:23-25.
  • Lux E, Perez M, Volobouev VT (2004). G– and C–banded karyotype of the markhor Capra falconeri heptneri, and comparison of its banding patterns with the Alpine ibex Capra ibex and cattle Bos taurus. Acta Theriologica, 49:131-137.
  • Lynx Nature Books (2023). All the Mammals of the World. Lynx Edicions.
  • Nadler CF, Hoffmann RS, Woolf A (1974). G–band patterns, chromosomal homologies, and evolutionary relationships among wild sheep, goats, and aoudads (mammalia, artiodactyla). Experientia, 30:744-746.
  • Nelson-Rees WA, Kniazeff AJ, Darby NB, Malley RI (1967a). Chromosomes of a male gazelle. Gazella thomsoni and a female tapir. Tapirus terrestris columbianus. Mammalian Chromosomes Newsletter, 8:229-230.
  • Nelson-Rees WA, Kniazeff AJ, Malley RL, Darby Jr NB (1967b). On the karyotype of the tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus and the Y-chromosome of goats and sheep. Chromosoma, 23:154-161.
  • Oh SH, Yun YM, Lee JE, Kim IY, Shin JH, Kweon OK, Lee H, Yoon YS, Shin NS, Seong JK. (2011). G-, R- and C-band patterns of goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus) and comparison to goat (Capra hircus). Molecules and Cells, 31(4):351-354.
  • Pasitschniak-Arts M, Flood PF, Schmutz SM, Seidel B (1994). A comparison of G-band patterns of the muskox and takin and their evolutionary relationship to sheep. Journal of Heredity, 85:143-147.
  • Paszko B (2006). A critical review and a new proposal of karyotype asymmetry indices. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 258:39-48.
  • Placentation (2007). http://placentation.ucsd.edu/rant.htm
  • Popescu CP (1969). Idiograms of yak (Bos grunniens), cattle (Bos taurus) and their hybrids. Annales de Génétique et de Sélection Animale, 1:207-217.
  • O'Brien SJ, Menninger JC, Nash WG (2006). Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Wiley & Sons.
  • Robinson T, Cernohorska H, Diedericks G, Cabelova K, Duran A, Matthee CA (2014). Phylogeny and vicariant speciation of the Grey Rhebok, Pelea capreolus. Heredity, 112:325-332.
  • Rubes J, Pagacova E, Kopecna O, Kubickova S, Cernohorska H, Vahala J, Di Berardino D (2007). Karyotype, centric fusion polymorphism and chromosomal aberrations in captive-born mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula). Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 116:263-268.
  • Saatoğlu FD, Denizci Öncü M, Emir H, Hatipoğlu T, Acan SC, Kankılıç T, Togan İ, Koban Bastanlar E (2019). Genetic diversity of gazelles (Gazella marica and Gazella gazella) in Southeast Turkey: a special emphasis on ongoing conservation studies of Gazella marica in Turkey. European Journal of Biology, 78(2):89-103.
  • Soma H, Kada A, Matayoshi K, Ito T, Miyashita M, Nagase K (1980). Some chromosomal aspects of Naemorhedus goral (goral) and Procapra gutturosa (Mongolian gazelle). Proceedings of the Japanese Academy, 56:273-277.
  • Soma H, Kada A, Matayoshi K, Suzuki Y, Meckvichal C, Mahannop A, Vatanaromya B (1982). The chromosomes of the Sumatran serow (Capriconis sumatraensis). Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences, 58:265-269.
  • Soma H, Kada A, Matayoshi K, Tsai MT, Kiyokawa T, Ito T, Wang KP, Chen Basil PC, Tseng SC (1981). Cytogenetic similarities between the formosan serow (Capricornis swinhoi) and the Japanese serow. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 57(7):254-259.
  • Tez C, Özkul Y, Yıldız H, Dursun M, Gündüz İ (2005). The karyotype of the Goitred Gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa, from Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 36(1):105-107.
  • Wallace C, Fairall N (1967). The chromosomes of the steenbok. South African Journal of Medical Science, 32:55-57.
  • Vassart M, Séguéla A, Hayes H (1995). Chromosomal evolution in gazelles. Journal of Heredity, 86:216-227.
  • Wolfe BA (2015). Bovidae (except sheep and goats) and Antilocapridae. Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 8:626-645.
  • Wurster DH (1972). Sex-chromosome translocations and karyotypes in bovid tribes. Cytogenetics, 11(3):197-207.
  • Wurster DH, Benirschke K (1968). Chromosome studies in the superfamily Bovoide. Chromosoma, 25:152-171.
  • Wurster DH, Benirschke K, Noelke H (1968). Unusually large sex chromosomes in the Sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei) and the blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra). Chromosoma, 23:317-323.
  • Wurster DH, Benirschke K (1967a). Chromosome studies on some deer, the springbok, and the pronghorn with notes on placentation in deer. Cytologia, 32(2):273-285.
  • Wurster DH, Benirschke K (1967b). The chromosomes of twenty-three species of Cervoidea and Bovoidea. Mammalian Chromosome Newsletter, 8:226-229.

Bovidae Taksonlarında Karyotype Simetri/Asimetri İndeksi (S/AI)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 28 - 37

Halil Erhan Eroğlu

https://doi.org/10.55213/kmujens.1427150

Öz

Kromozomal veriler, bunlardan özellikle karyotip asimetrisi, karyotipik filogeni ve türleşme hakkında değerli bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Karyotip asimetrisi, kromozomların genel morfolojisini iyi bir şekilde ifade eder. S/AI, karyotip asimetrisini hesaplamak için kullanılan bir formüldür. Formül, Bovidae familyasında dişi bireyler için 46 cinsten 79 tür ve 5 alttüre, erkek bireyler için 42 cinsten 72 tür ve 5 alttüre uygulanmıştır. Familyadaki türler arası ilişkileri gösteren dendrogramlar, 1.2903 ile 3.0000 arasında değişen S/AI değerlerine göre çizilmiştir. Dişilerin karyotipleri 6 cinsin 10 tür ve 2 alttüründe simetrik, 40 cinsin 69 tür ve 3 alttüründe ise simetrik ve asimetrik arasındadır. Erkeklerin karyotipleri 6 cinsin 10 tür ve 2 alttüründe simetrik, 36 cinsin 62 tür ve 3 alttüründe ise simetrik ve asimetrik arasındadır. Dendrogramlar, memelilerdeki filogenetik çalışmalara katkıda bulunacaktır. Dendrogramlar ve moleküler taksonomi sonuçları benzer sonuçlar göstermişlerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türler arası ilişkiler Karyotipik varyasyonlar Kromozom

Kaynakça

  • ADW (2024). https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bovidae/
  • Bagirov VА, Klenovitskiy PM, Iolchiev BS, Zinovieva NA, Kalashnikov VV, Shilo OV, Soloshenko VA, Nasibov SN, Kononov VP, Kolesnikov AV (2012). Cytogenetic characteristic of Ovis ammon ammon, O. nivicola borealis and their hybrids. Agricultural Biology, 6:43-48.
  • Bernischke K, Kumamoto AT (1980). The chromosomes of the Nilgiri tahr Hemitragus hylocrius. International Zoo Yearbook, 20:274-275.
  • Benirschke K, Ruedi D, Muller H, Kumamoto AT, Wagner KL, Downes HS (1980). The unusual karyotype of the lesser kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 26:85-92.
  • Benirschke K, Soma H, Ito T (1972). The chromosomes of the Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus (Temminck). Proceedings of the Japan Academy, 48(8):608-612.
  • Bibi FA (2013). Multi-calibrated mitochondrial phylogeny of extant Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia) and the importance of the fossil record to systematics. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13:166.
  • Bibi F, Tyler J (2022). Evolution of the bovid cranium: morphological diversification under allometric constraint. Communications Biology, 5:69.
  • Bunch TD, Wang S, Zhang Y, Liu A, Lin S (2000). Chromosome evolution of the blue sheep/bharal (Pseudois nayaur). Journal of Heredity, 91(2):168-170.
  • Chandra HS, Hungerford DA, Wagner J (1967). Chromosomes of five artiodactyl mammals. Chromosoma, 21(2):211-220.
  • Claro F, Hayes H, Cribiu EP (1994). The C-, G-, and R-banded karyotypes of the Scimitar-horned Oryx (Oryx dammah). Hereditas, 120:1-6.
  • Claro F, Hayes H, Cribiu EP (1996). The karyotype of the addax and its comparison with karyotypes of other species of Hippotraginae antelopes. Hereditas, 124:223-227.
  • Cribiu EP, Asmondé JF, Durand V, Greth A, Anagariyah S (1990). Robertsonian chromosome polymorphism in the Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 54(3-4):161-163.
  • Eroğlu HE (2015). Which chromosomes are subtelocentric or acrocentric? A new karyotype symmetry/asymmetry index. Caryologia, 68(3):239-245.
  • Eroğlu HE, Şimşek N, Koç M, Hamzaoğlu E (2013). Karyotype analysis of some Minuartia L. (Caryophyllaceae) taxa. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 299(1):67-73.
  • Fordyce-Boyer R, Sanger T, Loskutoff N, Kumamoto AT, Johnston L, Armstrong D (1995). Comparative cytogenetic study of the Roan and Sable antelope, Hippotragus equinus and Hippotragus niger. Applied Cytogenetics, 21:189-191.
  • Gallagher Jr DS, Davis SK, De Donato M, Burzlaff JD, Womack JE, Taylor JF, Kumamoto AT (1999). A molecular cytogenetic analysis of the tribe Bovini (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovinae) with an emphasis on sex chromosome morphology and NOR distribution. Chromosome Research, 7:481-492.
  • Gallagher Jr DS, Womack JE (1967). Chromosome conservation in the Bovidae. Journal of Heredity, 83:287-298.
  • Gerneke WH (1967). Cytogenetic investigation on normal and malformed animals, with special reference to intersexes. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 34(1):219-299.
  • Hard WL (1969). The chromosomes of duikers. Mammalian Chromosomes Newsletter, 10:216.
  • Hsu TC, Benirschke K (1968). Oryx gazella (Cape oryx, gemsbok). An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Springer.
  • Hsu TC, Benirschke K (1971). Tragelaphus strepsiceros (Greater kudu). An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Springer.
  • Hsu TC, Benirschke K (1974). Gazella spekei (Speke’s gazelle). An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Springer.
  • Hsu TC, Benirschke K (1975). Gazella granti (Grant’s gazelle). An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Springer.
  • Iannuzzi L, Di Meo GP, Perucatti A (1996). G- and R-banded prometaphase karyotypes in goat (Capra hircus L.). Caryologia, 49:267-277.
  • Itis (2023). https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180704#null
  • Iucnredlist (2023). https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?taxonomies=100491&searchType=species
  • Kingswood SC, Jones ML (1998). Cryptic chromosomal variation in suni Neotragus moschatus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae). Animal Conservation, 1:95-100.
  • Kingswood SC, Kumamoto AT, Charter SJ, Houck ML, Benirschke K (2000). Chromosomes of the antelope genus Kobus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae): karyotypic divergence by centric fusion rearrangements. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 91(1-4):128-133.
  • Kumamoto AT, Charter SJ, Houck ML, Frahm M (1996). Chromosomes of Damaliscus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae): simple and complex centric fusion rearrangements. Chromosome Research, 4:614-621.
  • Kumamoto AT, Kingswood SC, Hugo W (1994). Chromosomal divergence in allopatric populations of Kirk's dik-dik, Madoqua kirki (Artiodactyla, Bovidae). Journal of Mammalogy, 75:357-364.
  • Liu RQ, Chen YZ, Shi LM, Zhang CZ (1994). Comparative studies on karyotypes between N.cranbrooki and N.g.griseus. Zoological Research, 15(4):49-54.
  • Liu K, Wu X, Wei ZY, Bai CL, Su GH, Li GP (2014). Comparative of the cytogenetic characteristics of Pantholops hodgsonii and other three species in Bovidae. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 34(1):71-79.
  • Low RJ, Benirschke K (1973). The chromosome complement and banding pattern of the lowland Anoa, Anoa depressicornis depressicornis. Chromosome Information Service, 15:23-25.
  • Lux E, Perez M, Volobouev VT (2004). G– and C–banded karyotype of the markhor Capra falconeri heptneri, and comparison of its banding patterns with the Alpine ibex Capra ibex and cattle Bos taurus. Acta Theriologica, 49:131-137.
  • Lynx Nature Books (2023). All the Mammals of the World. Lynx Edicions.
  • Nadler CF, Hoffmann RS, Woolf A (1974). G–band patterns, chromosomal homologies, and evolutionary relationships among wild sheep, goats, and aoudads (mammalia, artiodactyla). Experientia, 30:744-746.
  • Nelson-Rees WA, Kniazeff AJ, Darby NB, Malley RI (1967a). Chromosomes of a male gazelle. Gazella thomsoni and a female tapir. Tapirus terrestris columbianus. Mammalian Chromosomes Newsletter, 8:229-230.
  • Nelson-Rees WA, Kniazeff AJ, Malley RL, Darby Jr NB (1967b). On the karyotype of the tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus and the Y-chromosome of goats and sheep. Chromosoma, 23:154-161.
  • Oh SH, Yun YM, Lee JE, Kim IY, Shin JH, Kweon OK, Lee H, Yoon YS, Shin NS, Seong JK. (2011). G-, R- and C-band patterns of goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus) and comparison to goat (Capra hircus). Molecules and Cells, 31(4):351-354.
  • Pasitschniak-Arts M, Flood PF, Schmutz SM, Seidel B (1994). A comparison of G-band patterns of the muskox and takin and their evolutionary relationship to sheep. Journal of Heredity, 85:143-147.
  • Paszko B (2006). A critical review and a new proposal of karyotype asymmetry indices. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 258:39-48.
  • Placentation (2007). http://placentation.ucsd.edu/rant.htm
  • Popescu CP (1969). Idiograms of yak (Bos grunniens), cattle (Bos taurus) and their hybrids. Annales de Génétique et de Sélection Animale, 1:207-217.
  • O'Brien SJ, Menninger JC, Nash WG (2006). Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Wiley & Sons.
  • Robinson T, Cernohorska H, Diedericks G, Cabelova K, Duran A, Matthee CA (2014). Phylogeny and vicariant speciation of the Grey Rhebok, Pelea capreolus. Heredity, 112:325-332.
  • Rubes J, Pagacova E, Kopecna O, Kubickova S, Cernohorska H, Vahala J, Di Berardino D (2007). Karyotype, centric fusion polymorphism and chromosomal aberrations in captive-born mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula). Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 116:263-268.
  • Saatoğlu FD, Denizci Öncü M, Emir H, Hatipoğlu T, Acan SC, Kankılıç T, Togan İ, Koban Bastanlar E (2019). Genetic diversity of gazelles (Gazella marica and Gazella gazella) in Southeast Turkey: a special emphasis on ongoing conservation studies of Gazella marica in Turkey. European Journal of Biology, 78(2):89-103.
  • Soma H, Kada A, Matayoshi K, Ito T, Miyashita M, Nagase K (1980). Some chromosomal aspects of Naemorhedus goral (goral) and Procapra gutturosa (Mongolian gazelle). Proceedings of the Japanese Academy, 56:273-277.
  • Soma H, Kada A, Matayoshi K, Suzuki Y, Meckvichal C, Mahannop A, Vatanaromya B (1982). The chromosomes of the Sumatran serow (Capriconis sumatraensis). Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences, 58:265-269.
  • Soma H, Kada A, Matayoshi K, Tsai MT, Kiyokawa T, Ito T, Wang KP, Chen Basil PC, Tseng SC (1981). Cytogenetic similarities between the formosan serow (Capricornis swinhoi) and the Japanese serow. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 57(7):254-259.
  • Tez C, Özkul Y, Yıldız H, Dursun M, Gündüz İ (2005). The karyotype of the Goitred Gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa, from Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 36(1):105-107.
  • Wallace C, Fairall N (1967). The chromosomes of the steenbok. South African Journal of Medical Science, 32:55-57.
  • Vassart M, Séguéla A, Hayes H (1995). Chromosomal evolution in gazelles. Journal of Heredity, 86:216-227.
  • Wolfe BA (2015). Bovidae (except sheep and goats) and Antilocapridae. Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 8:626-645.
  • Wurster DH (1972). Sex-chromosome translocations and karyotypes in bovid tribes. Cytogenetics, 11(3):197-207.
  • Wurster DH, Benirschke K (1968). Chromosome studies in the superfamily Bovoide. Chromosoma, 25:152-171.
  • Wurster DH, Benirschke K, Noelke H (1968). Unusually large sex chromosomes in the Sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei) and the blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra). Chromosoma, 23:317-323.
  • Wurster DH, Benirschke K (1967a). Chromosome studies on some deer, the springbok, and the pronghorn with notes on placentation in deer. Cytologia, 32(2):273-285.
  • Wurster DH, Benirschke K (1967b). The chromosomes of twenty-three species of Cervoidea and Bovoidea. Mammalian Chromosome Newsletter, 8:226-229.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sitogenetik
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Halil Erhan Eroğlu 0000-0002-4509-4712

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 18 Nisan 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 27 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Eroğlu, H. E. (2024). Karyotype Symmetry/Asymmetry Index (S/AI) in Bovidae Taxa. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Mühendislik Ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.55213/kmujens.1427150
AMA Eroğlu HE. Karyotype Symmetry/Asymmetry Index (S/AI) in Bovidae Taxa. KMUJENS. Nisan 2024;6(1):28-37. doi:10.55213/kmujens.1427150
Chicago Eroğlu, Halil Erhan. “Karyotype Symmetry/Asymmetry Index (S/AI) in Bovidae Taxa”. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Mühendislik Ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 6, sy. 1 (Nisan 2024): 28-37. https://doi.org/10.55213/kmujens.1427150.
EndNote Eroğlu HE (01 Nisan 2024) Karyotype Symmetry/Asymmetry Index (S/AI) in Bovidae Taxa. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 6 1 28–37.
IEEE H. E. Eroğlu, “Karyotype Symmetry/Asymmetry Index (S/AI) in Bovidae Taxa”, KMUJENS, c. 6, sy. 1, ss. 28–37, 2024, doi: 10.55213/kmujens.1427150.
ISNAD Eroğlu, Halil Erhan. “Karyotype Symmetry/Asymmetry Index (S/AI) in Bovidae Taxa”. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 6/1 (Nisan 2024), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.55213/kmujens.1427150.
JAMA Eroğlu HE. Karyotype Symmetry/Asymmetry Index (S/AI) in Bovidae Taxa. KMUJENS. 2024;6:28–37.
MLA Eroğlu, Halil Erhan. “Karyotype Symmetry/Asymmetry Index (S/AI) in Bovidae Taxa”. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Mühendislik Ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 28-37, doi:10.55213/kmujens.1427150.
Vancouver Eroğlu HE. Karyotype Symmetry/Asymmetry Index (S/AI) in Bovidae Taxa. KMUJENS. 2024;6(1):28-37.
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