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Determining the optimum voluntary waiting period and synchronization protocol in Simmental cows

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 401 - 409, 30.09.2023

Uğur Kara Mehmet Düzer Hatice Hızlı Duygu Baki Acar

https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1282056

Öz

The objective of the present study was to compare four different synchronization protocols at the end of various voluntary waiting period (VWP) and evaluate the effect of parity and milk yield on pregnancy rates with synchronization in Simmental cows. All animals were randomly allocated into four synchronization groups and one control group. Parity, milk yield (≤23 kg/d; >23 kg/d), and days in milk (DIM; 45-60, 61-90, >90 days) were compared according to synchronization protocols. Ovsynch (Group I; n=81), Ovsynch+Progesterone (Group II; n=30), G6G (Group III; n=66), 2xG6G (Group IV; n=45), and a control group (n=35) were designed for the study. The parity significantly affected the pregnancy rates in the primiparous cows, especially in Group II (P<0.05). The pregnancy rates between synchronization and control groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between milk yield and pregnancy rates (P>0.05). In conclusion, the synchronization of Simmental cows with Ovsynch, Ovsynch+Progesterone, G6G, or 2xG6G did not affect pregnancy rates across various DIM. These data suggest that the suitable VWP could be planned according to the farm’s economic and local market targets, with veterinarians able to choose a protocol based on practicality, effectiveness and cost, as well as the specific requirements of the herd.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Simmental Cow Synchronization Woluntary Waiting Period

Destekleyen Kurum

No support was received during this study.

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

  • Arbel, R., Bigun, Y., Ezra, E., Sturman, H., Hojman, D. (2001). The effect of extended calving intervals in high lactating cows on milk production and profitability. Journal of Dairy Science, 84, 600–608.
  • Astiz, S., Fargas, O. (2013). Pregnancy per AI differences between primiparous and multiparous high-yield dairy cows after using Double Ovsynch or G6G. Theriogenology, 79, 1065-1070.
  • Ben Salem, M., Djemali, M., Kayouli, C., Majdoup. (2006). A review of environmental and management factors affecting the reproductive performance of Holstein-Friesian dairy herds in Tunisia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 18, 53.
  • Bo, G.A., de la Mata, J.J., Baruselli, P.S., Menchaca, A. (2016). Alternative programs for synchronizing and resynchronizing ovulation in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 86, 388-396.
  • Butler, S.T., Cummins, S.B., Herlihy, M.M., Hutchinson, I.A., Moore, S.G. (2019). Optimizing productive and reproductive performance in the grazing cow. Bioscientifica Proceedings, 8, 179-191.
  • Fleming, A., Ebdalla, E.A., Maltecca, C., Baes, C.F. (2018). Invited review: Reproductive and genomic technologies to optimize breeding strategies for genetic progress in dairy cattle. Archives Animal Breeding, 61, 43–57.
  • Fricke, P.M., Giordano, J.O., Valenza, A., Amundson, V.C., Carvalho, P.D. (2014). Reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows managed for first service using timed artificial insemination with or without detection of estrus using an activity-monitoring system. Journal of Dairy Science, 97, 2771-2781.
  • Giordano, J.O., Fricke, P.M., Guenther, J.N., Lopes Jr, G., Herlihy, M.M., Nascimento, A.B., Wiltbank, MC. (2012). Effect of progesterone on magnitude of the luteinizing hormone surge induced by two different doses of GnRH in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 3781–3793.
  • Giordano, J.O., Wiltbank, M.C., Fricke, P.M., Bas, S., Pawlisch, R., Guenther, J.N., Nascimento, A.B. (2013). Effect of increasing GnRH and PGF2α dose during Double-Ovsynch on ovulatory response, luteal regression, and fertility of lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology, 80, 773-783.
  • Heidari, F., Dirandeh, E., Ansari Pirsaraei, Z., Colazo, M.G. (2017). Modifications of the G6G timed-AI protocol improved pregnancy per AI and reduced pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. Animal, 11, 2002-2009.
  • Herlihy, M.M., Giordano, J.O., Souza, A.H., Ayres, H., Ferreira, R.M., Keskin, A., Nascimento, A.B., Guenther, J.N., Gaska, J.M., Kacuba, S.J., Crowe, M.A., Butler, S.T., Wiltbank, M.C. (2012). Presynchronization with Double-Ovsynch improves fertility at first postpartum artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 7003-7014.
  • Herlihy, M.M., Crowe, M.A., Berry, D.P., Diskin, M.G., Butler, S.T. (2013). Factors associated with fertility outcomes in cows treated with protocols to synchronize estrus and ovulation in seasonal-calving, pasture-based dairy production systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 96, 1485-1498.
  • Inchaisri, C., Jorritsma, R., Vos, P., van der Weijden, G.C., Hogeveen, G. (2011). Analysis of the economically optimal voluntary waiting period for first insemination. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 3811–3823.
  • Kaçar, C., Kamiloglu, N.N., Ucar, O., Arı, U.C. (2008). İneklerde β-karoten+ E vitamini uygulamasıyla kombine edilen Ovsynch ve Cosynch senkronizasyon programlarının gebelik oranı üzerine etkisi. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 45-50.
  • Kohsari, H., Berenjian, K. (2022). Comparison of the effects of Presynch-Ovsynch, Presynch-Ovsynch+ CIDR, and G6G protocols on the reproductive performance of lactating Holstein cows in the postpartum period. Veterinarska Stanica, 53, 419-430.
  • Larson, J.A., Lamb, G.C., Stevenson, J.S., Johnson, S.K., Day, M.L., Geary, T.W., Kesler, D.J., DeJarnette, J.M., Schrick, F.N., DiCostanzo, A., Arseneau, J.D. (2006). Synchronization of estrus in suckled beef cows for detected estrus and artificial insemination using gonadotropin-releasing hormone, prostaglandin F, and progesterone. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 332-342.
  • Lindley, G., Willshire, J., Martin, M. (2021a). Controlled breeding in dairy cows. Part 1: bovine oestrus cycle and synchronization. In Practice, 43, 445-456.
  • Lindley, G., Willshire, J., Martin, M. (2021b). Controlled breeding in dairy cows. Part 2: selection and ethical implications. In Practice, 43, 511-518.
  • Martinez-Castillero, M., Toledo-Alvarado, H., Pegolo, S., Vazquez, A.I., de los Campos, G., Varona, L., Finocchiaro, R., Bittante, G., Cecchinato, A. (2020). Genetic parameters for fertility traits assessed in herds divergent in milk energy output in Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Simmental cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 103, 11545-11558.
  • Meikle, A., Kulcsar, M., Chilliard, Y., Febel, H., Delavaud, C., Cavestany, D., Chilibroste, P. (2004). Effects of parity and body condition at parturition on endocrine and reproductive parameters of the cow. Reproduction, 127, 727-737.
  • Nak, Y., Tuna, B., Nak, D., Karakas, E., Simsek, G. (2011). The effects of Ovsynch, Ovsynch with progestin and progestin plus double TAI on pregnancy rates in unobserved oestrus dairy cows and heifers. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(6), 917-922.
  • NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Rev Ed Natl Acad Sci, Washington, DC. Pursley, J.R., Mee, M.O., Wiltbank, M.C. (1995). Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2α and GnRH. Theriogenology, 44, 915–923.
  • Pursley, J.R., Wiltbank, M.C., Stevenson, J.S., Ottobre, J.S., Garverick, H.A., Anderson, L.L. (1997). Pregnancy rates per artificial insemination for cows and heifers inseminated at a synchronized ovulation or synchronized estrus. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 295-300.
  • Ribeiro, E.S., Bisinotto, R.S., Favoreto, M.G., Martins, L.T., Cerri, L.R.A., Silvestre, F.T., Greco, L.F., Thatcher, W.W., Santos, J.E.P. (2012). Fertility in dairy cows following presynchronization and administering twice the luteolytic dose of prostaglandin F2a as one or two injections in the 5-day timed artificial insemination protocol. Theriogenology, 78, 273–284.
  • Ribeiro, E.S., Cerri, R.L.A., Bisinotto, R.S., Lima, F.S., Silvestre, F.T., Greco, L.F., Thatcher, W.W., Santos, J.E.P. (2011). Reproductive performance of grazing dairy cows following presynchronization and resynchronization protocols. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 4984-4996.
  • Sartori, R., Fricke, P.M., Ferreira, J.C., Ginther, O.J., Wiltbank, M.C. (2001). Follicular deviation and acquisition of ovulatory capacity in bovine follicles. Biology of Reproduction, 65, 1403-1409.
  • Shahzad, A.H., Sattar, A., Ahmad, N., Ahmad, I., Nak, D., Nak, Y. (2019). Evaluation of Ovsynch and CIDR+Ovsynch protocols to improve reproductive efficiency in lactating dairy cows. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 51, 1607-1614.
  • Souza, A.H., Cunha, A.P., Silva, E.P., Gümen, A., Ayres, H., Guenther, J.N., Wiltbank, M.C. (2009). Comparison of gonadorelin products in lactating dairy cows: efficacy based on induction of ovulation of an accessory follicle and circulating luteinizing hormone profiles. Theriogenology, 72, 271–279.
  • Stangaferro, M.L., Wijma, R., Masello, M., Thomas, M., Giordano, J.O. (2018). Economic performance of lactating dairy cows submitted for first service timed artificial insemination after a voluntary waiting period of 60 or 88 days. Journal of Dairy Science, 101, 7500-7516.
  • Thatcher, W.W., Bilby, T.R., Bartolome, J.A., Silvestre, F., Staples, C.R., Santos, J.E.P. (2006). Strategies for improving fertility in the modern dairy cow. Theriogenology, 65, 30–44.
  • Toledo-Alvarado, H., Cecchinato, A., Bittante, G. (2017). Fertility traits of Holstein, Brown Swiss, Simmental, and Alpine Grey cows are differently affected by herd productivity and milk yield of individual cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 1-12.
  • Wiltbank, M.C., Baez, G.M., Cochrane, F., Barletta, R.V., Trayford, C.R., Joseph, R.T. (2015). Effect of a second treatment with prostaglandin F2α during the Ovsynch protocol on luteolysis and pregnancy in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 98, 8644–8654.
  • Yılmaz, C., Yılmaz, O., Ucar, M. (2011). Effect of PGF2α and GnRH injections applied before Ovsynch on pregnancy rates in cows and heifers. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(4), 641-644.

Simmental Irkı İneklerde Optimum Gönüllü Bekleme Süresi ve Senkronizasyon Programının Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 401 - 409, 30.09.2023

Uğur Kara Mehmet Düzer Hatice Hızlı Duygu Baki Acar

https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1282056

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Simental ırkı ineklerde farklı gönüllü bekleme sürelerinin (GBS) sonunda dört farklı senkronizasyon programının etkinliğinin karşılaştırılması, doğum sayısı ve süt veriminin bu senkronizasyon protokolleri ile gebelik oranlarına etkilerinin değerlendirilmesidir. Hayvanlar rastlantısal olarak dört farklı senkronizasyon ve bir kontrol grubuna ayrıldı. Doğum sayısı, süt verimi (≤23 kg/gün; >23 kg/gün) ve sağılan gün sayısının (SGS; 45-60, 61-90, >90 günler) uygulanan senkronizasyon protokollerine etkileri karşılaştırıldı. Ovsynch (Grup I; n=81), Ovsynch+Progesteron (Grup II; n=30), G6G (Grup III; n=66), 2xG6G (Grup IV; n=45) ve kontrol (n=35) grupları oluşturuldu. Doğum sayısının gebelik oranlarına etkisi karşılaştırıldığında, ilk laktasyondaki primipar ineklerde multipar ineklere göre özellikle Grup II’de istatistiksel önemin (P<0,05) yüksek olduğu tespit edildi. Senkronizasyon ve kontrol grupları arasında gebelik oranları bakımından fark gözlenmezken (P>0,05), süt veriminin de gebelik oranı üzerinde istatistiksel öneme yol açmadığı (P>0,05) belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, Simental ırkı ineklerin Ovsynch, Ovsynch+Progesteron, G6G ve 2xG6G protokolleri ile senkronizasyonunun farklı sağılan gün sayısı (SGS)’na göre gebelik oranlarını etkilemediği belirlendi. Sunulan çalışmadan elde edilen veriler veteriner hekimlerin pratik, etkili, uygun maliyetli ve çiftliğin özel ihtiyaçlarını karşılayabilecek yukarıda belirtilen herhangi bir senkronizasyon protokolünü seçebileceğini, en uygun gönüllü bekleme süresinin ise çiftliğin ekonomik ve bölgesel piyasa hedeflerine göre planlanmasının daha etkili ve verimli olacağını ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Simental İnek Senkronizasyon Gönüllü Bekleme Süresi

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

  • Arbel, R., Bigun, Y., Ezra, E., Sturman, H., Hojman, D. (2001). The effect of extended calving intervals in high lactating cows on milk production and profitability. Journal of Dairy Science, 84, 600–608.
  • Astiz, S., Fargas, O. (2013). Pregnancy per AI differences between primiparous and multiparous high-yield dairy cows after using Double Ovsynch or G6G. Theriogenology, 79, 1065-1070.
  • Ben Salem, M., Djemali, M., Kayouli, C., Majdoup. (2006). A review of environmental and management factors affecting the reproductive performance of Holstein-Friesian dairy herds in Tunisia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 18, 53.
  • Bo, G.A., de la Mata, J.J., Baruselli, P.S., Menchaca, A. (2016). Alternative programs for synchronizing and resynchronizing ovulation in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 86, 388-396.
  • Butler, S.T., Cummins, S.B., Herlihy, M.M., Hutchinson, I.A., Moore, S.G. (2019). Optimizing productive and reproductive performance in the grazing cow. Bioscientifica Proceedings, 8, 179-191.
  • Fleming, A., Ebdalla, E.A., Maltecca, C., Baes, C.F. (2018). Invited review: Reproductive and genomic technologies to optimize breeding strategies for genetic progress in dairy cattle. Archives Animal Breeding, 61, 43–57.
  • Fricke, P.M., Giordano, J.O., Valenza, A., Amundson, V.C., Carvalho, P.D. (2014). Reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows managed for first service using timed artificial insemination with or without detection of estrus using an activity-monitoring system. Journal of Dairy Science, 97, 2771-2781.
  • Giordano, J.O., Fricke, P.M., Guenther, J.N., Lopes Jr, G., Herlihy, M.M., Nascimento, A.B., Wiltbank, MC. (2012). Effect of progesterone on magnitude of the luteinizing hormone surge induced by two different doses of GnRH in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 3781–3793.
  • Giordano, J.O., Wiltbank, M.C., Fricke, P.M., Bas, S., Pawlisch, R., Guenther, J.N., Nascimento, A.B. (2013). Effect of increasing GnRH and PGF2α dose during Double-Ovsynch on ovulatory response, luteal regression, and fertility of lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology, 80, 773-783.
  • Heidari, F., Dirandeh, E., Ansari Pirsaraei, Z., Colazo, M.G. (2017). Modifications of the G6G timed-AI protocol improved pregnancy per AI and reduced pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. Animal, 11, 2002-2009.
  • Herlihy, M.M., Giordano, J.O., Souza, A.H., Ayres, H., Ferreira, R.M., Keskin, A., Nascimento, A.B., Guenther, J.N., Gaska, J.M., Kacuba, S.J., Crowe, M.A., Butler, S.T., Wiltbank, M.C. (2012). Presynchronization with Double-Ovsynch improves fertility at first postpartum artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 7003-7014.
  • Herlihy, M.M., Crowe, M.A., Berry, D.P., Diskin, M.G., Butler, S.T. (2013). Factors associated with fertility outcomes in cows treated with protocols to synchronize estrus and ovulation in seasonal-calving, pasture-based dairy production systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 96, 1485-1498.
  • Inchaisri, C., Jorritsma, R., Vos, P., van der Weijden, G.C., Hogeveen, G. (2011). Analysis of the economically optimal voluntary waiting period for first insemination. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 3811–3823.
  • Kaçar, C., Kamiloglu, N.N., Ucar, O., Arı, U.C. (2008). İneklerde β-karoten+ E vitamini uygulamasıyla kombine edilen Ovsynch ve Cosynch senkronizasyon programlarının gebelik oranı üzerine etkisi. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 45-50.
  • Kohsari, H., Berenjian, K. (2022). Comparison of the effects of Presynch-Ovsynch, Presynch-Ovsynch+ CIDR, and G6G protocols on the reproductive performance of lactating Holstein cows in the postpartum period. Veterinarska Stanica, 53, 419-430.
  • Larson, J.A., Lamb, G.C., Stevenson, J.S., Johnson, S.K., Day, M.L., Geary, T.W., Kesler, D.J., DeJarnette, J.M., Schrick, F.N., DiCostanzo, A., Arseneau, J.D. (2006). Synchronization of estrus in suckled beef cows for detected estrus and artificial insemination using gonadotropin-releasing hormone, prostaglandin F, and progesterone. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 332-342.
  • Lindley, G., Willshire, J., Martin, M. (2021a). Controlled breeding in dairy cows. Part 1: bovine oestrus cycle and synchronization. In Practice, 43, 445-456.
  • Lindley, G., Willshire, J., Martin, M. (2021b). Controlled breeding in dairy cows. Part 2: selection and ethical implications. In Practice, 43, 511-518.
  • Martinez-Castillero, M., Toledo-Alvarado, H., Pegolo, S., Vazquez, A.I., de los Campos, G., Varona, L., Finocchiaro, R., Bittante, G., Cecchinato, A. (2020). Genetic parameters for fertility traits assessed in herds divergent in milk energy output in Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Simmental cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 103, 11545-11558.
  • Meikle, A., Kulcsar, M., Chilliard, Y., Febel, H., Delavaud, C., Cavestany, D., Chilibroste, P. (2004). Effects of parity and body condition at parturition on endocrine and reproductive parameters of the cow. Reproduction, 127, 727-737.
  • Nak, Y., Tuna, B., Nak, D., Karakas, E., Simsek, G. (2011). The effects of Ovsynch, Ovsynch with progestin and progestin plus double TAI on pregnancy rates in unobserved oestrus dairy cows and heifers. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(6), 917-922.
  • NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Rev Ed Natl Acad Sci, Washington, DC. Pursley, J.R., Mee, M.O., Wiltbank, M.C. (1995). Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2α and GnRH. Theriogenology, 44, 915–923.
  • Pursley, J.R., Wiltbank, M.C., Stevenson, J.S., Ottobre, J.S., Garverick, H.A., Anderson, L.L. (1997). Pregnancy rates per artificial insemination for cows and heifers inseminated at a synchronized ovulation or synchronized estrus. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 295-300.
  • Ribeiro, E.S., Bisinotto, R.S., Favoreto, M.G., Martins, L.T., Cerri, L.R.A., Silvestre, F.T., Greco, L.F., Thatcher, W.W., Santos, J.E.P. (2012). Fertility in dairy cows following presynchronization and administering twice the luteolytic dose of prostaglandin F2a as one or two injections in the 5-day timed artificial insemination protocol. Theriogenology, 78, 273–284.
  • Ribeiro, E.S., Cerri, R.L.A., Bisinotto, R.S., Lima, F.S., Silvestre, F.T., Greco, L.F., Thatcher, W.W., Santos, J.E.P. (2011). Reproductive performance of grazing dairy cows following presynchronization and resynchronization protocols. Journal of Dairy Science, 94, 4984-4996.
  • Sartori, R., Fricke, P.M., Ferreira, J.C., Ginther, O.J., Wiltbank, M.C. (2001). Follicular deviation and acquisition of ovulatory capacity in bovine follicles. Biology of Reproduction, 65, 1403-1409.
  • Shahzad, A.H., Sattar, A., Ahmad, N., Ahmad, I., Nak, D., Nak, Y. (2019). Evaluation of Ovsynch and CIDR+Ovsynch protocols to improve reproductive efficiency in lactating dairy cows. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 51, 1607-1614.
  • Souza, A.H., Cunha, A.P., Silva, E.P., Gümen, A., Ayres, H., Guenther, J.N., Wiltbank, M.C. (2009). Comparison of gonadorelin products in lactating dairy cows: efficacy based on induction of ovulation of an accessory follicle and circulating luteinizing hormone profiles. Theriogenology, 72, 271–279.
  • Stangaferro, M.L., Wijma, R., Masello, M., Thomas, M., Giordano, J.O. (2018). Economic performance of lactating dairy cows submitted for first service timed artificial insemination after a voluntary waiting period of 60 or 88 days. Journal of Dairy Science, 101, 7500-7516.
  • Thatcher, W.W., Bilby, T.R., Bartolome, J.A., Silvestre, F., Staples, C.R., Santos, J.E.P. (2006). Strategies for improving fertility in the modern dairy cow. Theriogenology, 65, 30–44.
  • Toledo-Alvarado, H., Cecchinato, A., Bittante, G. (2017). Fertility traits of Holstein, Brown Swiss, Simmental, and Alpine Grey cows are differently affected by herd productivity and milk yield of individual cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 1-12.
  • Wiltbank, M.C., Baez, G.M., Cochrane, F., Barletta, R.V., Trayford, C.R., Joseph, R.T. (2015). Effect of a second treatment with prostaglandin F2α during the Ovsynch protocol on luteolysis and pregnancy in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 98, 8644–8654.
  • Yılmaz, C., Yılmaz, O., Ucar, M. (2011). Effect of PGF2α and GnRH injections applied before Ovsynch on pregnancy rates in cows and heifers. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(4), 641-644.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Uğur Kara 0000-0002-7977-6826

Mehmet Düzer 0000-0002-8959-5658

Hatice Hızlı 0000-0002-5451-1397

Duygu Baki Acar 0000-0002-6884-2621

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 21 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kara, U., Düzer, M., Hızlı, H., Baki Acar, D. (2023). Determining the optimum voluntary waiting period and synchronization protocol in Simmental cows. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 16(3), 401-409. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1282056
AMA Kara U, Düzer M, Hızlı H, Baki Acar D. Determining the optimum voluntary waiting period and synchronization protocol in Simmental cows. kvj. Eylül 2023;16(3):401-409. doi:10.30607/kvj.1282056
Chicago Kara, Uğur, Mehmet Düzer, Hatice Hızlı, ve Duygu Baki Acar. “Determining the Optimum Voluntary Waiting Period and Synchronization Protocol in Simmental Cows”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 16, sy. 3 (Eylül 2023): 401-9. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1282056.
EndNote Kara U, Düzer M, Hızlı H, Baki Acar D (01 Eylül 2023) Determining the optimum voluntary waiting period and synchronization protocol in Simmental cows. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 16 3 401–409.
IEEE U. Kara, M. Düzer, H. Hızlı, ve D. Baki Acar, “Determining the optimum voluntary waiting period and synchronization protocol in Simmental cows”, kvj, c. 16, sy. 3, ss. 401–409, 2023, doi: 10.30607/kvj.1282056.
ISNAD Kara, Uğur vd. “Determining the Optimum Voluntary Waiting Period and Synchronization Protocol in Simmental Cows”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 16/3 (Eylül 2023), 401-409. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1282056.
JAMA Kara U, Düzer M, Hızlı H, Baki Acar D. Determining the optimum voluntary waiting period and synchronization protocol in Simmental cows. kvj. 2023;16:401–409.
MLA Kara, Uğur vd. “Determining the Optimum Voluntary Waiting Period and Synchronization Protocol in Simmental Cows”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 16, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 401-9, doi:10.30607/kvj.1282056.
Vancouver Kara U, Düzer M, Hızlı H, Baki Acar D. Determining the optimum voluntary waiting period and synchronization protocol in Simmental cows. kvj. 2023;16(3):401-9.
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