Öz
The
aim of this study was to determine the fungi causing disease in strawberry
areas in Antalya province. In the study, 28 strawberry greenhouses from 8
districts were visited. Surveys were performed at two periods; first, two weeks
after transplanting, and second one at the beginning of harvest period. In the
greenhouses, samples were taken from the plants showing disease symptoms. As a
result of isolations, fungi belonging to 12 genera were determined. From the
soil samples, Rhizoctonia solani was
the most common fungus with 96.43% prevalence rate and Fusarium spp. with 75% and
Pythium sp. with 35.71% followed
it. Gliocladium roseum, Alternaria
alternata, Aspergillus niger,
Penicillium sp., Rhizopus stolonifer,
Botrytis cinerea and Verticillium sp. were the other fungi
found in soil samples with low rates. Alternaria
alternata was the most common fungus with the prevalence rate of 96.43%,
while Mycosphaerella fragariae followed
it with 71.43% and the prevalence rate of Cladosporium
cladosporioides was 3.57% in the leaf samples. Botrytis cinerea was the most common fungus in the isolations from
the fruit samples with 85.71% prevalence rate, and Penicillium sp. with 35.71% and Aspergillus
niger with 10.71% were the other fungi isolated from the rotten fruits. In
the pathogenicity tests, all fungi caused typical symptoms on healthy plants.
According to these results, A. alternata,
M. fragariae and B. cinerea were found as the most important pathogens of
strawberries grown in Antalya, while some other soil borne pathogens like R. solani, Fusarium spp., Pythium spp., Verticillium spp. may also cause significant losses.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Ağaoğlu YS (1986) Üzümsü meyveler. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara.
- Antalya İl Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü Verileri (2013) T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Antalya İl Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü.
- Ayoubi N, Soleimani M, Zare R (2017) Cladosporium species, a new challenge in strawberry production in Iran. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 56(3): 486-483.
- Barnett HL, Hunter BB (1998) Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Fourth Edition. APS Press. U.S.A.
- Benlioğlu S, Yıldız A, Döken T (2004) Studies to determine the causal agents of soil-borne fungal diseases of strawberries in Aydin to control them by soil disinfestations. Journal of Phytopathology 152: 509-513.
- Bolda M, Koike S (2012) Rhizopus and Mucor fruit rots in strawberry. Strawberries and Caneberries. https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/ postdetail.cfm?postnum=8467. Accessed 07 June 2019.
- Bora T, Karaca İ (1970) Kültür bitkilerinde hastalığın ve zararın ölçülmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, İzmir.
- Bost S, Straw RA (2015) Strawberry diseases in Tennessee. University of Tennessee, Agricultural Extension Service, WO18, pp. 6.
- Cota LV, Maffia LA, Mizubuti ESG, Macedo PEF, Antunes RF (2008) Biological control of strawberry gray mold by Clonostachys rosea underfield conditions. Biological Control 46: 515-522.
- Çakır C (2019) Çilek (Fragaria X Ananassa Duch.) hastalıkları. Verticillium solgunluğu. http://www.bitkisagligi.net/Cilek_ Verticillium_spp.htm Erişim 05 Ağustos 2019.
- Delhomez N, Carisse O, Lareau M, Khanizadeh S (1995) Susceptibility of strawberry cultivars and advanced selections to leaf spot caused by Mycosphaerella fragariae. Hort Science 30: 592-595.
- Ehsani-Moghaddam B, Charles MT, Carisse O, Khanizadeh S (2006) Superoxide dismutase responses of strawberry cultivars to infection by Mycosphaerella fragariae. Journal of Plant Physiology 163: 147-153.
- Ellis MB (1971) Dematiaceous hypomycetes. CAB International. Oxon, UK.
- Ellis MA (2008) Strawberry leaf diseases. Fact Sheet, Agriculture and Natural Resources. The Ohio State University Extension.
- Erper I, Karaca GH, Ozkoc I (2008) Root rot disease incidence and severity on some legume species grown in Samsun and the fungi isolated from roots and soils. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 41: 501-506.
- Ertek TS, Katırcıoğlu YZ, Maden S (2018) Fungal diseases of strawberry grown in Düzce province of Turkey. Plant Protection Bulletin 58: 1243-129.
- Feliziani E, Romanazzi G (2016) Postharvest decay of strawberry fruit:Etiology, epidemiology, and diseasemanagement. Journal of Berry Research 6: 47-63.
- Gürer M, Coşkun H (1993) Zonguldak ve Bartın illerinin çilek ekim alanlarındaki fungal hastalık etmenleri üzerinde çalışmalar. Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Ankara.
- Hancock JF, Luby JJ (1993) Genetic resources at our doorstep: The wild strawberries. BioScience 43: 141-147.
- Ishiguro Y, Otsubo K, Watanabe H, Suzuki M, Nakayama K, Fukuda T, Fujinaga M, Suga H, Kageyama K (2014) Root and crown rot of strawberry caused by Pythium helicoides and its distribution in strawberry production areas of Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology doi:10.1007/s10327-014-0520-8.
- Kapkın A (1978) İzmir ili çileklerinde tarla döneminde ve hasat sonrasında görülen fungal etmenlerin saptanması ve bunların patojenisiteleri üzerinde araştırmalar. Bölge Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü.
- Lin CP, Tsai JN, Ann PJ, Chang JT, Chen PR (2016) First report of Rhizopus rot of strawberry fruit caused by Rhizopus stolonifer in Taiwan. Plant Disease 101: 10.1094/PDIS-07-16-1033-PDN.
- Lopes UP, Alfenas RF, Zambolim L, Crous PW, Costa H, Pereira OL (2018) A new species of Calonectria causing rot on ripe strawberry fruit in Brazil. Australasian Plant Pathology 47: 1-11.
- Maas JL (Ed.) (1984) Compendium of strawberry diseases. The American Phytopathology Society, Minnesota.
- Martin FN (2000) Rhizoctonia spp. recovered from strawberry roots in central coastal California. Phytopathology 90: 345-353.
- Nam MH, Park MS, Kim HS, Kim TI, Kim HG (2015) Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. tenuissimum cause blossom blight in strawberry in Korea. Mycobiology 43: 354-359.
- Özen M (2019) Antalya'da 50 bin tonun üzerinde çilek üretilmesi bekleniyor. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/egitim/antalyada-50-bin-tonun-uzerinde-cilek-uretilmesi-bekleniyor-41229330. Erişim 07 Haziran 2019.
- Pala H (1987) Çileklerde kök çürüklüğü etmeni ve antagonistlerin saptanması, hastalık çıkışı üzerine toprak solarizasyonunun etkisinin araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.
- Rupp S, Plesken C, Rumsey S, Dowling M, Schnabel G, Weber RWS, Hahn M (2017) Botrytis fragariae, a new species causing gray mold on strawberries, shows high frequencies of specific and efflux-based fungicide resistance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 83: e00269-17.
- Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, Frisvad JC, Filtenborg O (1995) Introduction to food-borne fungi. Centraal bureauVoor Schimmel Cultures, Baarn.
- Santos B, Barrau C, Romero F (2003) Strawberry fungal diseases. Food, Agriculture and Environment 1: 129-132.
- Schroers H-J, Samuels GJ, Seifert KA, Gams W (1999) Classification of the mycoparasite Gliocladium roseum in Clonostachys as C. rosea, its relationship to Bionectria ochroleuca, and notes on other Gliocladium-like fungi. Mycologia 91: 365-385.
- Serçe S, Özgen M (2014) Çilek yetiştiriciliği ve güncel eğilimler. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267266752_Cilek_ yetistiriciligi_ve_yeni_egilimler. Erişim 24 Haziran 2019.
- Sutton JC, Peng G (1993) Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea in strawberry leaves. Phytopathology 83: 615-621.
- Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Bitkisel Üretim verileri (2019) http://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konular/Bitkisel-Uretim/Tarla-Ve-Bahce-Bitkileri/Urunler-Ve-Uretim. Erişim 05 Ağustos 2019.
- Watanabe T (1977) Pathogenicity of Pythium myriotylum isolated from strawberry roots in Japan. Annals of Phytopathology Society of Japan 43: 306-309.
- Watanabe T, Hashimoto K, Sato M (1977) Pythium species associated with strawberry roots in Japan, and their role in the strawberry stunt disease. Phytopathology 67: 1324-1332.
- Yılmaz H (2009) Çileklerde hastalıklar ve mücadele yöntemleri. Tarım Gündem Dergisi 8: 42-49.
Öz
Bu
çalışmada, Antalya ilindeki çilek ekim alanlarında hastalığa neden olan fungal
patojenlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla, ilde çilek yetiştiriciliğinin yapıldığı 8
ilçede, toplamda 28 farklı serada örnekleme yapılarak, toprak ve hastalıklı
bitki örnekleri alınmıştır. Örneklerden yapılan izolasyonlar sonucunda 12
fungus cinsi belirlenmiştir. Topraktan yapılan izolasyonlarda %96.43 ile
yaygınlık oranı en yüksek fungus Rhizoctonia
solani olurken, %75 ile Fusarium spp.
ve %35.71 ile Pythium sp. onu
izlemiştir. Gliocladium roseum, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Rhizopus
stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea ve Verticillium sp. ise toprak örneklerinde
düşük yaygınlık oranlarıyla bulunan diğer funguslar olmuştur. Yaprak
örneklerinde Alternaria alternata
%96.43 oranıyla en yaygın fungus olarak belirlenirken, %71.43 oranıyla Mycosphaerella fragariae onu izlemiş, Cladosporium cladosporioides’in
yaygınlık oranı ise %3.57 olmuştur. Meyvelerden yapılan izolasyonlarda ise
%85.71 oranıyla Botrytis cinerea en
yaygın fungus olarak saptanmış, %35.71 ile
Penicillium sp. ve %10.71 ile Aspergillus
niger çürük meyvelerden izole edilen diğer funguslar olmuştur. Laboratuvar
koşullarında yürütülen patojenite denemelerinde tüm funguslar kendilerine özgü
belirtileri oluşturmuşlardır. Bu sonuçlara göre; Antalya ilinde yetiştirilen
çileklerde A. alternata, M. fragariae ve B. cinerea en önemli patojenler olarak belirlenirken, R. solani, Fusarium spp., Pythium spp.,
Verticillium spp. gibi bazı toprak
kökenli patojenlerin de ciddi kayıplara neden olabileceği ortaya konulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Fragaria X Ananassa Duch. Yaprak lekesi Kök çürüklüğü Solgunluk Meyve çürüklüğü
Kaynakça
- Ağaoğlu YS (1986) Üzümsü meyveler. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara.
- Antalya İl Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü Verileri (2013) T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Antalya İl Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü.
- Ayoubi N, Soleimani M, Zare R (2017) Cladosporium species, a new challenge in strawberry production in Iran. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 56(3): 486-483.
- Barnett HL, Hunter BB (1998) Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Fourth Edition. APS Press. U.S.A.
- Benlioğlu S, Yıldız A, Döken T (2004) Studies to determine the causal agents of soil-borne fungal diseases of strawberries in Aydin to control them by soil disinfestations. Journal of Phytopathology 152: 509-513.
- Bolda M, Koike S (2012) Rhizopus and Mucor fruit rots in strawberry. Strawberries and Caneberries. https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/ postdetail.cfm?postnum=8467. Accessed 07 June 2019.
- Bora T, Karaca İ (1970) Kültür bitkilerinde hastalığın ve zararın ölçülmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, İzmir.
- Bost S, Straw RA (2015) Strawberry diseases in Tennessee. University of Tennessee, Agricultural Extension Service, WO18, pp. 6.
- Cota LV, Maffia LA, Mizubuti ESG, Macedo PEF, Antunes RF (2008) Biological control of strawberry gray mold by Clonostachys rosea underfield conditions. Biological Control 46: 515-522.
- Çakır C (2019) Çilek (Fragaria X Ananassa Duch.) hastalıkları. Verticillium solgunluğu. http://www.bitkisagligi.net/Cilek_ Verticillium_spp.htm Erişim 05 Ağustos 2019.
- Delhomez N, Carisse O, Lareau M, Khanizadeh S (1995) Susceptibility of strawberry cultivars and advanced selections to leaf spot caused by Mycosphaerella fragariae. Hort Science 30: 592-595.
- Ehsani-Moghaddam B, Charles MT, Carisse O, Khanizadeh S (2006) Superoxide dismutase responses of strawberry cultivars to infection by Mycosphaerella fragariae. Journal of Plant Physiology 163: 147-153.
- Ellis MB (1971) Dematiaceous hypomycetes. CAB International. Oxon, UK.
- Ellis MA (2008) Strawberry leaf diseases. Fact Sheet, Agriculture and Natural Resources. The Ohio State University Extension.
- Erper I, Karaca GH, Ozkoc I (2008) Root rot disease incidence and severity on some legume species grown in Samsun and the fungi isolated from roots and soils. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 41: 501-506.
- Ertek TS, Katırcıoğlu YZ, Maden S (2018) Fungal diseases of strawberry grown in Düzce province of Turkey. Plant Protection Bulletin 58: 1243-129.
- Feliziani E, Romanazzi G (2016) Postharvest decay of strawberry fruit:Etiology, epidemiology, and diseasemanagement. Journal of Berry Research 6: 47-63.
- Gürer M, Coşkun H (1993) Zonguldak ve Bartın illerinin çilek ekim alanlarındaki fungal hastalık etmenleri üzerinde çalışmalar. Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Ankara.
- Hancock JF, Luby JJ (1993) Genetic resources at our doorstep: The wild strawberries. BioScience 43: 141-147.
- Ishiguro Y, Otsubo K, Watanabe H, Suzuki M, Nakayama K, Fukuda T, Fujinaga M, Suga H, Kageyama K (2014) Root and crown rot of strawberry caused by Pythium helicoides and its distribution in strawberry production areas of Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology doi:10.1007/s10327-014-0520-8.
- Kapkın A (1978) İzmir ili çileklerinde tarla döneminde ve hasat sonrasında görülen fungal etmenlerin saptanması ve bunların patojenisiteleri üzerinde araştırmalar. Bölge Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü.
- Lin CP, Tsai JN, Ann PJ, Chang JT, Chen PR (2016) First report of Rhizopus rot of strawberry fruit caused by Rhizopus stolonifer in Taiwan. Plant Disease 101: 10.1094/PDIS-07-16-1033-PDN.
- Lopes UP, Alfenas RF, Zambolim L, Crous PW, Costa H, Pereira OL (2018) A new species of Calonectria causing rot on ripe strawberry fruit in Brazil. Australasian Plant Pathology 47: 1-11.
- Maas JL (Ed.) (1984) Compendium of strawberry diseases. The American Phytopathology Society, Minnesota.
- Martin FN (2000) Rhizoctonia spp. recovered from strawberry roots in central coastal California. Phytopathology 90: 345-353.
- Nam MH, Park MS, Kim HS, Kim TI, Kim HG (2015) Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. tenuissimum cause blossom blight in strawberry in Korea. Mycobiology 43: 354-359.
- Özen M (2019) Antalya'da 50 bin tonun üzerinde çilek üretilmesi bekleniyor. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/egitim/antalyada-50-bin-tonun-uzerinde-cilek-uretilmesi-bekleniyor-41229330. Erişim 07 Haziran 2019.
- Pala H (1987) Çileklerde kök çürüklüğü etmeni ve antagonistlerin saptanması, hastalık çıkışı üzerine toprak solarizasyonunun etkisinin araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.
- Rupp S, Plesken C, Rumsey S, Dowling M, Schnabel G, Weber RWS, Hahn M (2017) Botrytis fragariae, a new species causing gray mold on strawberries, shows high frequencies of specific and efflux-based fungicide resistance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 83: e00269-17.
- Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, Frisvad JC, Filtenborg O (1995) Introduction to food-borne fungi. Centraal bureauVoor Schimmel Cultures, Baarn.
- Santos B, Barrau C, Romero F (2003) Strawberry fungal diseases. Food, Agriculture and Environment 1: 129-132.
- Schroers H-J, Samuels GJ, Seifert KA, Gams W (1999) Classification of the mycoparasite Gliocladium roseum in Clonostachys as C. rosea, its relationship to Bionectria ochroleuca, and notes on other Gliocladium-like fungi. Mycologia 91: 365-385.
- Serçe S, Özgen M (2014) Çilek yetiştiriciliği ve güncel eğilimler. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267266752_Cilek_ yetistiriciligi_ve_yeni_egilimler. Erişim 24 Haziran 2019.
- Sutton JC, Peng G (1993) Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea in strawberry leaves. Phytopathology 83: 615-621.
- Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Bitkisel Üretim verileri (2019) http://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konular/Bitkisel-Uretim/Tarla-Ve-Bahce-Bitkileri/Urunler-Ve-Uretim. Erişim 05 Ağustos 2019.
- Watanabe T (1977) Pathogenicity of Pythium myriotylum isolated from strawberry roots in Japan. Annals of Phytopathology Society of Japan 43: 306-309.
- Watanabe T, Hashimoto K, Sato M (1977) Pythium species associated with strawberry roots in Japan, and their role in the strawberry stunt disease. Phytopathology 67: 1324-1332.
- Yılmaz H (2009) Çileklerde hastalıklar ve mücadele yöntemleri. Tarım Gündem Dergisi 8: 42-49.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ziraat Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Nisan 2020 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 22 Ağustos 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1 |
Kaynak Göster
Cited By
Determination fungal problems in strawberry fields of Silifke and the susceptibility of Botrytis cinerea isolates to some fungicides
Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1097305
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