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Determination of phenolic components of Vitex agnus-castus L. (Verbenaceae) from Muğla-Ula region in Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 692 - 699, 07.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.937814

Öz

Aims: In this research, it was aimed to determine the phenolic components of Vitex agnus‐castus L. (Chaste) samples belonging to Verbenaceae family, which is one of the significant medicinal plants of our country.

Methods and Results: In this research, Vitex agnus-castus L. leaf and flower samples provided from during flowering grown under from Karabörtlen area (81 m) ecological conditions. Samples were then dried in a semi-shadowy and airy place at room temperature (at 25°C) to be used in the extraction process. In this study, the phenolic composition obtained from Vitex agnus-castus was analyzed and determined by UPLC-ESI-MS / MS¯ method. Totally, 8 phenolic components were determined in leaf and flower samples. Among the phenolic components of chasteberry (Vitex agnus- castus L.) obtained from leaf and flower samples during the flowering period, the most effective components; protocatechuic acid 4906.02 (mg kg¯); 4-hydroxy benzoic acid 1603.88 mg kg¯), gentisic acid 668.49 (mg kg¯) were found out.

Conclusions: Plant-derived natural products have received considerable attention in recent years due to their diverse pharmacological properties, including several compounds.Most of these bioactive compounds are plant secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, alkaloids and phenolic components found in plants. Phenolic compounds as antioxidants can prevent many diseases such as cancer, heart disease, cataracts, eye diseases, old age diseases, etc. The results of this study also showed that Vitex agnus-castus leaf and flower samples, were rich in phenolic components.

Significance and Impact of the Study: The results of this study indicated that Vitex agnus-castus possess a potential source of phenolics, and may be used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as a protective agent to reduce oxidative damage in terms of phenolic components. This research can be used to guide current and future research.

Kaynakça

  • Referans1 Arokiyaraj S, Perinbam K, Agastian P, Kumar RM. (2009) Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Vitex agnus-castus. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 3, 162-164.DOI: 10.4103/0973-8258.54912.
  • Referans2 Asdadi A., Hamdouch A., Oukacha A., Moutaj R., Gharby, S., Harhar, H., El Hadek,M., Chebli B., Idrissi Hassani L.M. (2015). ‘Study on chemical analysis, antioxidant and in vitro antifungal activities of essential oil from wild Vitex agnus-castus L. seeds growing in area of Argan Tree of Morocco against clinical strains of Candida responsible for nosocomial infections’. Journal de Mycologie Médicale, 25, 118-127.DOI:10.1016/ j.mycmed. 2015.10.005.
  • Referans3Asdadi, A., Hassani, L.M.I., Chebli, B., Moutaj, R., Gharby, S., Harhar, H., Salghi, R., Hadek, M.E.L., (2014) Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Vitex agnus castus L. seeds oil growing in Journal of Materials and Environmental Science 5(3): 823-830.
  • Referans4 Bachrach ZY. (2012) Contribution of selected medicinal plants for cancer prevention and therapy. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis, 29(3), 117- 123.
  • Referans5 Balasundram, N., Sundram, K., Saman, S., (2006) Phenolic compounds in plants agri-industrial by-products: Antioxidant activity, occurence, and potential uses. Food Chemistry, 99: 191-203. doi: 10.1016 / j.foodchem.2005.07.04.
  • Referans 6 Baydar, H. (2005) Tıbbi, aromatik ve keyf bitkileri: bilimi ve teknolojisi: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi.
  • Referans7 Baytop T. Türkiye’de bitkiler ile tedavi, geçmişte ve bugün. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, 2. Baskı, İstanbul. 1999.
  • Referans8 Baytop, T., (1984) Türkiye’de Bitkiler ile Tedavi (Geçmiste ve Bugün). İ. Ü. Ecz. Fak. Yayınları (İlaveli İkinci Baskı). İstanbul, No: 3255, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, s. 3-4,226
  • Referans9 Bohnert K.J, Hahn G. (1990) Phytotherapie in Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe: Vitex agnus-castus (Keuschlamm). Erfahrungsheilkunde. 39:494–502.
  • Referans10 Brickell, C. and Zuk, J.D., (1996) A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. DK Publishing Inc., New York, USA, 1095 p.
  • Referans11 Cabral C., Gonçalves M. J., Cavaleiro C., Salgueiro L., Antunes T., Sevinate-Pinto I., & Sales F. (2008)“Vitex ferruginea schumach. Et. Thonn. subsp. amboniensis (Gürke) Verdc.: glandular trichomes micromorphology, composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 86–90. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2008.9699430
  • Referans12 Proestos C., Sereli D., Komaitis M., (2006) “Determination of phenolic compounds in aromatic plants by RP-HPLC and GCMS,” Food Chemistry, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 44–52.
  • Referans13 Ceviz A.U., (2016) Laurus Nobilis, Vitex Agnus-Castus Ve Tamarix Parviflora Türlerinin Kimyasal İçeriğinin Ve Fenolik Ekstraktiflerinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
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  • Referans16 Demirtaş A., Pişkin İ., (2020) Effects of Urtica dioica, Matricaria chamomilla, and Vitex agnus-castus extracts on in vitro rumen fermentation under normal and acidosis conditions Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 67, 15-22, DOI: 10.33988/ auvfd.561494.
  • Referans17 Şarer E., Gökbulut A., (2008) Determınatıon Of Caffeıc And Chlorogenıc Acıds In The Leaves And Fruıts Of Vıtex Agnus-Castus. Turkish Journal of pharmacy. Sci. 5 (3) 167-174.
  • Referans18 Fakir H., Erbaş S., Özen M., Dönmez İ. E., (2014)‘Hayıt (Vitex agnus-castus L.)’ da Farklı Toplama Zamanlarının Uçucu Yağ Oranı ve Bileşenleri Üzerine Etkisi’. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknolojisi, Cilt. 1, No. 2, S. 25-28.
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Muğla-Ula yöresinde Vitex agnus-castus L. (Verbenaceae) fenolik bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 692 - 699, 07.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.937814

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada ülkemizin önemli tıbbi bitkilerinden olan Verbenaceae familyasına ait, Vitex agnus‐castus L. (Hayıt)’ın fenolik bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntem ve Bulgular: Bu çalışmada, Karabörtlen (81 m) ekolojik koşullarda çiçeklenme döneminde Vitex agnus-castus L. yaprak ve çiçek örnekleri toplanmıştır. Örnekler daha sonra ekstraksiyon işleminde kullanılmak üzere oda sıcaklığında (25 °C'de) yarı gölgeli ve havadar bir yerde kurutulmuştur. Çalışmamızda Vitex agnus-castus’ten elde edilen fenolik bileşiklerin kompozisyonu UPLC-ESI-MS/MS yöntemiyle analiz edilip tespit edilmiştir. Çiçeklenme döneminde elde edilen yaprak ve çiçek örneklerinde toplamda 8 fenolik bileşen belirlenmiştir. Hayıtın (Vitex agnus castus L.) çiçeklenme döneminde yaprak ve çiçek örneklerinden elde edilen fenolik bileşenleri arasında en etkili bileşenler; protokatekuik asit 4906.02 (mg kg¯); 4-hidroksi benzoik asit 1603.88 mg kg¯), gentisik asit 668.49 (mg kg¯) olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Genel Yorum: Bitki kaynaklı doğal ürünler ve bitkisel ürünlerin içeriğinde bulunan birçok bileşen çeşitli farmakolojik özelliklerinden dolayı son yıllarda büyük ilgi görmüştür. Bitkilerde bulunan bu biyoaktif bileşiklerin çoğu, terpenoidler, alkaloidler ve fenolik bileşenler gibi ikincil (sekonder) metabolitleridir. Antioksidan olarak fenolik bileşikler kanser, kalp hastalığı, katarakt, göz hastalıkları, yaşlılık hastalıkları vb. birçok hastalığı önleyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları Vitex agnus-castus yaprak ve çiçek örneklerinin fenolik bileşenler bakımından zengin olduğunu göstermiştir.

Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, V. agnus-castus’un potansiyel bir fenol kaynağına sahip olduğuna ve gıda, ilaç ve kozmetik endüstrilerinde fenolik bileşenler açısından oksidatif hasarı azaltmak için koruyucu bir ajan olarak kullanılabileceğini gösterdi. Bu çalışma mevcut ve gelecekteki araştırmalar için rehberlik etmek için kullanılabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Referans1 Arokiyaraj S, Perinbam K, Agastian P, Kumar RM. (2009) Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Vitex agnus-castus. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 3, 162-164.DOI: 10.4103/0973-8258.54912.
  • Referans2 Asdadi A., Hamdouch A., Oukacha A., Moutaj R., Gharby, S., Harhar, H., El Hadek,M., Chebli B., Idrissi Hassani L.M. (2015). ‘Study on chemical analysis, antioxidant and in vitro antifungal activities of essential oil from wild Vitex agnus-castus L. seeds growing in area of Argan Tree of Morocco against clinical strains of Candida responsible for nosocomial infections’. Journal de Mycologie Médicale, 25, 118-127.DOI:10.1016/ j.mycmed. 2015.10.005.
  • Referans3Asdadi, A., Hassani, L.M.I., Chebli, B., Moutaj, R., Gharby, S., Harhar, H., Salghi, R., Hadek, M.E.L., (2014) Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Vitex agnus castus L. seeds oil growing in Journal of Materials and Environmental Science 5(3): 823-830.
  • Referans4 Bachrach ZY. (2012) Contribution of selected medicinal plants for cancer prevention and therapy. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis, 29(3), 117- 123.
  • Referans5 Balasundram, N., Sundram, K., Saman, S., (2006) Phenolic compounds in plants agri-industrial by-products: Antioxidant activity, occurence, and potential uses. Food Chemistry, 99: 191-203. doi: 10.1016 / j.foodchem.2005.07.04.
  • Referans 6 Baydar, H. (2005) Tıbbi, aromatik ve keyf bitkileri: bilimi ve teknolojisi: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi.
  • Referans7 Baytop T. Türkiye’de bitkiler ile tedavi, geçmişte ve bugün. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, 2. Baskı, İstanbul. 1999.
  • Referans8 Baytop, T., (1984) Türkiye’de Bitkiler ile Tedavi (Geçmiste ve Bugün). İ. Ü. Ecz. Fak. Yayınları (İlaveli İkinci Baskı). İstanbul, No: 3255, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, s. 3-4,226
  • Referans9 Bohnert K.J, Hahn G. (1990) Phytotherapie in Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe: Vitex agnus-castus (Keuschlamm). Erfahrungsheilkunde. 39:494–502.
  • Referans10 Brickell, C. and Zuk, J.D., (1996) A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. DK Publishing Inc., New York, USA, 1095 p.
  • Referans11 Cabral C., Gonçalves M. J., Cavaleiro C., Salgueiro L., Antunes T., Sevinate-Pinto I., & Sales F. (2008)“Vitex ferruginea schumach. Et. Thonn. subsp. amboniensis (Gürke) Verdc.: glandular trichomes micromorphology, composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 86–90. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2008.9699430
  • Referans12 Proestos C., Sereli D., Komaitis M., (2006) “Determination of phenolic compounds in aromatic plants by RP-HPLC and GCMS,” Food Chemistry, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 44–52.
  • Referans13 Ceviz A.U., (2016) Laurus Nobilis, Vitex Agnus-Castus Ve Tamarix Parviflora Türlerinin Kimyasal İçeriğinin Ve Fenolik Ekstraktiflerinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  • Referans14 Cheifetz, A., Double, C., Barnard, L. and Imwold, D., (1999) Trees and Shrubs. Laurel Glen Publishing, San Diego, USA, 1008 p.
  • Referans15 Çenet, M. ve Toroğlu, S. (2006) Tedavi amaçlı kullanılan bazı bitkilerin kullanım alanları ve antimikrobiyal aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi için kullanılan metodlar. KSÜ Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 9(2): 12-20.
  • Referans16 Demirtaş A., Pişkin İ., (2020) Effects of Urtica dioica, Matricaria chamomilla, and Vitex agnus-castus extracts on in vitro rumen fermentation under normal and acidosis conditions Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 67, 15-22, DOI: 10.33988/ auvfd.561494.
  • Referans17 Şarer E., Gökbulut A., (2008) Determınatıon Of Caffeıc And Chlorogenıc Acıds In The Leaves And Fruıts Of Vıtex Agnus-Castus. Turkish Journal of pharmacy. Sci. 5 (3) 167-174.
  • Referans18 Fakir H., Erbaş S., Özen M., Dönmez İ. E., (2014)‘Hayıt (Vitex agnus-castus L.)’ da Farklı Toplama Zamanlarının Uçucu Yağ Oranı ve Bileşenleri Üzerine Etkisi’. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknolojisi, Cilt. 1, No. 2, S. 25-28.
  • Referans19 Gökbulut, A., Özhan, O., Karacaoğlu, M., & Şarer, E. (2010) Radical Scavenging Activity and Vitexin Content of Vitex agnus-castus Leaves and Fruits. Fabad Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 35, 85-91.
  • Referans20 Gülsoy G., (2011) ‘Vitex agnus-castus (hayıt) meyvelerinin fitoterapi açısından değerlendirilmesi’, Yükseklisans tezi, Farmakognozi Enstitüsü, Farmakognozi Anabilim Dalı Fitoterapi Programı, İstanbul
  • Referans21 Sağlam, H., Pabuçcuoğlu, A. & Kıvçak, B. (2007) “Antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L. extracts”. Phyther. Res 21, 1059–1060, https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2211.
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  • Referans23 Ingjatovic, Tovovılovıc, G., Šošićjurjević J., Filipović, B., Janać B., Milošević, V., Tomić , M.(2012) ‘Bioactivity of the Essential oil from Berries of Vitex agnus-castus in Middle Aged Male Rats’, Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 7, 4, 1727-1734.
  • Referans24 John JE. Natural products-based drug discovery: Some bottlenecks and considerations. Curr Sci; 2009.96 : 753-54.
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  • Referans26 Kähkönen, M.P., Hopia, A.I., Vuorela, H.J., Rauha, J.P., Pihlaja, K., Kujala, T.S., Heinonen, M. (1999) Antioxidanat Activity of Planat Extracts Containing Phenolic Compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47, 3954-3962.
  • Referans27 Kakkar, S., Bais, S. (2014) A Review on Protocatechuic Acid and Its Pharmacological Potential, ISRN Pharmacology, 34, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/952943.
  • Referans28 Karaoğul, E., Ertaş, M., Altuntaş, E., Alma, M.H. (2011)Karadeniz ve Akdeniz Bölgesinde Yetişen Defne (Laurus nobilis)’nin Kimyasal İçeriği, KSÜ Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Special issue, 74-77.
  • Referans29 Kayacık, H., (1966)Orman ve Park Ağaçlarının Özel Sistematiği, III. Cilt Angiospermae (Kapalı Toumlular). İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları O.F. Yayın No. 106, Kutulmuş Matbaası, İstanbul, 291 s.
  • Referans30 Kawashty S. A., Soliman H.M., Boquellah N.A. (2016)Chemical and biological characterize of some species from Mahdadh Dhahab region. Journal of Innovations in Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol 1(3), 62-70.
  • Referans32 Kıvrak Ş., Göktürk T., Kıvrak İ., Kaya E., Karababa E. (2019) Investigation of Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of some Salvia Species Commonly Grown in Southwest Anatolia using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Food Sci.Technol,Campinas,39(2):423 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.32017
  • Referans 33 Kıvrak Ş., Kıvrak İ., Karababa E. (2018) Analytical evaluation of phenolic compounds and minerals of Opuntia robusta J.C. Wendl. and Opuntia ficus-barbarica A. Berger. International Journal of Food Properties, 21(1), 244-256, Doi: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1451342.
  • Referans34 Kulkarni S.G, Vijayanand P. (2010) Effect of extraction conditions on the quality characteristics of pectin from passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa L.). Food Science and Technology, 43: 1026-1031. doi: 10.1016 / j.lwt.2009.11.00
  • Referans 35Kültür Ş. (2007) Medicinal plants used in Kırklareli Province. Journal of Ethnopharmacol. 111(2):341–364. doi:10.1016 / j.jep.2006.11.035.
  • Referans36 Latovi, M., Aliakbarian, B., Casazza, A.A., Seffen, M., Converti, A., Perego, P. (2012)Extraction of phenolic compounds from Vitex agnus-castus L. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 90:748-754. DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2012.01.003
  • Referans 37 Maksimovic, ZA., Dordevic, S. and Mraovic, M. (2005)Antimicrobial activity of Chenopodium botrys essential oil. Fitoterapia. 76: 112-114. 10.1016 / j.fitote.2004.10.005
  • Referans 38 Meena A. K., Niranjan U. S. , Rao M. M. , Padhi M. M., Babu R., (2011) A review of the important chemical constituents and medicinal uses of Vitex genus. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines, 6 (2) : 54-60.
  • Referans 39 Meral R., Doğan İ. S., Kanberoğlu G. S., (2012) Fonksiyonel Gıda Bileşeni Olarak Antioksidanlar. Iğdır University Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 2(2): 45-50.
  • Referans 40 Mohammed FS, Karakaş M., Akgül H., Sevindik, M. (2019). Medicinal Properties of Allium calocephalum Collected from Gara Mountain (Iraq). Fresen Environ Bull, 28(10): 7419-7426.
  • Referans 41 Njume, C., Afolayan, A.J. and Ndip, R.N. (2009) An overview of antimicrobial resistance and the future of medicinal plants in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infections. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 3:685-699.
  • Referans 42 Odenthal K.P.,(1998) ‘Vitex agnus castus L.,Traditional Drug and Actual Indications’, Phytotherapy Research, 12, 160–161.
  • Referans 43 Ono M, Eguchi K, Konoshita M, Furusawa C, Sakamoto J, Yasuda S, Ikeda T, Okawa M, Kinjo J, Yoshimitsu H, Nohara T. (2011)‘A New Diterpenoid Glucoside and Two New Diterpenoids from the Fruit of Vitex agnus-castus’ Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)., 59, 3, 392—396. doi: 10.1248 / cpb.59.392.
  • Referans 44 Ohyama K, Akaike T, Hirobe C, Yamakawa T. (2003)Cytotoxicity and apoptotic inducibility of Vitex agnus-castus fruit extract in cultured human normal and cancer cells and effect on growth. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26(1), 10-18.
  • Referans 45Parlak, B., Kara, Y., Kılıç K., (2016)Determination Of Phenolic Compounds Of Chaste Berry Seeds (Vitex Agnus-Castus L.) Grown İn Denizli (Karahayıt),Symposium On Euroasian Biyodiversity.23-27.May. Antalya.
  • Referans 46 Peng, X., Zheng, Z., Cheng, K.-W., Shan, F., Ren, G.-X., Chen, F., & Wang, M. (2008) Inhibitory effect of mung bean extract and its constituents vitexin and isovitexin on the formation of advanced glycation endproducts. Food Chemistry, 106(2), 475-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.016
  • Referans 47 Phillipson D.J. (2001)Phytochemistry and medicinal plants. Phytochemistry; 56: 237- 43.
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  • Referans 50 Saglam, H., Pabuçcuoglu, A., Kivçak, B. (2007) Phytotherapy research. 211059. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2211.
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  • Referans 54 Şarer E., Gökbulut A.,(2008)Determınatıon Of Caffeıc And Chlorogenıc Acıds In The Leaves And Fruıts Of Vıtex agnus-castus. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . 5 (3) 167-174.
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  • Referans 56 Webster, D. E., Lu, J., Chen, S.N., Farnsworth, N. R., Wang Z J., (2006) Activation of the mu-opiate receptor by Vitex agnus castus methanol extracts: implication for its use in PMS. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 106(2), 216–221. Doi:10.1016 / j.jep.2005.12.025.
  • Referans 57 Willför, S.M., Hemming, J., Reunanen, M., Holmbom, B., (2003) Phenolic and Lipophilic Extractives in Scots Pine Knots and Stemwood. Holzforschung, 57(4):359-372.
  • Referans 58 Wuttke W., Jarry H., Christoffel V., Spengler B., Seidlová-Wuttke D. (2003) ‘Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) Pharmacology and Clinical Indications’, Phytomedicine, 10, 348–357.
  • Referans 59 Yiğit, N. ve Benli, M. (2005)Ülkemizde yaygın kullanımı olan kekik (Thymus vulgaris) bitkisinin antimikrobiyal aktivitesi. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 3(8), 1-8. www.mikrobiyoloji.org/pdf/702050801.
  • Referans 60 Hajdú Z., Hohmann, J.P. Forgo; Martinek T. , Dervarics M. , Zupkó I. , Falkay G. , Cossuta D. , Máthé I. (2007) “Diterpenoids and Favonoids from the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus and antioxidant activity of the fruit extracts and their constituents,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 391–394, Doi: 10.1002 / ptr.2021
  • Referans 61 Zielinska, D.; Zielinski, H. (2011)Antioxidant activity of flavone C-glucosides determined by updated analytical strategies. Food Chemistry., 124, 672–678.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği, Ziraat Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Sevgin Özderin 0000-0002-4511-5229

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Mayıs 2021
Kabul Tarihi 7 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Özderin, S. (2021). Determination of phenolic components of Vitex agnus-castus L. (Verbenaceae) from Muğla-Ula region in Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(3), 692-699. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.937814

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